Jump to content

Robotaxi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Self-driving taxi)
For the Tesla vehicle also known as "Robotaxi", see Tesla Cybercab.
Part of a series on
Self-driving cars & self-driving vehicles
Enablers
Topics
Related topics

A robotaxi, also known as robot taxi, robo-taxi, self-driving taxi or driverless taxi, is an autonomous car (SAE automation level 4 or 5) operated for a ridesharing company.

Some studies have hypothesized that robotaxis operated in an autonomous mobility on demand (AMoD) service could be one of the most rapidly adopted applications of autonomous cars at scale and a major mobility solution, especially in urban areas.[1] Moreover, they could have a very positive impact on road safety, traffic congestion and parking.[2][3][4][5][6] Robotaxis could also reduce urban pollution and energy consumption, since these services will most probably use electric cars[7] and for most of the rides, less vehicle size and range is necessary compared to individually owned vehicles.[8] The expected reduction in number of vehicles means less embodied energy;[9] however energy consumption for redistribution of empty vehicles must be taken into account.[10] Robotaxis would reduce operating costs by eliminating the need for a human driver, which might make it an affordable form of transportation and increase the popularity of transportation-as-a-service (TaaS) as opposed to individual car ownership.[11][12][13][14] Such developments could lead to job destruction[15][16] and new challenges concerning operator liabilities.[17] In 2023, some robotaxis caused congestion when they blocked roads due to lost cellular connectivity, and others failed to properly yield to emergency vehicles.[18] As of 2023 there has been only one fatality associated with a robotaxi, a pedestrian who was hit by an Uber test vehicle in 2018.

Predictions of the widespread and rapid introduction of robotaxis – by as early as 2018 – have not been realized. There are a number of trials underway in cities around the world, some of which are open to the public and generate revenue. However, as of 2021, questions have been raised as to whether the progress of self-driving technology has stalled and whether issues of social acceptance, cybersecurity and cost have been addressed.[19][20]

Status

[edit]

Vehicle costs

[edit]

So far all the trials have involved specially modified passenger cars with space for two or four passengers sitting in the back seats behind a partition. LIDAR, cameras and other sensors have been used on all vehicles. The cost of early vehicles was estimated in 2020 at up to US$400,000 due to custom manufacture and specialized sensors.[21] However, the prices of some components such as LIDAR have fallen significantly.[22] In January 2021, Waymo stated its costs were approximately $180,000 per vehicle, and its operating cost at $0.30 per mile (~$0.19 per km), well below Uber and Lyft, but this excludes the cost of fleet technicians and customer support.[23] Baidu announced in June 2021 it would start producing robotaxis for 500,000 yuan ($77,665) each.[24] Tesla has discussed a sub-$25,000 Tesla Robotaxi, and as of 2023 is designing an assembly line that will accommodate the vehicle.[25]

Passenger tests

[edit]

Several companies are testing robotaxi services, especially in the United States and in China. All operate only in a geo-fenced area. Service areas for robotaxis, also known as the Objective Design Domain (ODD), are specially designated zones where robotaxis can safely provide service.[26] As of 2024, Baidu's Apollo Go had carried the most passengers, over 6 million by April 2024. Other providers in China include AutoX, DiDi, Pony.ai, WeRide, all operating in 10 or more cities. In the US, Waymo is the most prominent provider, operating in San Francisco, Phoenix, and Los Angeles. A 2024 study of Waymo indicated an 85% reduction in injury crashes per mile driven.[27]

Separate to these efforts have been trials of larger shared autonomous vehicles on fixed routes with designated stops, able to carry between 6 and 10 passengers. These shuttle buses operate at low speeds.

Current obstacles to robotaxi

[edit]

At present, it is not only technical issues that hinder the widespread use of robotaxi, but also social issues. First, consumers' concerns about the reliability and safety of self-driving taxis are a major obstacle. For example, system failures during the service process and the risk of accident perception will reduce potential users.[28] In addition, consumers still have doubts about whether robotaxi can cope with complex urban environments or severe weather conditions. If these challenges can be solved, robotaxi will win more trust and more users will accept the use of robotaxi services.

Licenses

[edit]

In February 2018 Arizona granted Waymo a Transportation Network Company permit.[29]

In February 2022 the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) issued Drivered Deployment permits to Cruise and Waymo to allow passenger service in autonomous vehicles with a safety driver present in the vehicle. These carriers must hold a valid California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Deployment permit and meet the requirements of the CPUC Drivered Deployment program.[30] In June 2022, Cruise received approval to operate a commercial robotaxi service in San Francisco.[31][32]

In April 2022, China gave Baidu and Pony.ai its first permits to deploy robotaxis without safety drivers on open roads within a 23 square mile area in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area.[33][34]

In August 2023, the CPUC approved granting additional operating authority for Cruise LLC and Waymo LLC to conduct commercial passenger service using vehicles without safety drivers in San Francisco.[35] The approval includes the ability for both companies to charge fares for rides at any time of day.[35]

History

[edit]

First trials

[edit]

In August 2016, MIT spinoff NuTonomy was the first company to make robotaxis available to the public, starting to offer rides with a fleet of 6 modified Renault Zoes and Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in a limited area in Singapore.[36] NuTonomy later signed three significant partnerships to develop its robotaxi service: with Grab, Uber’s rival in Southeast Asia, with Groupe PSA, which is supposed to provide the company with Peugeot 3008 SUVs and the last one with Lyft to launch a robotaxi service in Boston.[37][38][39][40]

In August 2017, Cruise Automation, a self-driving startup acquired by General Motors in 2016, launched the beta version of a robotaxi service for its employees in San Francisco using a fleet of 46 Chevrolet Bolt EVs.[41][42]

Testing and revenue service timeline

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Trials listed have a safety driver unless otherwise indicated. The commencement of a trial does not mean it is still active.

  • August 2016 - NuTonomy launched its autonomous taxi service using a fleet of 6 modified Renault Zoes and Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in Singapore
  • September 2016 - Uber started allowing a select group of users in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to order robotaxis from a fleet of 14 vehicles. Two Uber engineers were always in the front seats of each vehicle.
  • March 2017 - An Uber self-driving car was hit and flipped on its side by another vehicle that failed to yield. In October 2017, Uber started using only one test driver.
  • April 2017 - Waymo started a large scale robotaxi tests in a geo-fenced suburb of Phoenix, Arizona with a driver monitoring each vehicle. The service area was about 100 square miles (260 km2).[43] In November 2017 some testing without drivers began. Commercial operations began in November 2019.
  • August 2017 - Cruise Automation launched the beta version robotaxi service for 250 employees (10% of its staff) in San Francisco using a fleet of 46 vehicles.
  • March 2018 - A woman attempting to cross a street in Tempe, Arizona at night was struck and killed by an Uber vehicle while the onboard safety driver was watching videos. Uber later restarted testing, but only during daylight hours and at slower speeds.
  • August 2018 - Yandex began a trial with two vehicles in Innopolis, Russia[44][45]
  • December 2018 - Waymo started self-driving taxi service, dubbed Waymo One, in Arizona for paying customers.[46]
  • April 2019 - Pony.ai launched a pilot system covering 50 km2 (19 sq mi) in Guangzhou, China for employees and invited affiliated, serving pre-defined pickup points.[47]
  • November 2019 - WeRide RoboTaxi began a pilot service with 20 vehicles in Guangzhou and Huangpu over an area of 144.65 km2 (55.85 sq mi)[48][49]
  • November 2019 - Pony.ai started a three-month trial in Irvine, California with 10 cars and stops for pickup and drop off.[50]
  • April 2020 - Baidu opened its trial of 45 vehicles in Changsha, China to public users for free trips, serving 100 designated spots on a set 135 km (84 mi) network. Services operation from 9:20am to 4:40pm with a safety-driver and a "navigator", allowing space for two passengers in the back.[51]
  • June 2020 - DiDi robotaxi service begins operation in Shanghai in an area that covers Shanghai's Automobile Exhibition Center, the local business districts, subway stations and hotels in the downtown area.[52]
  • August 2020. Baidu began offering free trips, with app bookings, on its trial in Cangzhou, China which serves 55 designated spots over pre-defined routes.[53]
  • December 2020. AutoX (which is backed by Alibaba Group) launched a non-public trial of driverless robotaxis in Shenzhen with 25 vehicles.[54] The service was then opened to the public in January 2021.[55][56]
  • February 2021 - Waymo One began limited robotaxi service in a number of suburbs of San Francisco for a selection of its own employees. In August 2021 the public was invited to apply to use service, with places limited. A safety driver is present in each vehicles. The number of vehicles involved has not been disclosed.[57]
  • May 2021 - Baidu commences a commercial robotaxi service with ten Apollo Go vehicles in a 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) area with eight pickup and drop-off stops, in Shougang Park in western Beijing[58]
  • July 2021 - Baidu opened a pilot program to the public in Guangzhou with a fleet of 30 sedans serving 60 sq mi (160 km2) in the Huangpu district.[59] 200 designated spots are served between 9:30am and 11pm every day.[60]
  • July 2021 - DeepRoute.ai began a free-of-charge trial with 20 vehicles in downtown Shenzhen serving 100 pickup and dropoff locations.[61]
  • February 2022 - Cruise opened up its driverless cars in San Francisco to the public.[62]
  • February 2023 - Zoox, the self-driving startup owned by Amazon, carried passengers in its robotaxi for the first time in Foster City, California.[63]
  • August 2023 - Waymo and Cruise were authorized by the CPUC to collect fares for driverless rides in San Francisco.
  • December 2023, China finalized regulations on commercial robotaxi operation. Roboshuttles or robotrucks are required to maintain in-car drivers. Robotaxis can use remote operators. The robotaxi:remote operator ratio cannot exceed 3:1. Operators must be certified. Accident reporting rules specify required data.[64]
  • April 2024, Baidu Apollo, AutoX, Pony.ai, Didi and WeRide each operated in 10 to 25 cities, with fleets hundreds of robotaxis. Baidu Apollo had traveled over 100,000,000 km (62,000,000 mi) without a major accident. [64]
  • July 2024 - In Wuhan, Baidu's Apollo Go robotaxis's attempts at commercialisation have received massive attention from the social media. Its low price (Base fares start as low as 4 yuan/55 cents, compared with 18 yuan/2.48 dollar for a taxi driven by a human) was supported by some. Meanwhile, the rapid adoption of the driverless taxis has rattled China' s gig economy workforce.[65] However, their popularity boosted Baidu's shares.[66]
  • August 2024 - In most areas of Wuhan, Baidu’s Apollo Go robotaxis now operate fully autonomously without any safety personnel on board. The company recorded 899,000 rides in the second quarter of 2024, bringing the total number of rides to 7 million as of July 28, 2024.[67]

Notable commercial ventures

[edit]

Uber Advanced Technology Group

[edit]

Uber began development of self-driving vehicles in early 2015. In September 2016, the company started a trial allowing a select group of users of its ride-hailing service in Pittsburgh to order robotaxis from a fleet of 14 modified Ford Fusions.[68] The test extended to San Francisco with modified Volvo XC90s before being relocated to Tempe, Arizona in February 2017.[69][70]

In March 2017, one of Uber's robotaxis crashed in self-driving mode in Arizona, which led the company to suspend its tests before resuming them a few days later.[71][72] In March 2018, Uber paused self-driving vehicle testing after the death of Elaine Herzberg in Tempe, Arizona, a pedestrian struck by an Uber vehicle while attempting to cross the street, while the onboard engineer was watching videos.[73] Uber settled with the victim's family.[74][73]

In January 2021, Uber sold its self driving division, Advanced Technologies Group (ATG), to Aurora Innovation for $4 billion while also investing $400 million into Aurora for a 26% ownership stake.[75][76]

Waymo

[edit]

In early 2017, Waymo, the Google self-driving car project which became an independent company in 2016, started a large public robotaxi test in Phoenix using 100 and then 500 more Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans provided by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles as part of a partnership between the two companies.[77][78][79] Waymo also signed a deal with Lyft to collaborate on self-driving cars in May 2017.[80] In November 2017, Waymo revealed it had begun to operate some of its automated vehicles in Arizona without a safety driver behind the wheel.[81] And in December 2018, Waymo started self-driving taxi service, dubbed Waymo One, in Arizona for paying customers.[46] By November 2019, the service was operating autonomous vehicles without a safety backup driver.[82][83] The autonomous taxi service was operating in San Francisco as of 2021.[84] In December 2022, the company applied for a permit to operating self-driving taxi rides in California without a human operator present as backup.[85]

Baidu Apollo

[edit]

In September 2019, Baidu's autonomous driving unit Apollo launched Apollo Go robotaxi service, with an initial fleet of 45 autonomous vehicles. Apollo Go has since expanded to more than 10 Chinese cities.[86]

In August 2022, Baidu achieved a landmark victory in the race for autonomous vehicles by securing the first permits in China to deploy fully driverless taxis in the cities of Wuhan and Chongqing.[87]

In May 2024, Baidu unveiled the Apollo ADFM, claimed to be the world's first Level 4 autonomous driving foundation model, along with the sixth-generation Apollo Go robotaxi, which can be produced for under $30,000.[88] The company also said by April 2024, Apollo had accumulated over 100 million kilometers of autonomous driving without major accidents.

In August 2024, Apollo Go has deployed 400 robotaxis operating fully autonomously without any safety personnel on board in Wuhan, offering 24/7 service to 9 million residents.[89] Baidu aims for Apollo Go to achieve operational unit breakeven in Wuhan by the end of 2024.

GM Cruise

[edit]

In January 2020, GM subsidiary Cruise exhibited the Cruise Origin, a Level 4–5 driverless vehicle,[90] intended to be used for a ride hailing service.[91]

In February 2022, Cruise started driverless taxi service in San Francisco.[62][92] Also in February 2022, Cruise petitioned U.S. regulators (NHTSA) for permission to build and deploy a self-driving vehicle without human controls.[93] As of April 2022, the petition is pending.[94]

In April 2022, their partner Honda unveiled its Level 4 mobility service partners to roll out in central Tokyo in the mid-2020s using the Cruise Origin.[95]

Unfortunately, there are signs that autonomously operated Cruise vehicles may interfere with emergency vehicles,[96] and has been culpable of at least one collision with a fire truck.[97]

On 2 October 2023, a Cruise vehicle operating autonomously (without driver supervision) collided with a pedestrian. Instead of stopping immediately, the vehicle misidentified the collision mechanics and presumed it was crashed into from the side. Consequently, the vehicle proceeded to drag the pedestrian under the car for 20 ft (6.1 m) until it came to a stop on the side of the road. As both the response of the vehicle was deemed unacceptable and the company appears to have withheld details of the crash from regulators, California regulators revoked the license to operate these cars. Cruise recalled all of its 950 vehicles in November 2023.[96][98]

These decisions were enacted in parallel with the exposure of safety risks, identified earlier within the Cruise company, regarding proper vehicle behavior around children and around construction sites.[99]

Tesla

[edit]
See also: Tesla next-generation vehicle

Since 2019, Tesla's CEO Elon Musk has incorrectly predicted each year that Tesla would have robotaxis on the road within 1 to 2 years.[100] He was expected to announce the plans for Tesla's robotaxi on 8 August 2024,[100] but the event was moved to 10 October 2024.[101] During that event Tesla demonstrated two new vehicles, the two-seater Tesla Cybercab and the 14-seater (plus standing room) Tesla Robovan, which can carry up to 20 passengers. The company also reiterated that all of their other models of cars and pickup trucks would be usable as robotaxis after a software update and regulatory approval, which they expected at the earliest in California and Texas in 2025.

Other developments

[edit]

Many automakers announced their plans in 2015–2018 to develop robotaxis before 2025 and specific partnerships have been signed between automakers, technology providers and service operators, including:

  • The startup Zoox announcing in 2015 its ambition to build a robotaxi from scratch.[102]
  • BMW and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles partnering in 2016 with Intel and Mobileye to develop robotaxis by 2021.[103][104]
  • Baidu partnering in 2016 with Nvidia to develop autonomous cars and robotaxis.[105]
  • Daimler AG teaming up with Bosch in 2017 to develop the software for a robotaxi service by 2025.[106]
  • The Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance partnering in 2017 with Transdev and DeNA to develop robotaxi services within 10 years.[107][108]
  • Honda releasing in 2017 an autonomous concept car, NeuV, that aims at being a personal robotaxi.[109]
  • Ford Motor's plan in 2017 to develop a robotaxi by 2021 through partnerships with several startups.[110]
  • Ford Motor investing $1 billion in the startup Argo AI in 2017 to develop autonomous cars and robotaxis;[111] the startup was disbanded in 2022 by Ford.[112]
  • Lyft and Ford partnering in 2017 to add Ford's self-driving cars to Lyft's ride-hailing network;[113] Google leading a $1 billion investment in 2017 in Lyft which could support Waymo's robotaxi strategy; in 2021, Lyft's self-driving division was sold to Toyota.[114]
  • Delphi buying the startup NuTonomy for $400 million in 2017.[115]
  • Parsons Corporation announcing in 2017 a partnership with automated mobility operating system company Renovo.auto to deploy and scale AMoD services.[116]
  • Didi Chuxing partnering in 2018 with the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance and other automakers to explore the future launch of robotaxi services in China.[117]
  • Leading Chinese autonomous vehicle company WeRide has filed for a $119 million initial public offering (IPO) on the Nasdaq. This development is seen as a significant milestone in the autonomous vehicle industry, as WeRide aims to meet the increasing demand for advanced transportation solutions.[118]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ambadipudi, Aditya; Heineke, Kersten; Kampshoff, Philipp; Shao, Emily (4 October 2017). "Gauging the disruptive power of robo-taxis in autonomous driving". McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  2. ^ "Self-Driving Vehicles, Robo-Taxis, and the Urban Mobility Revolution". www.bcgperspectives.com. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Ten ways autonomous driving could redefine the automotive world". McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  4. ^ "Download". RethinkX. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  5. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (17 March 2015). "5 reasons self-driving taxis are going to be amazing". Vox. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  6. ^ "How shared self-driving cars could change city traffic". International Transport Forum. 31 March 2015.
  7. ^ Walker, Jonathan; Johnson, Charlie (2016). "Peak Car Ownership Report - Rocky Mountain Institute". Rocky Mountain Institute. Rocky Mountain Institute. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  8. ^ Buschbacher, Harald (16 April 2018). "2-wheel personal rapid transit: Self-driving vehicles for maximum sustainability" (PDF). Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1441105.
  9. ^ Spieser, Kevin; Treleaven, Kyle; Zhang, Rick; Frazzoli, Emilio; Morton, Daniel; Pavone, Marco (2014). "Toward a Systematic Approach to the Design and Evaluation of Automated Mobility-on-Demand Systems: A Case Study in Singapore". Road Vehicle Automation. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham. pp. 229–245. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_20. hdl:1721.1/82904. ISBN 9783319059891.
  10. ^ Taiebat; Brown; Safford; Qu; Xu (2018). "A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles". Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (20): 11449–11465. arXiv:1901.10581. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00127. PMID 30192527. S2CID 52174043.
  11. ^ Higgins, Tim (21 June 2017). "The End of Car Ownership". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  12. ^ "Why no one will own a driverless car". Business Insider France (in French). Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  13. ^ Muller, Joann. "The Next Car You Buy Could Be Your Last – The Robo-Taxi Era Is Closer Than You Think". Forbes. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  14. ^ "It Could Be 10 Times Cheaper To Take Electric Robo-Taxis Than To Own A Car By 2030". Fast Company. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  15. ^ Constine, Josh (18 August 2016). "Jobless in the self-driving economy | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  16. ^ "Economic Disaster: The Robo-Taxi is Closer to Reality than You Think". AnonHQ. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  17. ^ Guerra, Alice; Parisi, Francesco; Pi, Daniel (n.d.). "Liability for robots I: legal challenges". Journal of Institutional Economics. 18 (3): 331–343. doi:10.1017/S1744137421000825. hdl:11585/839809. ISSN 1744-1374. S2CID 244675444.
  18. ^ "Robotaxis halt traffic in San Francisco's North Beach day after expansion approval - CBS San Francisco". www.cbsnews.com. 13 August 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  19. ^ "'Peak hype': why the driverless car revolution has stalled". The Guardian. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  20. ^ "Follow The Money Of Robotaxis: A Massive Market Of Dollars And Obstacles". Forbes. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  21. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (22 January 2020). "Exclusive look at Cruise's first driverless car without a steering wheel or pedals". The Verge. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  22. ^ Stevens, Tim (13 December 2023). "How the Cars of Tomorrow Will "See": The Future of Lidar and Radar". MotorTrend.
  23. ^ "Waymo CEO Says Tesla Is Not A Competitor, Gives Estimated Cost Of Autonomous Vehicles". Forbes. 22 January 2021.
  24. ^ "Baidu to deploy 1,000 budget robotaxis on Chinese roads as it seeks ways to monetise autonomous driving technology". SCMP. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  25. ^ Isaacson, Walter (12 September 2023). Elon Musk. Simon & Schuster. pp. 501–505. ISBN 978-1-9821-8128-4. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  26. ^ "AutoX Operates Fully Driverless Robotaxi Service, Covering 65 Square Miles of Shenzhen". Robotics 24/7. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  27. ^ NextBigFuture (11 July 2024). "China Robotaxi is Much Bigger than Waymo". next BIG future. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  28. ^ Yang, Chun; Gu, Chao; Wei, Wei (December 2023). "Does Robotaxi Offer a Positive Travel Experience? A Study of the Key Factors That Influence Consumers' Use of the Robotaxi". Systems. 11 (12): 559. doi:10.3390/systems11120559. ISSN 2079-8954.
  29. ^ Jonathan M. Gitlin (17 February 2018). "Robotaxi permit gets Arizona's OK; Waymo will start service in 2018". Ars Technica. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  30. ^ "CPUC Issues First Autonomous Vehicle Drivered Deployment Permits". CPUC. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  31. ^ "We're going commercial" (Press release). Cruise. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  32. ^ Rebecca Bellan (3 June 2022). "Cruise can finally charge for driverless robotaxi rides in San Francisco". TechCrunch. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  33. ^ "Beijing grants new robotaxi permits". Automotive News. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  34. ^ "Baidu, Pony.AI win first driverless robotaxi permits in China". TechCrunch. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  35. ^ a b Thadani, Trisha; Merrill, Jeremy B. (18 August 2023). "California just opened the floodgates for self-driving cars". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  36. ^ Vincent, James (25 August 2016). "World's first self-driving taxi trial begins in Singapore". The Verge. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  37. ^ Russell, Jon (22 September 2016). "Uber rival Grab partners with Nutonomy to test self-driving cars in Singapore | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  38. ^ Russell, Jon (3 May 2017). "Nutonomy teams up with Peugeot-maker Groupe PSA for self-driving car tests in Singapore | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  39. ^ "Groupe PSA and nuTonomy Form Strategic Partnership to Test Fully Autonomous Vehicles in Singapore | Media Groupe PSA". media.groupe-psa.com. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  40. ^ Etherington, Darrell (6 June 2017). "Lyft and Nutonomy partner to bring first self-driving Lyft service to Boston | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  41. ^ "GM's Robocar Service Drives Employees Around SF for Free". WIRED. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  42. ^ Etherington, Darrell (8 August 2017). "Cruise is running an autonomous ride-hailing service for employees in SF | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  43. ^ ."Login Join Extra Crunch Search TC Sessions: SaaS Startups Videos Audio Newsletters Extra Crunch EC-1s Advertise Events More Waymo starts to open driverless ride-hailing service to the public". Tech Crunch. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  44. ^ "Robo-taxi fleet has been in service since August, 2018". YouTube. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  45. ^ "Yandex Offers Robotaxi Rides to Citizens of Remote Russian City". Bloomberg. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  46. ^ a b "Waymo unveils self-driving taxi service in Arizona for paying customers". Reuters. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  47. ^ "Pony.ai tests robo-taxi program on its employees, promises self-driving trucks next". Venture Beat. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  48. ^ "WeRide kicks off a robotaxi pilot program in Guangzhou". technode. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  49. ^ "WeRide Pilots First Robotaxi Service in China's First-Tier City Guangzhou". Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  50. ^ "Pony.ai to launch BotRide robo-taxi service in Irvine". Venture Beat. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  51. ^ "Baidu Apollo Robotaxi deployed in Changsha offers "considerate" riding experience". Gasgoo. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  52. ^ "DiDi Robotaxi Service Begins Operation in Shanghai". YouTube. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  53. ^ "Baidu launches Robotaxi service "Apollo Go" for general public in Cangzhou". Gasgoo. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  54. ^ "Alibaba-backed autonomous car firm AutoX starts driverless testing". Reuters. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  55. ^ Driverless Robotaxi (MP4 video). AutoX.ai.
  56. ^ "AutoX Launches Driverless Robotaxis To The Public In Shenzhen". Forbes. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  57. ^ "Waymo giving select passengers robotaxi rides in SF". The Robot Report. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  58. ^ "Baidu goes commercial with 'robotaxis' in Beijing". Shanghai Daily. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  59. ^ "Baidu opens robotaxi pilot to public in Guangzhou". TechNode. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  60. ^ "Baidu Expands Robotaxi Pilot Program to Guangzhou". CX Tech. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  61. ^ "DeepRoute.ai begins robotaxi trials with 20 vehicles in downtown Shenzhen". KrAsia. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  62. ^ a b "Welcome, Riders". www.getcruise.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  63. ^ Edward Ludlow (14 February 2023). "Amazon's Self-Driving Car Shuttles People on Public Roads for the First Time". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  64. ^ a b Wang, Brian (16 May 2024). "China's Robotaxi Industry | NextBigFuture.com". Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  65. ^ Jiang, Kathleen Magramo, Hassan Tayir, Joyce (19 July 2024). "Super cheap robotaxi rides spark widespread anxiety in China | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 17 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ Cheng, Evelyn (11 July 2024). "China's robotaxi push sparks concerns about job security for drivers". CNBC. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  67. ^ Cheng, Evelyn (23 August 2024). "Baidu reports slower growth in robotaxi rides". CNBC. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  68. ^ Brewster, Signe (14 September 2016). "Uber starts self-driving car pickups in Pittsburgh | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  69. ^ Etherington, Darrell (22 December 2016). "Uber deploying self-driving cars from San Francisco pilot in Arizona instead | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  70. ^ Buhr, Sarah; Dickey, Megan Rose (21 February 2017). "Self-driving Ubers are now picking people up in Arizona | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  71. ^ Lomas, Natasha (25 March 2017). "Uber grounds entire self-driving fleet as it probes Arizona crash | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  72. ^ "Uber Self-Driving Car Tests Resume Three Days After Crash". Bloomberg.com. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  73. ^ a b Sage, Alexandra (19 March 2018). "Woman dies in Arizona after being hit by Uber self-driving SUV". Reuters.
  74. ^ "Uber has settled with the family of the homeless victim killed last week". TechCrunch. March 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  75. ^ Hu, Krystal; Bellon, Tina; Lee, Jane Lanhee (7 December 2020). "Uber sells ATG self-driving business to Aurora at $4 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  76. ^ Mericle, Julia (19 January 2021). "Aurora closes acquisition of Uber ATG, forms partnership with PACCAR". American City Business Journals.
  77. ^ Bhuiyan, Johana (13 December 2016). "Google's self-driving arm is spinning out of X and will be called Waymo". Recode. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  78. ^ Etherington, Darrell (25 April 2017). "Waymo begins first public on-demand self-driving service test in Arizona | TechCrunch". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  79. ^ "FCA provides Waymo with vans for self-drive tests". Detroit News. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  80. ^ Isaac, Mike (14 May 2017). "Lyft and Waymo Reach Deal to Collaborate on Self-Driving Cars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  81. ^ Laris, Michael (7 November 2017). "Waymo is taking the next step in the driverless car evolution". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  82. ^ Hawkins, Andrew (9 December 2019). "Waymo's driverless car: ghost-riding in the back seat of a robot taxi". The Verge. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  83. ^ Piper, Kelsey (28 February 2020). "It's 2020. Where are our self-driving cars? - In the age of AI advances, self-driving cars turned out to be harder than people expected". Vox. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  84. ^ Amadeo, Ron (25 August 2021). "Waymo expands to San Francisco with public self-driving test [Update]". Ars Technica. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  85. ^ Dave, Paresh (13 December 2022). "Waymo seeks permit to sell self-driving car rides in San Francisco". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  86. ^ "BAIDU APOLLO ROBOTAXI SERVICE IS PUBLICLY AVAILABLE IN CHANGSHA, HUNAN PROVINCE". IoT Automotive News. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  87. ^ "Baidu Wins Approval for China's First Full Driverless Taxis". Bloomberg.com. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  88. ^ Kang, Lei (15 May 2024). "Baidu Apollo launches 6th-gen robotaxi with 60% lower cost". CnEVPost. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  89. ^ Transcribing, Motley Fool (22 August 2024). "Baidu (BIDU) Q2 2024 Earnings Call Transcript". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  90. ^ Howard, Bill (23 January 2020). "GM's Cruise Origin Is an Autonomous Vehicle From the Future". Extreme Tech. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  91. ^ Baldwin, Roberto (22 January 2020). "Cruise Unveils Origin, a Self-Driving Vehicle with No Steering Wheel or Pedals". Car and Driver. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  92. ^ Viknesh Vijayenthiran (2 February 2022). "Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco". Motor Authority. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  93. ^ David Shepardson (19 February 2022). "GM seeks U.S approval to deploy self-driving vehicles". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  94. ^ David Shepardson (26 April 2022). "U.S. Senate Democrats urge Buttigieg to develop autonomous vehicle rules". Reuters. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  95. ^ "Honda Signs Memorandum of Understanding with Teito Motor Transportation and kokusai motorcars as Part of Aim to Launch Autonomous Vehicle Mobility Service in Central Tokyo" (Press release). Honda. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  96. ^ a b "Cruise recalls all self-driving cars after grisly accident and California ban". The Guardian. Associated Press. 8 November 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  97. ^ Shakir, Umar (18 August 2023). "Cruise robotaxi collides with fire truck in San Francisco, leaving one injured". The Verge. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  98. ^ "Cruise robotaxi service hid severity of accident, California officials claim". The Guardian. Associated Press. 5 December 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  99. ^ Biddle, Sam (6 November 2023). "Cruise Knew Its Self-Driving Cars Had Problems Recognizing Children — and Kept Them on the Streets". The Intercept. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  100. ^ a b Hawkins, Andrew J. (5 April 2024). "Elon Musk says Tesla will reveal its robotaxi on August 8th". The Verge. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  101. ^ O'Kane, Sean (23 July 2024). "Elon Musk sets new date for Tesla robotaxi reveal, calls everything beyond autonomy 'noise'". Techcrunch. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  102. ^ "Secretive Robotaxi Startup Zoox Prepares for Real-World Testing". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  103. ^ Pak, Steve (2 July 2016). "BMW, Intel team up to launch fully-autonomous robot taxis by 2021". Yibada English. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  104. ^ "Fiat Chrysler joins BMW-Intel self-driving car alliance". Reuters. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  105. ^ "Baidu's Vision of Future: Robot Taxis, Chinese Home Gadgets". Bloomberg.com. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  106. ^ Muoio, Danielle (4 April 2017). "Mercedes has formed a new alliance to develop robot taxis". Business Insider France (in French). Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  107. ^ "Nissan-Renault plan driverless ride-hailing service to beat off startup competition". Reuters. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  108. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (27 February 2017). "How Renault-Nissan Is Going to Get You in an Electric Driverless Car". Fortune. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  109. ^ "Honda wants its newest concept car to become your personal self-driving taxi". Business Insider. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  110. ^ Muller, Joann (18 August 2016). "Meet The Four Startups Helping Ford Develop A Robo-Taxi By 2021". Forbes. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  111. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (16 August 2017). "An inside look at Ford's $1 billion bet on Argo AI". The Verge. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  112. ^ "Autonomous vehicle startup Argo AI is shutting down". Engadget. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  113. ^ "Ford joins Lyft's expanding group of self-driving partners". Engadget. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  114. ^ "Toyota to buy self-driving division of U.S. Ride-hailing firm Lyft". The Japan Times. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  115. ^ Burns, Matt (24 October 2017). "Delphi buys Nutonomy for $400 million to scale and deliver autonomous vehicles". TechCrunch. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  116. ^ "Parsons and Renovo Announce Collaboration to Enable Deployment and Scaling of Commercial Automated Mobility on Demand Systems - Parsons". Parsons. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  117. ^ "Renault-Nissan and Didi plan self-driving ride service in China". Engadget. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  118. ^ "WeRide, a Chinese Robotaxi Start-Up, Files for $119 Million IPO on Nasdaq". Engadget. 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robotaxi&oldid=1258494006"