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Nordic colonialism

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Nordic colonialism is a subdivision within broader colonial studies that discusses the role of Nordic nations in achieving economic benefits from outside of their own cultural sphere. The field ranges from studying the Sámi in relation to the Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish states, to activities of the Danish Colonial Empire and Swedish Empire in Africa, New Sweden, and on Caribbean islands such as St. Thomas and Saint-Barthélemy.

Overview

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Main article: Norse colonization of North America

Iceland

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Some consider Norse Vikings to be the first Europeans to create colonies in the Americas. The arrival of Leif Erikson, of Iceland, in the Americas occurred 500 years before Christopher Columbus, and it was unintentional, as it was said that his ship was blown off-course on the way to Greenland. Erikson established settlements in what is now modern day Newfoundland, Canada. In the year 999 c. Erikson's father, Erik the Red, was one of the first Europeans to establish colonies in Greenland. Iceland was considered the first European country to create colonies in North America and Greenland.

The Norse Greenland colonists referred to the Indigenous Beothuk and Inuit peoples of Newfoundland and Greenland using the derogatory term "skraelings", which meant "wretch" or "scared weakling". The Norse sagas characterize the indigenous peoples of North America as hostile.[1][2]

Finland

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Finland never held direct colonial possessions, instead Finland has been a part of foreign nations since c. 1150 - 1918, where it was under the control of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire.

Finnish people can be regarded of having a colonial history however, due to many Finns having settled in Meänmaa, Finnmark and southern Finnish Lapland, alongside Swedish colonies in North America, many of these Finnish settlers would adapt newer local identities, such as the Tornedalians and the Forest Finns.[3] Many of these migrations were actively promoted by Sweden to increase their control over their colonial possessions, by employing Finns to migrate, most of these Finns were criminals or simply offered an opportunity in the Swedish colonies due to economic or food crisis.[1][4]

Map of New Sweden c. 1650

In the 14th and 15th centuries, many Finns settled Finnmark and Meänmaa, migrating from Southern Finland to populate the region. This led to the Sámi population becoming outnumbered slowly in the Finnmark and Meänmaa regions, this led to increased competition for vital economic materials such as reindeer fur, which lead to crisis for the mountain Sámi populations.[5] During the Great Northern War, Finnish emigration to Sápmi increased greatly and tensions flared between the Sámi and Finns, leading to many Sámi migrating further northward.[5]

Many Finns lived in New Sweden, a Swedish colony along the Delaware River that existed between 1638 and 1655. The Finns who had migrated to New Sweden were petty criminals, they were offered a reduced sentence for doing hard manual labour in the colony.[4] By 1641, approximately 54 Finnish settlers and their families had arrived to the colony.[4] Although the Finns and Swedes in New Sweden were on better terms with the indigenous Susquehannock nation, in contrast to other colonial powers, there were some defensive attacks against the New Sweden colony by Native Americans.[6][7] The Finnish population in New Sweden increased over time, until Finns composed approx. 22% of the population, this would increase to over 50% of the population under New Amsterdam.[8]

Finnish settlers, particularly Forest Finns, were culturally important to the early colonization of Appalachia, Idaho, and elsewhere in the United States. Although Finns constituted only a tiny portion of Appalachian settlers, Finnish settlers from New Sweden helped bring northern European woodsman skills such as log cabin construction which formed the basis of backwoods Appalachian material culture.[9]

Beginning in the 1890s, Finnish-born settlers operated in the mining industry in the Katanga Province of Belgian Congo,[10][11] and in the 1920s, many Finns sought to colonize Ovamboland due to the achievements of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission, which had converted much of Ovamboland to Lutheranism.[12][4]

Norway

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Main article: Norwegian colonial empire
See also: List of possessions of Norway
The Norwegian flag was raised by Sandefjord Cove on Peter I Island in 1929.[13]

Norwegians controlled the company Société du Madal in Portuguese Mozambique, which owned coconut plantations and a palm oil factory. Société du Madal used the forced labor of indigenous peoples to dig canals and drain swamps around the Zambezi to make way for plantations, in addition to operating the plantations themselves. Child laborers on Madal's properties were paid in rotgut spirits, as was common for many companies operating in Mozambique during the colonial period. Christian Thams, a key founder and major shareholder of the company, had Mozambicans in lands the company controlled pay taxes directly to the company rather than the Portuguese colonial government, a venture sometimes more profitable than agricultural operations. Even after independence, thousands of workers continued to produce coconut oil for Madal into the 21st century.[14]

As an independent state in modern days, Norway occupied Erik the Red's Land on Greenland from 1931 to 1933. Nils Larsen of Sandefjord's expeditions of Antarctica led to Norway's annexation of Bouvet Island in 1927 and Peter I Island in 1929.[15] Norway also maintains sovereignty of Queen Maud Land on Antarctica. Grytviken, the largest settlement on South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, was founded by Sandefjordian Carl Anton Larsen in November 1904. Although never Norwegian territories, many settlements throughout the world were established by Norwegians. Examples include the Norwegian Colony in California, Marburg in South Africa, Joinville in Brazil, and Norsewood in New Zealand.

Additional former territorial claims have included South Georgia Island, Fridtjof Nansen Land (1926-1929), Sverdrup Islands (1928-1930), and Inari, Finland (1942-1945).[citation needed]

Sweden

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Main articles: Swedish colonies in the Americas and Swedish overseas colonies

Sweden had colonies in the Americas and in Africa. However, they were not able to hold onto them due to revolts and political purchases. Overall, the Swedish impact on the new world was not as influential as that of the British, Spanish, and Portuguese; however they retained political, cultural, and economic influence over many colonies. Swedish colonies in Africa include: Fort Christiansborg/Fort Frederiksborg (1652-1658), Fort Batenstein (1649-1656), Fort Witsen, (1653-1658), and Carolusberg (1650-1663). Swedish countries in the America's include: Guadeloupe (1813–1814), Saint-Barthélemy (1784–1878), New Sweden (1638–1655), and Tobago (1733). The colony of New Sweden can be seen as an example of Swedish colonization. Now called Delaware, New Sweden stood to make a considerable profit due to tobacco growth. There are still people of Swedish descent remaining in former colonies of Sweden.

Swedish colonialism however is not limited to overseas colonies and territories, Sweden has practiced internal colonialism, since its origins. The most affected groups of Swedish colonialism in Europe are the Sámi and the Finns.

Eric IX of Sweden and bishop Henry enroute to Finland. Late medieval depiction from Uppland.

Swedish colonisation of Finland was first actively promoted in the 1150s - 1350s, during the Northern Crusades into Finland,[16] with much of Swedish colonialism in Finland originally being to convert Finland to Christianity, away from their Finnic paganism.[17] Many Swedish settlers moved to Åland, Satakunta and Finland Proper during the First Swedish Crusade. During the time of the Second Swedish Crusade, more Swedes moved to colonize Uusimaa, this would have been in the 13th century, most Swedes in Uusimaa originally settled in Pohja, Ingå or Pernå.[18][19]

The Swedish colonization of Ostrobothnia is assumed to have begun in the late 13th century during the Second Swedish Crusade, the same time as the colonization of Uusimaa. Swedish colonization of Ostrobothnia was actively promoted by the Swedish Government, as land was given to the settling Swedes and they were promoted to open fishing harbors.[18] The Swedes were successful in their conversion and settlement of Ostrobothnia, as churches were established in Korsholm and Jakobstad.[20]

Denmark

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Main articles: Danish colonization of the Americas and Danish overseas colonies

The Danes colonized many areas including holdings in Africa, the Americas, the Atlantic, and Asia. The medieval Norwegians colonized much of the Atlantic, including Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, which were later inherited as colonies by Denmark–Norway. However, both of these nations gradually gained independence and are now fully sovereign within the Danish Empire. In addition, Denmark also colonized parts of "The Americas", including the Danish West Indies, which was purchased by the United States in 1916, and is now a part of the modern-day U.S. Virgin Islands. Denmark also had trading posts along the gold coast of Africa and India, starting in the early 17th century, but these were sold to the United Kingdom in the mid 19th century. There are still Africans, North Americans, Latin Americans, Caribbeans, Atlantic, and Asians of Danish ancestry.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "The Amazing Vikings". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  2. ^ "The Norse in the North Atlantic". Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  3. ^ Andersson, Rani-Henrik; Lahti, Janne (29 December 2022). Finnish Settler Colonialism in North America: Rethinking Finnish Experiences in Transnational Spaces. Helsinki University Press. ISBN 978-952-369-080-6.
  4. ^ a b c d Merivirta, Raita; Koivunen, Leila; Särkkä, Timo (1 January 2022). Finnish Colonial Encounters: From Anti-Imperialism to Cultural Colonialism and Complicity. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-80610-1.
  5. ^ a b "The Sami vs. Outsiders". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  6. ^ "New Sweden: A Brief History". Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  7. ^ Printz, John (1644). "Report of Governor Johan Printz, 1644, on New Sweden". Rutgers University. doi:10.7282/T3JQ0ZJ2. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Wedin, Maud (October 2012). "Highlights of Research in Scandinavia on Forest Finns" (PDF). American-Swedish Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  9. ^ "DANIEL BOONE’S CULTURAL ANCESTORS, if not actually his genetic ones,..." Stoll, Steven. Ramp Hollow: The Ordeal of Appalachia (p. 86-88). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Kindle Edition.
  10. ^ "Finnish Colonial Encounters". University of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  11. ^ "Finnish Colonial Encounters : From Anti-Imperialism to Cultural Colonialism and Complicity, edited by Raita Merivirta, Leila Koivunen, Timo Särkkä, (electronic resource)". European University Institute Library. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  12. ^ "Suomalaisten siirtomaahaaveet Ambomaalla". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 23 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  13. ^ "Index of /ekspedisjoner/Norvegia II". Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  14. ^ Kirsten Alsaker Kjerland; Bjørn Enge Bertelsen, eds. (2015). Navigating Colonial Orders: Norwegian Entrepreneurship in Africa and Oceania. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-540-0. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  15. ^ "Index of /personer/Christensen, Lars". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  16. ^ "History of Finland, THE ERA OF SWEDISH RULE, 1150-1809". Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  17. ^ Haggrén, Georg (2015). Muinaisuutemme jäljet: Suomen esi- ja varhaishistoria kivikaudelta keskiajalle (in Finnish). Gaudeamus. ISBN 978-952-495-363-4.
  18. ^ a b Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin Itämaa (in Finnish). Swenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. ISBN 978-951-583-212-2.
  19. ^ Kepsu, Saulo (2005). Uuteen maahan: Helsingin ja Vantaan vanha asutus ja nimistö (in Finnish). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-746-723-0.
  20. ^ Valtakunnanosa : Suurvalta ja valtakunnan hajoaminen 1560-1812 Tekijä: Nils Erik Villstrand (in Finnish).
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