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Velir

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Velir
A statue of the Sangam period Velir king
CountryIndia
Current regionSouth India
TitlesSatyaputra
Connected familiesAy
Athiyamān
Irunkōvēl
Ilanji Vel
Malayamān
Nanan
Vēl Pāri
Vel Avi Pekan

The Velir [1][2][3][4][5] were a royal house of minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamilakam in the early historic period of South India.[6] They had close relations with Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers through ruling and coronation rights.[7][8][9] Medieval inscriptions and Sangam literature claim that they belong to the Yadu dynasty.[10][11][12] Velir may refer to master of land.[13]

Origin

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A 12th-century statue of Agastya

The Purananuru, one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature, praises King Irunkōvēl, a 49th generation descendant of the Vēlir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher (தடவு) of a Northern sage (Agastya), and said to have ruled Thuvarai (Dvārakā) with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze.[14] According to a commentary on Tholkappiyam, the earliest long work of Tamil literature, eighteen clans of the Velirs came from the city of Tuvarapati under the leadership of the sage Agastya.[6][15][16] The legend goes that all the gods and sages went to the Himalayas to attend the marriage of Siva with Parvati due to which the earth started tilting to one side. Agastya was then requested to proceed south to restore the balance. On his way south, Agastya married Lopamudra and is said to have brought with him sage Jamadagni's son Trnadhumagni or Tholkappiyar, the author of Tamil grammar, and eighteen members of the Vrishni family along with eighteen crore Velir and Aruvalar.[17] It has been suggested by some like Thapar and Champakalakshmi, that the ancestors of the Velir may have been related to the Yadava of Dvaraka and the inhabitants of the post Harappan Chacolithic Black and Red ware sites. According to Thapar, the Yadava may have belonged to a non Indo-Aryan language group.[15] They eventually reached Tamraparni, and as the Velir-Perumakan group, cultivated its ancient society as a political, sociocultural and economic structure in South India and Sri Lanka.[18]

Historian R. Nagaswamy writes that quite a number of these velirs were indigenous and natives of Tamil country but some of the velirs seem to have migrated from dvaraka.[13]

The Irunkōvēl kings trace their lineage to the clan of Krishna; one of the inscriptions at Kodumbalur belonging to one of the kings in the Irunkovel line, namely Tennavan Irunkōvēl.[12][19] The Moovar Koil record of Irukkuvel chief Boothi Vikramakesari lauds his father, Samarabirama, as Yadu-vamsa-ketu (Banner of the Yadu race).[12][20] Historians consider the Ay velirs originated from the pastoralists of Ayars and they gained preeminence at an early stage in Tamil history.[21][22][23]

History

[edit]

The Velir were prominent in the Sangam period of Tamil polity, economy, and society. They are traced to the Yadavas (Yadu descent) of Dvaraka and linked up with all important dynasties of South India including the Chalukyas, Hoysalas, and Andhras.[24] In Sangam literature, they are portrayed as independent chieftains who ruled in bordering areas of three major ruling dynasties, had considerable collective power and marriage alliances with Three Crowned Kings.[25] "

While most of the rulers are substantiated by epigraphs and literatures, some of their history of ruling some dynasties is not recorded.

Also, some of the medieval dynasties of the western half of the peninsula claim to be descended from Yadhavas lineage and the Ay chiefs of Ay dynasty of the ninth century A.D. claim to be the Vrishni-kula as also the Mushika kings who link themselves with Haihaya origins.[30] The Periya Puranam describes about a Haiheya clan king Eyarkon Kalikama Nayanar, he was a Vellalar saint and Commander-in-chief of the Chola army.[31][32] The Ay velir chieftains, who settled down in Ay county (near Kanyakumari), were quite prominent in Tamil Nadu during the sangam age.[33]

The Chalukyas and Kadambas belonging to Manavya gotra as being the descendants of the original ancestress Hariti.[34] The Karmandala Satakam states that the Velirs of karmandalam belong to the same "Manavya" Gotra.[35] The Chalukya kings were called Velpularasar and Velkulattarasar by some communities, that is kings over Vel country (pula means region or country).[36][37] Later day references to them in Choļa inscriptions puts the Chalukyas under the Velir community ruling in Deccan.[29]

Tamilakam in the Sangam Period

The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from Vel -nadu, that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains.[38] We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth,[39] in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.[40]

The Irunkōvēl lines of Velir kings are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians.[41] Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (Pulikadimal) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where "sala" kills the tiger to save a sage.[42] As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title "Ballala" is only a variant of the Tamil word "Vellala".[43] The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the "Vellala Maharaja" in Thiruvannamalai, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.[44]

The Irungovel chieftains were related to the Cholas through matrimony.[45][46] These princes assumed both the Chola and Irungovel titles like for example there was one Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias Irungolan during the time of Kulottunga I and then there was a certain Sendamangalam Udaiyan Araiyan Edirili Cholan alias Irungolan during the reign of Kulottunga III.[47]

Kaluvul was a velir chieftain of Kamur who fought against the chera supremacy.[48][49] Perum chera irumporai along with fourteen chieftains attacked kamur but perum chera irumporai was impressed with Kaluvuls resistance in battle field and let him rule kamur and accepted friendship from him.[50] Some of the velirs under Kaluvul joined the chera after the defeat.[51]

Sangam literature

[edit]

The Purananuru, one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature, praises King Irunkōvēl, a 49th generation descendant of the Vēlir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher (தடவு) of a Northern sage (Agastya), and said to have ruled Thuvarai (Dvārakā) with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze.[14]

Velir chiefs

[edit]
Moovar Koil Temple Complex built by Irunkovel chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari

Athiyamān Nedumān Añci and his son Ezhini, were Athiyamān chieftains, based in Tagadur (present day village located in Dharmapuri district). They were contemporaries of Auvaiyar. The Sangam poem "Thagadur yathirai", now lost, was written about his battle with the Chera king. Another Velir was Irunkōvēl who ruled over Konaadu, the area in and around Pudukottai, with their capital in Kodumbalur.[52] They belong to Kallar family, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri mentions in his study.[53][54] Nannan was another Velir chieftain who hailed from Tulu Nadu.[55] Yet another Velir chief was Pekan of the Vel Avi family who ruled over Pothini, the modern Palani near Madurai.[citation needed] Other ancient Velir chiefs of repute include Alumbil Vel, Alandur Vel, Ilanji Vel and Nangur Vel.[56]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pruthi, R.; Sharma, B.R. (1995). Buddhism, Jainism and Women. Encyclopaedia of women society and culture series. Anmol Publications. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-7488-085-7.
  2. ^ Sivaratnam, C. (1964). An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism. Stangard Printers. p. 36. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  3. ^ Chakravarti, A. (1953). Tirukkural (in Lithuanian). Diocesan Press. p. 25.
  4. ^ Orr, L.C. (2000). Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-19-535672-4. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  5. ^ Iyer, L.A.K. (1968). Social History of Kerala: The Dravidians. Monographs on man in India. Book Centre Publications. p. 4. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  6. ^ a b Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script" (PDF). Chennai, India. p. 16. The story of the southern migration of the Vēḷir from Dvārakā under the leadership of Agastya is narrated by Naccinarkkiniyar in his commentary on Tolkāppiyam (pāyiram; Poruḷ. 34). According to this legend, the gods congregated on Mount Meru as a result of which the earth tilted, lowering Meru and raising the southern quarter. The gods thereupon decided that Agastya was the best person to remedy this situation and requested him to proceed to the South. Agastya agreed and, on his way, visited Tuvarāpati' (Dvārakā) and led the descendants of neṭu-muṭi-an|n|al (Viṣṇu or Krṣṇa) including eighteen kings, eighteen families of the Vēḷir and the Aruvāḷar' to the south, where they settled down clearing the forests and cultivating the land.
  7. ^ de Laet, S.J.; Herrmann, J. (1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. Routledge. p. 382. ISBN 978-92-3-102812-0. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  8. ^ Singh, K.S.; Thirumalai, R.; Manoharan, S.; Anthropological Survey of India (1997). Tamil Nadu. People of India. Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1647. ISBN 978-81-85938-88-2. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  9. ^ Cuppiramaṇiyan̲, C.V.; Tirunāvukkaracu, K.T.; International Institute of Tamil Studies (1983). Historical Heritage of the Tamils. Publication (International Institute of Tamil Studies). International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 269. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  10. ^ Padmaja, T. (2001). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 33–35. ISBN 9788170173984.
  11. ^ van Bakel, M.; Hagesteijn, R.; van de Velde, P. (1994). Pivot politics: changing cultural identities in early state formation processes. Het Spinhuis. p. 175. ISBN 978-90-5589-007-1. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
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  35. ^ Vijayalakshmi, Usha R (2010). "Karmandala Satakam: Politico-Socio-Cultural Analysis of Medieval Tamil Literature on the Vellala Community of South Karnataka". "Karmandala Satakam: Politico-Socio-Cultural Analysis of Medieval Tamil Literature on the Vellala Community of South Karnataka. 71: 430. JSTOR 44147510.
  36. ^ Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Gyan Publishing House. p. 179.
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  40. ^ Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Kalpaz Publications. p. 181.
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  42. ^ M. Arokiaswami. The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 28.
  43. ^ M. Arokiaswami. The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 29.
  44. ^ F. H. Gravely (2002). The Gopuras of Thiruvannamalai. Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 2.
  45. ^ Indu Banga; Urban History Association of India; Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (1991). The City in Indian History: Urban Demography, Society, and Politics. South Asia Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-945921-17-2. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  46. ^ Tirumalai, R. (1994). Collected Papers: Studies in South Indian Epigraphy and History of Land Organisation, Development and Accounts and Select Chola, and Pandyan Townships. T.N.D.A. pub. Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu. p. 177. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  47. ^ Balasubrahmanyam, S.R.; Venkataraman, B.; Ramachandran, B. (1979). Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280) (in Javanese). Mudgala Trust. p. 80. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  48. ^ V, Ramamurthy (2008). History of Kongu: Pre-historic period to 1300 A.D. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization. p. 104.
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  50. ^ N, Subrahmanian (2008). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes. p. 42.
  51. ^ Ci, Pālacuppiramaṇiyan̲ (2007). A Study of the Literature of the Cēra Country Upto 11th Century A.D. University of Madras. p. 29.
  52. ^ Tirumalai, R. (1981). Studies in the History of Ancient Townships in Pudukkottai. Institute of Epigraphy, State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 1.
  53. ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1935). The Colas. G .S .Press. p. 136.
  54. ^ V. Mahadevan (2009). History of Kodumbalur Velir. p. 150.
  55. ^ Rohan Peter, Utsav Manihara (2001). Culture of Creativity: Footprints of Indian Civilization, Volume 3 of Panorama of Indian Culture. Dominant Publishers and Distributors. p. 10. ISBN 8178880253.
  56. ^ Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1994). "The Twilight of the Perumakan: South Indian Polity Restructured and Incorporated". In van Bakel, Martin; Hagesteijn, Renée; van de Velde, Piet (eds.). Pivot Politics: Changing Cultural Identities in Early State Formation Processes. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. p. 172. ISBN 978-90-5589-007-1.
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