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Same-sex union legislation

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  Marriage open to same-sex couples
  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
  Same-sex marriage recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions, and accorded greater rights than local same-sex unions (if any)
  Civil unions or domestic partnerships
  Limited legal recognition
  Local certification without legal force
  Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
  Same-sex unions not legally recognized

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,[nb 1] New Zealand,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 3] the United States,[nb 4] and Uruguay.

Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Israel[citation needed] and Namibia[citation needed]. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed elsewhere in the Kingdom of the Netherlands are recognized in Sint Maarten. Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. 32 countries and four jurisdictions worldwide have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well. Sixteen countries and 34 jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the number of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Legislative efforts to recognise same-sex unions

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National level

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The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979.[1][2] However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples did not occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989.[3] Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

As of 21 December 2024, certain alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage has been allowed on a national level in Bolivia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

As of 21 December 2024, legislation to allow an alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Kosovo and Poland.

As of 21 December 2024, same-sex marriage has been legal (nationwide or in some parts) in Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,[nb 1] New Zealand,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 3] the United States,[nb 4] and Uruguay.

As of 21 December 2024, legislation to allow same-sex marriage is being considered in at least one legislative house on a national level in Italy.

Country Date Same-sex union Upper house Lower house Head of state Law
enacted?
Yes No Yes No
Netherlands Netherlands June 1979 Unregistered cohabitation[1][2] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 1980 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[1][2] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands November 1984 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[1][2] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1986 Unregistered cohabitation[2][4][5] — 78 62 Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden June 1987 Unregistered cohabitation[6] — Passed —[a 1] Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1989 Registered partnership[7][8] — 71 47 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Norway Norway July 1991 Unregistered cohabitation[9] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway April 1993 Registered partnership[10] 18 16 58 40 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Sweden Sweden June 1994 Registered partnership[11] — 171 141 —[a 1] Yes Yes[a 2]
Spain Spain November 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[2] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary May 1996 Unregistered cohabitation[2][12] — 207 73 Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland June 1996 Confirmed cohabitation[13][14] — 44 1 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Slovakia Slovakia May 1997 Registered partnership[15] — Failed — No No
Netherlands Netherlands July 1997 Registered partnership[1] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic June 1998 Registered partnership[16] — — Failed — No No
France France October 1998 Civil solidarity pact[17] — — Failed — No No
Belgium Belgium January 1999 Legal cohabitation[18][19] 39 8 98 10 Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden March 1999 Registered partnership (expansion)[20] — Passed —[a 1] Yes Yes[a 2]
Denmark Denmark June 1999 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[21] — 61 48 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
France France November 1999 Civil Solidarity Pact and Concubinage[22] Passed 315 249 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic December 1999 Registered partnership[23] — — 69 91 — No No
Slovakia Slovakia February 2000 Registered partnership[15] — Failed — No No
Canada Canada April 2000 Common-law partnership[24][25][26] Passed 174 72 Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2000 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion: adoption and immigration rights)[27] — 49 1 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Netherlands Netherlands December 2000 Marriage[28][29] 49 26 109 33 Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway December 2000 Registered partnership (expansion)[9][30] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Germany Germany February 2001 Registered life partnership[31] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Portugal Portugal March 2001 De facto union[32][33] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand April 2001 De facto relationship[34] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic April 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[35] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway June 2001 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[36][37] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Finland Finland September 2001 Registered partnership[38] — 99 84 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic October 2001 Registered partnership[39] — — Failed — No No
Sweden Sweden June 2002 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[40] — Passed —[a 1] Yes Yes[a 2]
Belgium Belgium February 2003 Marriage[41] 46 15 91 22 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[42] — 49 60 — No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[43] — 45 60 — No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[44] — 43 61 — No No
Denmark Denmark June 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[45] — 11 94 — No No
Croatia Croatia July 2003 Unregistered cohabitation[46] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg May 2004 Free union[47] — Failed — No No
Luxembourg Luxembourg May 2004 Marriage[48] — Failed — No No
Luxembourg Luxembourg July 2004 Partnership[49] — 33 7 Signed Yes Yes
Panama Panama September 2004 Civil union[50] — Failed — No No
Germany Germany October 2004 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[51] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Norway Norway November 2004 Marriage[52] — Failed — No No
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2004 Civil partnership[53] 251 136 426 49 Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand November 2004 De facto relationship (expansion)[54] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 2004 Civil union[55] — 65 55 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic February 2005 Registered partnership[56] — — Failed — No No
Andorra Andorra March 2005 Stable couple union[57] — Passed Signed [a 3] Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia March 2005 Registered partnership[58] —[a 4] Failed — No No
New Zealand New Zealand March 2005 Civil union and de facto relationship (expansion)[59][60] — 76 43 Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden June 2005 Registered partnership (expansion)[61] — Passed —[a 1] Yes Yes[a 2]
Switzerland Switzerland June 2005 Registered partnership[62] Passed Passed — Yes Yes
Specific referendum (58.04%)
Spain Spain July 2005 Marriage[63] Vetoed [a 5] 183 136 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada July 2005 Marriage[64] 47 21 158 133 Signed Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2005 Partnership[65] —[a 4] 44 3 Signed Yes Yes
Croatia Croatia October 2005 Registered partnership[66] — Failed — No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic March 2006 Registered partnership[67] 65 14 86 54 Vetoed [a 6] Yes Yes
Belgium Belgium May 2006 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[68][69] 34 33 77 62 Signed Yes Yes
Spain Spain May 2006 Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[70] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[71] — Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Iceland Iceland June 2006 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[72][73] — 41 0 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
France France June 2006 Civil Solidarity Pact (expansion)[74] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Marriage and civil partnership[75] 36 11 229 41 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal December 2006 De facto union (expansion: immigration rights)[76] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland December 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[77][78] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Spain Spain March 2007 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[70] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia June 2007 Civil union[79] 29 34 62 43 — No No
Hungary Hungary December 2007 Registered partnership[80] — 185 154 Signed No No[a 7]
Uruguay Uruguay December 2007 Cohabitation union[81][82] 17 5 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2008 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[83][84] — 54 0 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Norway Norway June 2008 Marriage[85] 23 17 84 41 Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 De facto union[86] General constitutional referendum (69.46%) Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[87] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[87] — Failed — No No
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2008 Civil partnership (expansion)[88] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia November 2008 De facto relationship[89] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden April 2009 Marriage[90] — 261 22 —[a 1] Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary April 2009 Registered partnership[91][92] — 199 159 Signed Yes Yes
France France May 2009 Recognition of unions performed abroad as PACS[93] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[94] — 108 29 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[95] — 107 2 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Portugal Portugal August 2009 De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[96] — Passed Vetoed No No
Uruguay Uruguay September 2009 Cohabitation union (expansion: adoption rights)[97][98] 17 6 40 13 Signed Yes Yes
Austria Austria December 2009 Registered partnership[99] 44 8 110 64 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Marriage[100] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Marriage[101] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Registered civil union[102] — Failed — No No
Australia Australia February 2010 Marriage[103] 5 45 — — — No No
Portugal Portugal May 2010 Marriage[104] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2010 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[105] — 60 54 Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Denmark Denmark June 2010 Marriage[106] — 52 57 — No No
Iceland Iceland June 2010 Marriage[107][108] — 49 0 Signed Yes Yes
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2010 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation[109][110] 48 4 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Argentina July 2010 Marriage[111] 33 27 126 110 Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg August 2010 Partnership (expansion)[112] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal August 2010 De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[113][114] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany September 2010 Marriage[115] Failed — — No No
Germany Germany October 2010 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[116] — Failed — No No
Germany Germany April 2011 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law and adoption rights)[117] Failed — — No No
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein June 2011 Registered partnership[118] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Specific referendum (68.76%)
France France June 2011 Marriage[119] — — 222 293 — No No
Germany Germany June 2011 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[120] Failed — — No No
Portugal Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[121] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[121] — Failed — No No
Slovenia Slovenia March 2012 Partnership (expansion)[122] Specific referendum (45.36%) No No
Israel Israel May 2012 Marriage[123] — 11 39 — No No
Denmark Denmark June 2012 Marriage[124] — 85 24 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany June 2012 Marriage[125][126] — — 260 309 — No No
San Marino San Marino June 2012 Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[127] — 33 20 Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[128] — — 42 98 — No No
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[129] 26 41 — — — No No
Germany Germany October 2012 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[130] — — 253 288 — No No
Slovakia Slovakia November 2012 Registered partnership[131] — 14 94 — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[132][133] — — Failed — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[134][135] — — Failed — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[136] — — Failed — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[137] — — Failed — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Partnership agreement[138][139] — — Failed — No No
Germany Germany March 2013 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[140][141] Passed — — — No No
Germany Germany March 2013 Marriage[142] Passed — — — No No
New Zealand New Zealand April 2013 Marriage[143] — 77 44 Signed Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia April 2013 Marriage[144] 17 51 — — — No No
Uruguay Uruguay May 2013 Marriage[145][146] 23 8 71 21 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[147] — 77 104 — No No
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[147] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[147] — Failed — No No
France France May 2013 Marriage[148][149] 171 165 331 225 Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia June 2013 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[150] 28 44 — — — No No
Germany Germany July 2013 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[151][152] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
United Kingdom United Kingdom
(England and Wales) 		July 2013 Marriage[153][154] Passed 366 161 Signed Yes Yes
Austria Austria July 2013 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[155][156] 45 8 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Philippines Philippines October 2013 Registered partnership[157] — Failed — No No
Netherlands Netherlands December 2013 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[158][159] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal March 2014 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[160] — 107 112 — No No
Malta Malta April 2014 Civil union[161] — 37 0 Signed Yes Yes
Belgium Belgium May 2014 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[162][163] 48 2 114 10 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany May 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[164][165] — — 111 432 — No No
Andorra Andorra May 2014 Marriage[166][167] — 6 21 — No No
Germany Germany June 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[168] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Romania Romania June 2014 Civil partnership[169][170] 2 110 4 298 — No No
Luxembourg Luxembourg June 2014 Marriage[171][172] — 56 4 —[a 8] Yes Yes
Croatia Croatia July 2014 Life partnership[173] — 89 16 —[a 9] Yes Yes
Germany Germany July 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[174][175][176] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
San Marino San Marino September 2014 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[177] — 15 35 — No No
Argentina Argentina October 2014 Cohabitation union[178][179] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Andorra Andorra December 2014 Civil union[180][181] — 20 3 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[182][183] — 89 119 — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[182][183] — 91 119 — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[182][183] — 91 120 — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[182][183] — Failed — No No
Republic of Ireland Ireland April 2015 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: step-adoption rights)[184][185] 20 2 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Chile Chile April 2015 Civil union agreement[186][187] 25 6 78 9 Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador June 2015 De facto union (expansion)[188][189][190][191] — 89 1 Signed Yes Yes
Israel Israel July 2015 Civil union[192] — 39 50 — No No
Israel Israel July 2015 Marriage[192] — 39 50 — No No
Republic of Ireland Ireland August 2015 Marriage (constitutional amendment)[193] 29 3 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Specific constitutional referendum (62.07%)
October 2015 Marriage (statutory legislation)[194][195][196] Passed Passed Signed
Germany Germany November 2015 Registered life partnership (expansion)[197][198] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes[a 2]
Cyprus Cyprus December 2015 Civil cohabitation[199][200] — 39 12 Signed Yes Yes
Romania Romania December 2015 Civil partnership[201][202][203] 8 49 Failed — No No
Slovenia Slovenia December 2015 Marriage[204][205] —[a 4] 51 28 — No No
Specific referendum (36.53%)
Greece Greece December 2015 Cohabitation agreement[206] — 194 55 Signed Yes Yes
Estonia Estonia October 2014 Cohabitation agreement (framework law)[207][208] — 40 38 Signed Yes Yes
January 2016 Cohabitation agreement (implementation law)[209][210] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal February 2016 Marriage and de facto union (expansion: adoption rights)[211] — Passed Vetoed [a 6] Yes Yes
Israel Israel February 2016 Civil union[212] — 40 47 — No No
Switzerland Switzerland March 2016 Registered partnership (expansion: immigration rights)[213][214] — — 122 62 — No No
Luxembourg Luxembourg April 2016 Recognition of marriage performed abroad before 1 January 2015[215] — 50 3 —[a 8] Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia April 2016 Partnership (expansion)[216][217] —[a 4] 54 15 —[a 9] Yes Yes
Italy Italy May 2016 Civil union and cohabitation agreement[218][219][220] 173 71 372 51 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal June 2016 Marriage and de facto union (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[221] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland June 2016 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[222][223] 25 14 125 68 — Yes Yes
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein November 2016 Registered partnership (expansion)[224][225] — 25 0 Signed Yes Yes
Greece Greece December 2016 Cohabitation agreement (expansion)[226][227] — 201 21 Signed Yes Yes
Austria Austria December 2016 Registered partnership (expansion)[228] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland February 2015 Marriage (framework law)[229] — 101 90 Signed Yes Yes
April 2016 Marriage (implementation laws)[230][231][232] — 106 42 Signed
January 2017 — 128 28 Signed
Malta Malta April 2017 Cohabitation[233] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Lithuania Lithuania June 2017 Partnership[234][235] — 29 59 — No No
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2017 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[236][237] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany July 2017 Marriage[238][239][240] Passed 393 226 Signed Yes Yes
Malta Malta August 2017 Marriage[241][242] — 66 1 Signed Yes Yes
China China October 2017 Legal Guardianship[243] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Philippines Philippines October 2017 Civil partnership[244] — Failed — No No
Chile Chile November 2017 Civil union agreement (expansion)[245][246][247][248] 15 0 70 0 Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia December 2017 Marriage[249][250] 43 12 131 4 Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland April 2018 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[251] — 122 42 Signed Yes Yes
Greece Greece May 2018 Cohabitation agreement (expansion: foster care)[252][253] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Israel Israel June 2018 Marriage[254] — 39 42 — No No
Malta Malta June 2018 Marriage, civil union and cohabitation (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[255][256] — 34 27 Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia September 2018 Registered partnership[257][258] — Failed — No No
San Marino San Marino November 2018 Civil union[259][260] — 40 4 Signed Yes Yes
Mexico Mexico November 2018 Marriage (codification of federal recognition)[261][262][263][264][265] 110 0 415 0 Published Yes Yes
Cuba Cuba December 2018 Marriage[266][267] — Failed — No No
Germany Germany December 2018 Marriage (codification)[268][269] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Romania Romania March 2019 Civil partnership[270][271][272] 2 68 Failed — No No
Taiwan Taiwan May 2019 Marriage[273][274] — 66 27 Signed Yes Yes
Philippines Philippines July 2019 Civil partnership[275][276] — Failed — No No
Philippines Philippines July 2019 Registered partnership[277] Failed — — No No
Austria Austria July 2019 Marriage (expansion)[278][279] Passed Passed — Yes Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom
(Northern Ireland) 		July 2019 Marriage[280][281] Passed 328 65 Signed Yes Yes
Montenegro Montenegro July 2019 Life partnership[282] — 38 4 — No No
Monaco Monaco December 2019 Cohabitation agreement[283] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Montenegro Montenegro July 2020 Life partnership[284] — 42 5 Signed Yes Yes
Lithuania Lithuania May 2021 Partnership[285] — 63 58 — No No
San Marino San Marino June 2021 Civil union (expansion)[286] — 31 1 Signed Yes Yes
France France August 2021 Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[287][288][289] 326 115 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland September 2021 Marriage[290][291][292] 22 15 132 52 — Yes Yes
Specific referendum (64.10%)
Chile Chile December 2021 Marriage[293][294][295][296][297] 21 8 80 20 Signed Yes Yes
Costa Rica Costa Rica May 2022 De facto union[298] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Andorra Andorra August 2022 Marriage[299][300] — 18 6 Signed Yes Yes
Cuba Cuba July 2022 Marriage and civil union[301] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
September 2022 Specific Referendum (66.87%)[302]
Slovenia Slovenia October 2022 Marriage and adoption rights (codification)[303][304] 17 11 48 29 Suspensory Veto Yes Yes
— 51 24 Published
Slovakia Slovakia October 2022 Civil cohabitation[305] — 31 53 — No No
United States United States December 2022 Marriage (codification of federal recognition; requiring states and territories to recognize)[306] 61 36 259 168 Signed Yes Yes
Latvia Latvia December 2022 Civil union[307] — — Failed No No
Peru Peru December 2022 Marriage[308] — — Failed No No
Andorra Andorra January 2023 Marriage (codification)[309] — 23 1 Signed Yes Yes
Taiwan Taiwan June 2023 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[310] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Estonia Estonia June 2023 Marriage[311][312] — 55 34 Signed Yes Yes
Latvia Latvia January 2024 Partnership[313][314] — 53 43 Signed Yes Yes
Greece Greece February 2024 Marriage[315][316] — 175 77 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic April 2024 Partnership (expansion) [317][318][319] Passed 123 36 Signed Yes Yes
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein May 2024 Marriage[320][321] — 24 1 Signed Yes Yes
Thailand Thailand June 2024 Marriage 130 4 400 10 Signed Yes Yes
Italy Italy Unknown Marriage[322][323] Proposed Proposed
Kosovo Kosovo Unknown Civil union[324] — Proposed
Poland Poland Unknown Civil partnership[325] Proposed Proposed

Notes:

  1. ^ a b c d e f According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
  3. ^ Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
  4. ^ a b c d The Slovenian Parliament is incompletely bicameral.
  5. ^ The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
  6. ^ a b Veto overridden.
  7. ^ Ruled unconstitutional.
  8. ^ a b Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
  9. ^ a b The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.

Sub-national level

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See also: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such powers to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was British Columbia in Canada in July 1992. The first jurisdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first sub-national jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003.

As of 21 December 2024, there are 32 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide that have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are:

  • In Japan:
    • 30 prefectures of Japan (Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gunma, Hyōgo, Ibaraki, Kagawa, Mie, Nagano, Nara, Niigata, Osaka, Ōita, Saga, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, and Yamanashi);
  • Two British overseas territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands).

For the time being, 63 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide have legalized same-sex marriage in nations where same-sex marriage is not legal throughout the nation's territory. Those are:

State/Territory Country Date Same-sex union Upper House Lower house Head of State Law
enacted?
Yes No Yes No
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1992 Marriage-like relationship[326][327] — 30 17 Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[328] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[329] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[330] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 1994 Domestic relationship[331] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada June 1994 Domestic partnership[332] — 58 69 — No No
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada June 1995 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[333] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1995 Marriage-like relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[334] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark May 1993 Inatsisartut: Registered partnership (resolution)[335] — 15 0 — Yes Yes
April 1996 Folketing: Registered partnership (statutory law)[336][337] — 104 1 Signed
Ceuta Ceuta Spain Spain April 1997 De facto union[338] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1997 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[339] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain June 1998 Stable couple union[340][341] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada December 1998 Unregistered cohabitation[342] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain March 1999 Stable non-married couple[340][343] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada April 1999 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[344][345] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada May 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[346] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada May 1999 De facto union[347] — 80 0 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 1999 De facto relationship[348] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1999 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[349] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada October 1999 Conjugal relationship[350] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Navarre Navarre Spain Spain July 2000 Stable couple[340][351] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Castilla–La Mancha Castile-La Mancha Spain Spain July 2000 De facto couple[352] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 2000 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[353] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia August 2000 Domestic relationship (expansion)[354] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada Canada November 2000 Domestic partnership[355][356] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2000 Conjugal relationship[357] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada December 2000 Family relationship[358] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Switzerland February 2001 Registered partnership[359][360] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Valencian Community Valencia Spain Spain April 2001 De facto union[361] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia June 2001 Domestic relationship[362] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada July 2001 Common-law relationships[363] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Spousal relationship[364] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Spousal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[365] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia November 2001 Domestic relationship (expansion)[366] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2001 Conjugal relationship (expansion)[367] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Balearic Islands Balearic Islands Spain Spain December 2001 Stable couple[368] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Community of Madrid Madrid Spain Spain December 2001 De facto union[340][369] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada April 2002 Conjugal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[370] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia April 2002 De facto relationship[371] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada May 2002 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[372] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Asturias Asturias Spain Spain May 2002 Stable couple[373] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada June 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[344][374] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada June 2002 Civil union[375] — 87 0 Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[376] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[377] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Zurich Zürich Switzerland Switzerland September 2002 Registered partnership[378] Specific cantonal referendum (62.70%) Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia October 2002 De facto relationship (expansion)[379][380] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Castile and León Castile and León Spain Spain October 2002 De facto union[381] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada December 2002 Adult interdependent relationship[382] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2002 De facto relationship[383] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Andalusia Andalusia Spain Spain December 2002 De facto couple[340][384] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Canada Canada December 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[385] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Buenos Aires Autonomous City of Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina January 2003 Civil union[386][387] — 29 10 Signed Yes Yes
Canary Islands Canary Islands Spain Spain March 2003 De facto couple[340][388] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Extremadura Extremadura Spain Spain March 2003 De facto couple[340][389] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country Spain Spain May 2003 De facto couple[340][390] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Río Negro Province Río Negro Argentina Argentina May 2003 Civil union[391] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia June 2003 Unregistered cohabitation[392] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2003 Significant relationship and caring relationship[393] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia January 2004 Domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[394] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland Switzerland January 2004 Registered partnership[395] — 65 38 Signed Yes Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia January 2004 De facto relationship[396][397] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain May 2004 Stable non-married couple (expansion: adoption rights)[398] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland Switzerland May 2004 Registered partnership[395][399] General cantonal referendum (58.03%) Yes Yes
City of Sydney Australia Australia July 2004 Relationship declaration program[400] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada November 2004 Marriage (codification)[401] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada March 2005 Marriage (codification)[402] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada March 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[403] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain April 2005 Stable couple union (expansion: adoption rights)[404][405] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Cantabria Cantabria Spain Spain May 2005 De facto couple[406] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2005 Civil partnership[407] — Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2005 Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[408] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Australia Australia February 2006 De facto relationship[409] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia June 2006 Civil union[410] — Passed Signed No No[b 1]
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico November 2006 Coexistence partnership[411] — 43 17 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2006 Domestic partnership agreement[412] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico January 2007 Civil pact of solidarity[413] — 20 13 Signed Yes Yes
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom January 2007 Civil partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[414][415] — 101 6 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia February 2007 Civil partnership[416] — Passed Signed No No[b 1]
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada February 2007 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[417] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada March 2007 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[346] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) City of Melbourne Australia Australia April 2007 Relationship declaration program[418] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) City of Yarra Australia Australia May 2007 Relationship declaration program[419] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Villa Carlos Paz Argentina Argentina November 2007 Civil union[420] — 12 6 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2007 De facto relationship (expansion)[421] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Galicia (Spain) Galicia Spain Spain December 2007 De facto couple[422] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Melilla Melilla Spain Spain January 2008 De facto couple[423] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia April 2008 Registered domestic relationship[424] 29 10 54 24 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 2008 Civil partnership[425] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Canada Canada May 2008 Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[426] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 2008 De facto relationship (expansion)[427] Passed 64 11 Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada October 2008 Marriage (codification)[428] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia December 2008 Registered domestic relationship (expansion)[429] Passed 47 34 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales Municipality of Woollahra Australia Australia December 2008 Relationship declaration program[430] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada December 2008 Marriage (codification) and family relationship (expansion)[431] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Río Cuarto Argentina Argentina May 2009 Civil union[432] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[433] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Caledonia New Caledonia France France May 2009 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[434][435] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna France France May 2009 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[434][435] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada May 2009 Marriage (codification)[436] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom June 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[437] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2009 Significant relationship (expansion)[438] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia November 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[439] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2009 Marriage (codification)[440] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico December 2009 Marriage[441] — 39 20 Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia February 2010 De facto relationship (expansion)[442] — 45 36 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales City of Blue Mountains Australia Australia March 2010 Relationship declaration program[443] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia May 2010 Registered relationship[444][445] 32 5 62 9 Signed Yes Yes
La Rioja La Rioja Spain Spain May 2010 De facto couple[446] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Vienna Vienna Austria Austria June 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[447][448] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain July 2010 Marriage (codification)[449] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia September 2010 Registered relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[450][451][452] 22 15 45 43 Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2010 Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[453][454] Passed 22 3 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2010 Registered relationship (expansion: surrogacy)[455] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Netherlands Netherlands December 2010 Recognition of unions performed aboard[456] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man United Kingdom United Kingdom March 2011 Civil partnership[457] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia June 2011 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[458] 14 5 24 15 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2011 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[459] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nunavut Nunavut Canada Canada October 2011 Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[460] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada November 2011 Marriage (codification)[461] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2011 Civil partnership[462][463] — 47 40 Signed Yes Yes[b 2]
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2011 Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[464] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Jersey Jersey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2011 Civil partnership[465][466] — 33 0 Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia June 2012 Registered relationship[467][468] — 69 8 Signed Yes Yes[b 3]
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia September 2012 Civil union[469][470] — 11 6 Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[471][472] 6 8 13 11 — No No
Netherlands Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Netherlands Netherlands October 2012 Marriage[473] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2012 Significant relationship (expansion)[474][475] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia City of Vincent Australia Australia December 2012 Relationship declaration program[476] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Macau Macau China China March 2013 Civil union[477] — Failed — No No
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2013 Marriage[478] — — Failed — No No
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia July 2013 Significant relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[479][480] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico July 2013 Civil union[481][482][483] — 17 2 — Yes Yes[b 4]
August 2013 — Passed Signed
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2013 Marriage[484] 6 8 — — — No No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia October 2013 Marriage[485] — 9 8 Signed No No[b 5]
Jalisco Jalisco Mexico Mexico October 2013 Civil union[486] — 20 15 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2013 Marriage[487] 19 21 — — — No No
Campeche Campeche Mexico Mexico December 2013 Civil union[488] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico February 2014 Civil pact of solidarity (expansion: adoption rights)[489] — 23 2 Signed Yes Yes
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom March 2014 Marriage[490][491] — 105 18 Signed Yes Yes
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Denmark Denmark March 2014 Marriage[492] — 11 20 — No No
Gibraltar Gibraltar United Kingdom United Kingdom March 2014 Civil partnership[493][494] — 16 0 Signed Yes Yes
Durango Durango Mexico Mexico April 2014 Marriage[495] — Failed — No No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2014 Marriage[496] — Signed Yes Yes
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2014 Marriage[496] — Signed Yes Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada May 2014 Marriage (codification)[497] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico September 2014 Marriage[498][499][500] — 19 1 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2014 Out-of-state unions as registered relationship[501] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada December 2014 Marriage (codification)[502] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom May 2015 Marriage[503] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Town of Port Hedland Australia Australia August 2015 Relationship declaration program[504][505][506] — 6 2 Signed Yes Yes
Michoacán Michoacán Mexico Mexico September 2015 Domestic partnership[507][508] — 34 0 Signed Yes Yes
Alderney Alderney United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2015 Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad[509][510][511] — 10 0 Signed Yes Yes
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2015 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[512][513][514] — Passed —[b 6] Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia December 2015 Registered domestic relationship and domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[515][516] 31 8 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2015 Civil partnership[517][518] — 64 22 Signed Yes Yes
Nayarit Nayarit Mexico Mexico December 2015 Marriage and concubinage[519] — 26 1 Signed Yes Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark May 2015 Inatsisartut: Marriage (resolution)[520][521] — 27 0 — Yes Yes
February 2016 Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[522] — 108 0 Signed
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia February 2016 Out-of-state union as registered domestic relationship[523][524] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Azuay Ecuador Ecuador March 2016 Registered symbolic marriage[525] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Campeche Campeche Mexico Mexico May 2016 Marriage[526][527][528][529] — 34 1 Signed Yes Yes
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom May 2016 Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad (expansion)[530][531][532] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico June 2016 Marriage[533][534] — 24 0 Signed Yes Yes
Michoacán Michoacán Mexico Mexico June 2016 Marriage and concubinage[535][536] — 27 0 Signed Yes Yes
Ascension Island Ascension Island United Kingdom United Kingdom June 2016 Marriage[537][538] — 5 0 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2016 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[539][540][541] Passed 29 12 Signed Yes Yes
Morelos Morelos Mexico Mexico July 2016 Marriage and concubinage[542] — 20 6 Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2016 Marriage[543][544][545] 6 3 17 3 Signed Yes Yes
Aruba Aruba Netherlands Netherlands September 2016 Registered partnership[546][547][548] — 11 5 Signed Yes Yes
British Antarctic Territory British Antarctic Territory United Kingdom United Kingdom October 2016 Marriage[549][550] — Signed Yes Yes
Gibraltar Gibraltar United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2016 Marriage[551][552] — 15 0 Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia November 2016 Civil partnership and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[553][554] — 44 43 Signed Yes Yes
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico Mexico November 2016 Marriage[555][556] — Failed — No No
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada December 2016 Marriage and conjugal relationship (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[557][558] — 79 0 Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia December 2016 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[559][b 7] 19 19 45 35 — No No
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2016 Registered relationship[560] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2016 Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[561][562][563] 13 4 27 16 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2016 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[564][b 8] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico Mexico January 2017 Domestic partnership[565][566][567] — 18 4 Signed Yes Yes
Durango Durango Mexico Mexico January 2017 Marriage[568] — 4 15 — No No
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico January 2017 Marriage (constitutional codification)[569] — Passed — Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada March 2017 Marriage (codification)[570] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia March 2017 Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: surrogacy)[571] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia April 2017 Registered relationship (expansion)[572] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2017 Marriage and civil partnership[573][574] — 7 1 Signed Yes Yes
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2015 Marriage (agreement in principle)[575][576] — 37 7 — Yes Yes
December 2016 Marriage (primary legislation)[577][578] — 33 5 Signed
April 2017 Marriage (secondary legislation)[579] — Passed —
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Denmark Denmark April 2016 Løgting: Marriage (resolution)[580][581][582] — 19 14 — Yes Yes
May 2017 Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[583][584] — 108 0 Signed
Tristan da Cunha United Kingdom United Kingdom August 2017 Marriage[585][586] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada Canada October 2017 Marriage (codification)[587][588] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Saint Helena Saint Helena United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2017 Marriage[589][590] — 9 2 Signed Yes Yes
Bermuda Bermuda United Kingdom United Kingdom February 2018 Domestic partnership[591][592] 8 3 24 10 Signed Yes Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia April 2018 Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[593] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Jersey Jersey United Kingdom United Kingdom September 2015 Marriage (agreement in principle)[594] — 37 4 — Yes Yes
May 2018 Marriage (statutory legislation)[595] — 42 1 Signed
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia May 2018 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[596][597] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Alderney Alderney United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2017 Marriage (primary legislation)[598] — 9 0 Signed Yes Yes
June 2018 Marriage (secondary legislation)[599] — Passed —
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 2018 Marriage (codification and expansion)[600] 34 2 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia June 2018 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[601][602] — 86 4 Signed Yes Yes
Region of Murcia Murcia Spain Spain July 2018 De facto couple[603][604] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia December 2018 Marriage (codification and expansion)[605] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia February 2019 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[606] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia May 2019 Marriage (codification and expansion)[607] 7 6 12 11 Signed Yes Yes
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico Mexico May 2019 Marriage and concubinage[608][609] — 14 12 Signed Yes Yes
Hidalgo (state) Hidalgo Mexico Mexico May 2019 Marriage and concubinage[610] — 18 2 Signed Yes Yes
Sinaloa Sinaloa Mexico Mexico June 2019 Marriage and concubinage[611] — 18 20 — No No
Ibaraki Prefecture Ibaraki Prefecture Japan Japan June 2019 Partnership certificate[612] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Baja California Sur Baja California Sur Mexico Mexico June 2019 Marriage[613] — 14 5 Signed Yes Yes
Zacatecas Zacatecas Mexico Mexico August 2019 Marriage[614] — 11 13 — No No
Oaxaca Oaxaca Mexico Mexico October 2019 Marriage (codification)[615] — 25 10 Signed Yes Yes
Sark Sark United Kingdom United Kingdom October 2019 Marriage (agreement in principle)[616] — Passed — Yes Yes
March 2020 Marriage (primary legislation)[617] — Passed Signed
April 2020 Marriage (secondary legislation)[618] — Passed —
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2020 Domestic partnership[619] — 8 9 — No No
Baja California Baja California Mexico Mexico July 2020 Marriage (Constitutional codification)[620][621][622] — 16 9 — No No
Curaçao Curaçao Netherlands Netherlands September 2020 Marriage[623] — Withdrawn[624] No No
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom September 2020 Civil partnership[625] — Signed Yes Yes
Puebla Puebla Mexico Mexico November 2020 Marriage (codification)[626][627] — 31 5 Signed Yes Yes
Gunma Prefecture Japan Japan December 2020 Partnership oath[628] — — Signed Yes Yes
Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico Mexico December 2020 Marriage[629] — 16 3 Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia 2020 Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: surrogacy)[630] -- Passed No No
Sinaloa Sinaloa Mexico Mexico June 2021 Marriage[631] — 23 0 Signed Yes Yes
Baja California Baja California Mexico Mexico June 2021 Marriage (Constitutional codification)[632] — 18 4 Ratified by municipalities Yes Yes
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico August 2021 Marriage (Constitutional codification)[633] — 20 5 Published Yes Yes
Saga Prefecture Japan Japan August 2021 Partnership certificate[634] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mie Prefecture Japan Japan September 2021 Partnership certificate[635] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Querétaro Querétaro Mexico Mexico September 2021 Marriage, concubinage, adoption[636][637] — 20 3 Published Yes Yes
Sonora Sonora Mexico Mexico September 2021 Marriage[638] — 25 8 Signed Yes Yes
Zacatecas Zacatecas Mexico Mexico December 2021 Marriage[639] — 18 10 Published Yes Yes
Aomori Prefecture Japan Japan February 2022 Partnership certificate[640] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico March 2022 Marriage[641] — 25 0 Published Yes Yes
Akita Prefecture Japan Japan April 2022 Partnership certificate[642] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Fukuoka Prefecture Japan Japan April 2022 Partnership certificate[643] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Jalisco Jalisco Mexico Mexico April 2022 Marriage (codification)[644] — 25 8 Published Yes Yes
Tamaulipas Tamaulipas Mexico Mexico May 2022 Marriage[645] — Failed — No No
Veracruz Veracruz Mexico Mexico June 2022 Marriage (codification)[646][647][648] — 38 4 Published Yes Yes
Aguascalientes Aguascalientes Mexico Mexico August 2022 Marriage[649] — Failed — No No
Quintana Roo Quintana Roo Mexico Mexico August 2022 Marriage expansion (adoption)[650] Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tochigi Prefecture Japan Japan September 2022 Partnership certificate[651] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Durango Durango Mexico Mexico September 2022 Marriage (codification)[652][647][653] — 15 9 Signed Yes Yes
Tabasco Tabasco Mexico Mexico October 2022 Marriage[654] — 23 5 Signed Yes Yes
Tokyo Metropolis Japan Japan November 2022 Partnership certificate[655] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
State of Mexico Edomex Mexico Mexico November 2022 Marriage and concubinage[656][657] — 50 16 Signed Yes Yes
Tamaulipas Tamaulipas Mexico Mexico November 2022 Marriage[658][659] — 23 12 Signed Yes Yes
Guerrero Guerrero Mexico Mexico December 2022 Marriage and concubinage[660] — 38 6 Signed Yes Yes
Nuevo León Nuevo León Mexico Mexico June 2023 Marriage (codification) and concubinage [661] — 23 10 Signed Yes Yes
Baja California Sur Baja California Sur Mexico Mexico March 2024 Marriage (expansion: adoption)[662] — Passed Vetoed Pending
Aruba Aruba Netherlands Netherlands June 2024 Marriage [663][664][665] — 10 10 Failed No No

Note:

  1. ^ a b Legislation overturned by the Australian Federal Government.
  2. ^ Replaced with registered relationship on 27 June 2012.
  3. ^ Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
  4. ^ Repealed in May 2016.
  5. ^ Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
  6. ^ Ordinances and regulations do not require royal assent.
  7. ^ Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was debated.
  8. ^ Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was passed.

Prohibition of same-sex unions

[edit]

Legislative efforts

[edit]

Various countries have passed (or tried to pass) legislation to prevent same-sex marriage or repeal the existing laws (in some cases including criminalization or fines). Sometimes approving explicit bans or defining marriage as solely the union between a man and a woman, excluding all others.

National level

[edit]
Country Date Ban on Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
El Salvador El Salvador February 1858 Marriage [666] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia May 1873 Marriage [667] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 1]
Costa Rica Costa Rica January 1888 Marriage [668] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 2]
Jamaica Jamaica 1897 Marriage [669] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Italy Italy March 1942 Marriage [670] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Eswatini Eswatini 1952 Adoption [671] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Fiji Fiji January 1969 Marriage [672] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom (England and Walles) July 1973 Marriage [673] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 3]
Scotland Scotland May 1977 Marriage [674] — Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 4]
Venezuela Venezuela July 1982 Marriage [675] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Peru Peru July 1984 Marriage [676] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador July 1984 Marriage [677][678] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 5]
Honduras Honduras August 1984 Marriage [679] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Paraguay Paraguay January 1985 Marriage and free union [680] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Cuba Cuba 1987 Marriage [681] — Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 6]
Philippines Philippines July 1987 Marriage (explicit recognition of only heterosexual marriage)[682] — — Signed Yes Yes
Angola Angola 1988 Marriage and de facto union [683] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
China China 1992 Adoption [684] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
United States United States September 1996 Marriage (federal recognition and allows states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states)[685] 85 14 342 67 Signed Yes Yes [e 7]
Philippines Philippines 1998 Marriage (explicit limitation of marriage to heterosexual cisgender couples)[686] Failed — — No No
United States United States July 1999 Adoption (federal law, ban only for District of Columbia )[687] — 213 215 No No
Kenya Kenya July 2001 Adoption (couples and single LGBT person) [688] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Fiji Fiji 2002 Marriage (explicit ban) [689] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland October 2003 Marriage [690] — Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 8]
Philippines Philippines July 2004 Marriage (explicit non-recognition of unions performed abroad)[691] Failed — — No No
Philippines Philippines 2004 Marriage (explicit limitation of marriage to heterosexual cisgender couples)[686][692] Failed Failed — No No
Australia Australia August 2004 Marriage [693][694] 38 6 Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 9]
New Zealand New Zealand May 2005 Marriage [695] — 47 73 No No
Canada Canada December 2006 Marriage [696] — 123 175 No No
China China May 2007 Adoption of Chinese children by LGBT couples and single people in foreign countries [684] — — Signed Yes Yes
Greece Greece July 2008 Civil Union [697] — Passed Signed Yes Yes [e 10]
Ethiopia Ethiopia July 2009 Marriage [698] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Philippines Philippines December 2009 Marriage (criminalization)[699] — Failed — No No
Lesotho Lesotho 2011 Adoption [700] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mali Mali December 2011 Adoption [701] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Russia Russia September 2012 Marriage[702] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Russia Russia June 2013 Adoption of Russian children by LGBT couples and single people in foreign countries that recognise same-sex unions[703] Passed 400 4 Signed Yes Yes
Uganda Uganda December 2013 All types of same-sex unions and adoption (criminalization)[704] — Passed Signed No No [e 11]
Nigeria Nigeria January 2014 All types of same-sex unions and adoption(criminalization) [705] 109 0 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Vietnam Vietnam June 2014 Marriage and cohabitation [706] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Malawi Malawi April 2015 Marriage (criminalization)[707][708] — 193 0 Signed Yes Yes
Nicaragua Nicaragua April 2015 Marriage, free unions and adoption [709] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Panama Panama October 2015 Marriage (recognition of foreign unions) [710] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Haiti Haiti August 2017 Marriage (criminalization)[711][712] 14 1 Failed No No
Estonia Estonia August 2017 Civil Union [713] — 19 47 No No
Bolivia Bolivia June 2018 Marriage and free union [714] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Honduras Honduras August 2018 Adoption [715] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nepal Nepal August 2018 Marriage [716] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe May 2019 Marriage [717] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mozambique Mozambique December 2019 Marriage and domestic unions [718] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
China China January 2021 Marriage [719][720] — 2879 2 Signed Yes Yes
Panama Panama March 2021 Adoption [721] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Guatemala Guatemala March 2022 Marriage (criminalization)[722][723] — 152 8 No No [e 12]
Latvia Latvia April 2023 Adoption [724] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Uganda Uganda June 2023 All types of same-sex unions and adoption (criminalization)[725][726] — 384 1 Signed Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary July 2023 Adoption (report same-sex couples which raise children to the state authorities)[727] — Passed Vetoed No No
Russia Russia July 2023 Marriage, adoption and foster care for trans people.[728] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia September 2024 Marriage and adoption [729] — 84 0 Signed Yes Yes
Namibia Namibia Unknown Marriage (criminalization) and recognition of foreign unions[730] Passed Passed [731] Pending'
Kenya Kenya Unknown Same sex unions (criminalization) [732] — Pending

Notes:

  1. ^ Struck down in April 2016
  2. ^ Struck down in May 2020
  3. ^ Repealed in December 2013
  4. ^ Repealed in February 2014
  5. ^ Struck down in July 2019
  6. ^ Repealed in September 2022
  7. ^ Repealed in December 2022
  8. ^ Repealed in July 2019
  9. ^ Repealed in December 2017
  10. ^ Repealed in December 2015.
  11. ^ Struck down by Supreme Court in 2014 on technical grounds
  12. ^ Passed by Congress, archived after threat of presidential veto.

Constitutional efforts

[edit]

Thirty-two countries have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights".

National level

[edit]

Cuba was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in February 1976.[733] Paraguay, Honduras and Bolivia are the only cases that not only marriage is prohibited but also de facto unions.[734] Vietnam, Cuba, and Ecuador repealed their same-sex marriage bans in November 2013, April 2019, and June 2019, respectively.

As of 21 December 2024, thirty-three countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Croatia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Palau, Paraguay, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

Country Date Ban on Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cuba Cuba February 1976 Marriage[735] General referendum (97.7%) Yes Yes[c 1]
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso June 1991 Marriage[736] General referendum (92.83%) Yes Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria July 1991 Marriage[737] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Vietnam Vietnam April 1992 Marriage[738] — Passed Signed Yes Yes[c 2]
Paraguay Paraguay June 1992 Marriage and de facto union[741] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Lithuania Lithuania October 1992 Marriage[742] General referendum (78.24) Yes Yes
Cambodia Cambodia September 1993 Marriage[743][744] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belarus Belarus March 1994 Marriage[745] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Moldova Moldova July 1994 Marriage[746] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ukraine Ukraine June 1996 Marriage[747] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Poland Poland May 1997 Marriage[748][749][750][751][752][753] General referendum (52.71%) Signed Yes Yes
Venezuela Venezuela December 1999 Marriage and de facto union[754] General referendum (71.78%) Yes Yes
Rwanda Rwanda May 2003 Marriage[755] General referendum (93.42%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2004 Marriage[756] 48 50 227 186 — No No
Burundi Burundi February 2005 Marriage[757] General referendum (92.02%) Yes Yes
Honduras Honduras March 2005 Marriage and de facto union[758][759] — 128 0 Signed Yes Yes
Uganda Uganda September 2005 Marriage[760] — 111 17 Signed Yes Yes
Latvia Latvia December 2005 Marriage[761] — 65 5 Signed Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo December 2005 Marriage[762][763] General referendum (84.31%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2006 Marriage[764] 49 48 236 187 — No No[c 3]
Serbia Serbia October 2006 Marriage[765] General referendum (53.04%) Yes Yes
Montenegro Montenegro October 2007 Marriage[766][767] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Marriage[768] General referendum (69.46%) Yes Yes[c 4]
Palau Palau November 2008 Marriage[769][770] Specific referendum (83.56%) Yes Yes
Bolivia Bolivia January 2009 Marriage and free union[771] General referendum (61.43%) Yes Yes
El Salvador El Salvador October 2009 Marriage[772] — 46 38 — No No[c 3]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines November 2009 Marriage[773][774] General referendum (43.71%) No No
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic January 2010 Marriage[775] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Kenya Kenya August 2010 Marriage[776] General referendum (68.55%) Yes Yes
Zambia Zambia March 2011 Marriage[777][778] — Failed — No No
Jamaica Jamaica April 2011 Marriage and any other similar relationship[779] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary April 2011 Marriage[780][781][782] — 262 44 Signed Yes Yes
South Sudan South Sudan July 2011 Marriage[783][784] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Liberia Liberia June 2012 Marriage[785] Passed Failed — No No
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe March 2013 Marriage[786] General referendum (94.49%) Yes Yes
North Macedonia North Macedonia September 2013 Marriage[787] — Failed — No No
Croatia Croatia December 2013 Marriage[788] Specific referendum (65.87%) Yes Yes
El Salvador El Salvador February 2014 Marriage[789] — Failed — No No
Slovakia Slovakia June 2014 Marriage[790] — 102 18 — Yes Yes
North Macedonia North Macedonia January 2015 Marriage[791][792] — Failed — No No
Slovakia Slovakia February 2015 Marriage[793] Specific referendum (94.50%) No No[c 5]
Armenia Armenia December 2015 Marriage[794][795] General referendum (63.37%) Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland February 2016 Marriage[796] Specific referendum (49.16%) No No [c 6]
Central African Republic Central African Republic March 2016 Marriage[797][798] General referendum (93.00%) Signed Yes Yes
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan December 2016 Marriage[799] General referendum (79.59%) Yes Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia October 2017 Marriage[800][801][802] — 117 2 Vetoed[c 7] Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic June 2018 Marriage[803][804] — Failed No No
Romania Romania October 2018 Marriage[805][806][807] 107 13 232 22 — No No[c 8]
Specific referendum (93.40%)
Panama Panama October 2019 Marriage[808] — Withdrawn No No
Russia Russia July 2020 Marriage[809][810] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
General referendum (77.92%)
Estonia Estonia January 2021 Marriage[811] — 29 49 — No No
Honduras Honduras January 2021 Marriage and de facto union (more explicit ban)[812] — 90 38 Signed Yes Yes
Belarus Belarus February 2022 Marriage (explicit ban)[813] General referendum (65.2%) Yes Yes
Mali Mali June 2023 Marriage (explicit ban)[814] General referendum (97%)[815] Yes Yes
Tuvalu Tuvalu November 2023 Marriage [816] — Passed Signed Yes Yes

Notes:

  1. ^ Repealed in April 2019
  2. ^ Repealed on 1 January 2014, as the 1992 Constitution was replaced by the new one, which does not contain a definition of marriage.[739][740]
  3. ^ a b Failed to meet the required threshold.
  4. ^ Struck down by the Constitutional Court on 12 June 2019
  5. ^ Although the amendment received 94.5% of the vote, turnout was only at 21.4%. For referendums in Slovakia to be valid, turnout has to surpass 50% of registered voters.[793]
  6. ^ declared invalid by the Federal Supreme Court in 2019
  7. ^ Veto overridden.
  8. ^ Although the amendment received majority of the vote, turnout was only at 20.41%. For referendums in Romania to be valid, turnout has to surpass 30% of registered voters.

Sub-national level

[edit]

The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in its Constitution was the U.S. state of Alaska in November 1998, however, same-sex marriage was legalised in the state in October 2014. The first jurisdiction to enact such a ban was Yucatán, in July 2009, but since August 2010 the state recognizes same-sex marriages performed in Mexico and in August 2021 local congress removed the heterosexual definition of marriage from the state's constitution.

State/Territory Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of
state 		Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Morelos Morelos Mexico Mexico November 1930 Marriage[817] — Passed — Yes Yes[d 1]
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico July 2009 Marriage[819] — Passed — Yes Yes[d 2]
Baja California Baja California Mexico Mexico May 2011 Marriage[820][821] — Passed Signed Yes Yes[d 3]
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico July 2013 Marriage[481][482][824] — 17 2 — Yes Yes[d 4]
Canton of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Switzerland November 2016 Marriage[826][827] — 52 110 — No No
Specific referendum (19.09%)
Veracruz Veracruz Mexico Mexico July 2018 Marriage[828] — 32 10 — No No[d 5]

Notes:

  1. ^ Repealed in June 2016[818]
  2. ^ Repealed in September 2021
  3. ^ Unenforced since November 2017;[822] repealed in July 2021 [823]
  4. ^ Repealed in May 2016.[825]
  5. ^ Failed to meet the required threshold.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b The Netherlands proper, Aruba, and Curaçao. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Sint Maarten.
  2. ^ a b New Zealand proper.
  3. ^ a b England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey.
  4. ^ a b 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and multiple tribal nations

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