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Southwest Airlines Flight 1380

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Southwest Airlines Flight 1380
N772SW, the aircraft involved, photographed in 2016
Accident
DateApril 17, 2018
SummaryEngine failure leading to rapid depressurization
SiteOver Pennsylvania[1]
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 737-7H4
OperatorSouthwest Airlines
IATA flight No.WN1380
ICAO flight No.SWA1380
Call signSOUTHWEST 1380
RegistrationN772SW
Flight originLaGuardia Airport,
New York City, New York, United States
DestinationDallas Love Field,
Dallas, Texas, United States
Occupants149
Passengers144
Crew5
Fatalities1
Injuries8
Survivors148
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
50km
30miles
LaGuardia Airport
Emergency landing
.
Debris recovered

Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 was a Boeing 737-700 that experienced a contained engine failure[a] in the left CFM International CFM56 engine after departing from New York–LaGuardia Airport en route to Dallas Love Field on April 17, 2018. The engine cowl was broken in the failure, and cowl fragments damaged the fuselage, shattering a cabin window and causing explosive depressurization of the aircraft. Other fragments caused damage to the wing. The crew carried out an emergency descent and diverted to Philadelphia International Airport. One passenger was partially ejected from the aircraft and sustained fatal injuries, while eight other passengers sustained minor injuries. The aircraft was substantially damaged.[2][3][4]

This accident was very similar to an accident suffered 20 months earlier by Southwest Airlines Flight 3472 flying the same aircraft type with the same engine type. After that earlier accident, the engine manufacturer, CFM, issued a service directive calling for ultrasonic inspections of the turbine fan blades with certain serial numbers, service cycles, or service time. Southwest did not perform the inspection on the engine involved in this failure because it was not within the parameters specified by the directive.[2]

Background

[edit]

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-7H4[b] with manufacturer's serial number 27880, fuselage line number 601, and registered as N772SW.[5] The aircraft had been in service with Southwest Airlines for nearly 18 years since its manufacture in 2000.[6] It was powered by two CFM International CFM56-7B24 engines.[2][3]

Five crew members and 144 passengers were on board.[2][3]

Tammie Jo Shults, aged 56, a former United States Navy fighter pilot, was the captain of the flight.[7] She had been with Southwest Airlines since 1994 and had logged a total of 11,715 flight hours, including 10,513 hours on the Boeing 737.

Darren Lee Ellisor, aged 44, a former United States Air Force (1997–2007) pilot with experience in the Boeing E-3 Sentry and a veteran of the Iraq War,[8] was the first officer.[9] He had been with the airline since 2008 and had 9,508 flight hours, with 6,927 hours on the Boeing 737.[2]: 7–9 

Accident

[edit]
NTSB inspectors indicating the location of the missing fan blade.
Pieces of the engine nacelle were found in a Pennsylvania field.

At 11:03 am Eastern Daylight Time, the aircraft was flying at 32,000 feet (9,800 m) and climbing when the left engine failed. As a result, most of the engine inlet and parts of the cowling broke off. Fragments from the inlet and cowling struck the wing and fuselage and broke a window at row 14 in the passenger compartment, which caused an uncontrolled decompression of the aircraft. The flight crew carried out an emergency descent of the aircraft and diverted it to Philadelphia International Airport (PHL).

The flight crew stated that the departure and climb from LaGuardia were normal, with no indications of any problems; First Officer Ellisor was the pilot flying at the time of the engine failure, and Captain Shults was monitoring. They reported that the aircraft yawed, several cockpit alarms went off, a "gray puff of smoke" appeared, and the aircraft's cabin suddenly lost air pressure. The flight crew donned their emergency oxygen masks, and the first officer began the emergency descent. The flight data recorder (FDR) showed that the left engine's performance parameters all dropped simultaneously, vibration became severe, and within five seconds, the cabin altitude alert activated. The FDR also showed that the aircraft rolled left by about 40° before the flight crew was able to counter the roll. The flight crew reported that the aircraft was very difficult to control throughout the remainder of the flight because of the extensive damage. The captain took over flying the plane, and the first officer carried out the emergency checklist. The captain asked the air traffic controller for a course diversion. She initially requested a course to the nearest airport but then decided that PHL was best equipped for this aircraft's emergency. The controller quickly provided vectors to PHL. The flight crew reported initial communications difficulties because of the loud noises, distraction and wearing oxygen masks, but as the aircraft descended, communications improved. The captain initially planned on a long final approach to make sure the crew completed all the emergency checklists. Upon learning of the passengers' injuries, however, she decided to speed the approach and expedite landing.[3]

Three flight attendants, Rachel Fernheimer, Seanique Mallory, and Kathryn Sandoval, were assigned to the flight, and another Southwest Airlines employee was onboard as a passenger. All four reported that they heard a loud sound and felt severe vibration. The oxygen masks are automatically deployed in the cabin. The flight attendants retrieved portable oxygen bottles and began moving through the cabin to assist passengers with their oxygen masks. As they moved toward the mid-cabin, they found an adult female passenger in row 14 partially blown out the broken window. With the help of two passengers, flight attendants pulled the victim inside the aircraft[3] and other passengers performed CPR.[10] The passenger died after being admitted to a local hospital for treatment.[11] A spokesperson for the Philadelphia Department of Public Health stated the cause of death of the passenger was blunt force trauma to the head, neck and torso.[12][13][14] Eight other passengers sustained minor injuries.[3]

Investigation

[edit]

Initial investigation

[edit]
NTSB Investigation images
The inboard side of the damaged cowling
Piece of the failed fan blade showing fracture surface with fatigue indications
Damage to the leading edge of the left wing
The hole left by the failed window with part of the engine inboard fan cowl

The participants in the investigation included the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB),[15] the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Boeing, Southwest Airlines, GE Aviation, the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association, the Southwest Airlines Pilots' Association, the Transport Workers Union of America and UTC Aerospace Systems.[3] Because the manufacturer of the failed engine (CFM) is a US-French joint venture, the French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety also contributed investigators.[16] Technical teams from CFM assisted with the investigation.[17] The NTSB expected the investigation to take 12 to 15 months.[18]

NTSB investigators analyzed a recording of the air traffic radar plots and observed that the radar had shown debris falling from the aircraft and used wind data to predict where ground searchers could find it.[19] Parts from the engine's nacelle were found in the predicted area at several locations near the town of Bernville in Berks County, Pennsylvania,[1] 60 miles (97 km; 52 nmi) northwest of Philadelphia.[20][21]

On April 20, 2018, CFM issued Service Bulletin 72-1033, applicable to the CFM56-7B-series engine,[3][22] and on the same day, the FAA issued emergency airworthiness directive (EAD) 2018-09-51[23][24] based on it. The CFM service bulletin recommended ultrasonic inspections of all fan blades on engines that had accumulated 20,000 engine cycles and subsequently at intervals not to exceed 3,000 engine cycles. The EAD required CFM56-7B engine fleet fan blade inspections for engines with 30,000 or greater cycles within 20 days of issuance, per the instructions provided in the service bulletin and if any crack indications were found, the affected fan blade was required to be removed from service before further flight. This directive was issued as a one-time inspection requirement.[23] On the same day, European Aviation Safety Agency also issued EAD 2018-0093E[25] (superseding EASA AD 2018-0071) that required the same ultrasonic fan blade inspections to be performed.[3] The engine manufacturer estimated the new directive affected 352 engines in the US and 681 engines worldwide.[23]

On April 23, 2018, Southwest Airlines announced that it was voluntarily going beyond the FAA EAD requirement and performing ultrasonic inspections on all CFM engines in its fleet, including two each on around 700 Boeing 737-700 and 737-800 aircraft.[26]

On April 30, 2018, the aircraft involved in the accident was released by the NTSB and was flown by Southwest Airlines to a service facility performing major services on Boeing aircraft at Paine Field in Everett, Washington, for repairs.[27]

On May 2, 2018, the FAA issued follow-up airworthiness directive (AD) 2018-09-10, which expanded the inspections on CFM56-7B engines beyond the original EAD 2018-09-51. The new AD required inspections of engines with lower cycles and introduced repeat inspection requirements, including a requirement to perform detailed inspections on each fan blade before it accumulated 20,000 cycles since new or within 113 days, whichever occurred later, or within 113 days from the effective date of the AD if cycles since new on a fan blade were unknown with repeat inspections no later than 3,000 cycles since the last inspection. If any unserviceable fan blade was found, it was required to be removed from service before further flight. The FAA estimated that this AD affected 3,716 engines installed on aircraft of U.S. registry at an estimated cost of US$8,585 per blade replacement.[28]

After flying to Paine Field in Everett, the plane then moved to Southern California Logistics Airport in Victorville, California on June 7, 2018, where it was placed into storage.[29] The aircraft remains there and has not made a scheduled revenue flight since.[30][31] It has had its Southwest titles removed, but remains in the basic Southwest livery.[32]

Preliminary findings

[edit]

On May 3, 2018, the NTSB released an investigative update with preliminary findings:[3]

  • Initial examination of the aircraft revealed that the majority of the inlet cowl was missing, including the entire outer barrel, the aft bulkhead and the inner barrel forward of the containment ring. The inlet cowl containment ring was intact, but exhibited numerous impact witness marks. Examination of the fan case revealed no through-hole fragment exit penetrations; however, it did exhibit a breach hole that corresponded to one of the fan blade impact marks and fan case tearing.
  • The number-13 fan blade had separated at the root; the dovetail remained installed in the fan disk. Examination of the fan blade dovetail exhibited features consistent with metal fatigue initiating at the convex side near the leading edge. Two pieces of the fan blade were recovered from within the engine between the fan blades and the outlet guide vanes. One piece was part of the blade airfoil root that mated with the dovetail that remained in the fan disk; it was about 12 inches (30 cm) spanwise and full width and weighed about 6.825 pounds (3.096 kg). The other piece, identified as another part of the airfoil, measured about 2 inches (5 cm) spanwise, appeared to be full width, was twisted and weighed about 0.650 pounds (295 g). All the remaining fan blades exhibited a combination of trailing edge airfoil hard-body impact damage, trailing edge tears and missing material. Some also exhibited airfoil leading-edge tip curl or distortion. After the general in situ engine inspection was completed, the remaining fan blades were removed from the fan disk and an ultrasonic inspection was performed with no other cracks found.
  • The number-13 fan blade was examined further at the NTSB materials laboratory. The fatigue fracture propagated from multiple origins at the convex side and was centered about 0.568 inches (14.43 mm) aft of the leading-edge face of the dovetail and was located 0.610 inches (15.49 mm) outboard of the root end face. The origin area was located outboard of the dovetail contact face coating and the visual condition of the coating appeared uniform with no evidence of spalls or disbonding. The fatigue region extended up to 0.483 inches (12.27 mm) deep through the thickness of the dovetail and was 2.232 inches (5.669 cm) long at the convex surface. Six crack arrest lines (not including the fatigue boundary) were observed within the fatigue region and striations consistent with low-cycle fatigue crack growth were observed.
  • The accident engine's fan blades had accumulated more than 32,000 engine cycles.[c] Maintenance records showed that the blades had been periodically lubricated as required and that they were last overhauled 10,712 engine cycles before the accident. At the time of the last blade overhaul (November 2012), they were inspected using visual and fluorescent penetrant inspections. After an August 27, 2016, accident in Pensacola, Florida, in which a fan blade fractured, eddy-current inspections were incorporated into the overhaul process requirements. In the time since the fan blades' overhaul, the blade dovetails had been lubricated six times. At the time each of these fan blade lubrications occurred, the fan blade dovetail was visually inspected as required.
  • The remainder of the airframe exhibited significant impact damage to the leading edge of the left wing, left side of the fuselage and left horizontal stabilizer. A large gouge impact mark, consistent in shape to a recovered portion of fan cowl and latching mechanism, was adjacent to the row 14 window, which was missing. No window, structural or engine material was found inside the cabin.

NTSB investigative hearings

[edit]

The NTSB held an investigative hearing on November 14, 2018.[34][35][36] At the hearing, FAA Transport Standards Branch representative Victor Wicklund stated that the production inlets were not required to be subjected to certification testing, but if they were included and test damage mirrored that of the accident aircraft, it would most likely constitute a certification failure. He indicated that the cowling may require design changes.[35]

The NTSB held a second investigative hearing on November 19, 2019.[37] The NTSB also issued five safety recommendations to the FAA, one to EASA and one to Southwest.[38]

Final report

[edit]

On November 19, 2019, during the second hearing, the NTSB released the final report on the accident.[2] The probable cause reads:

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determines that the probable cause of this accident was a low-cycle fatigue crack in the dovetail of fan blade No. 13, which resulted in the fan blade separating in flight and impacting the engine fan case at a location that was critical to the structural integrity and performance of the fan cowl structure. This impact led to the in-flight separation of fan cowl components, including the inboard fan cowl aft latch keeper, which struck the fuselage near a cabin window and caused the window to depart from the airplane, the cabin to rapidly depressurize and the passenger fatality.

The major recommendation of the report was that the Federal Aviation Administration should require Boeing to discover, for this aircraft and engine type, which parts of the engine fan case were susceptible to transmitting damage to the fan cowl structure and then redesign the fan cowl so that it retains its integrity after such a "blade out" event.[2]: 91 

Nacelle inlet and cowl redesign

[edit]

The FAA required Boeing to redesign in compliance with applicable Part 25 regulations.[39] A proposed rule receives comments until January 26, 2024.[citation needed] Approval of the rule will require airlines to make the relevant modifications by July 31, 2028.[citation needed]

Reactions

[edit]
President Trump welcomes the crew and select passengers of the flight at the White House on May 1, 2018

On the day of the incident, Elaine Chao, the United States Secretary of Transportation, made a statement to "commend the pilots who safely landed the aircraft and the crew and fellow passengers who provided support and care for the injured, preventing what could have been far worse."[40] Shortly thereafter, Martha McSally, then a member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona, introduced a resolution in Congress commending Captain Shults.[41]

On May 1, 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump welcomed crew members and select passengers in a ceremony at the Oval Office of the White House, thanking them all for their heroism.[42]

Southwest Airlines gave each passenger $5,000 and a $1,000 voucher for future travel with the airline.[11][43] Southwest Airlines bookings fell following the accident, resulting in a projected decline in revenue for the airline for the second quarter of 2018.[44] Following the accident, Lilia Chavez, a passenger on board the flight, filed a lawsuit against Southwest Airlines claiming that she suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder since the accident.[45] Her lawsuit was later settled.[46]

Captain Shults wrote a book about the incident titled Nerves of Steel. The book was published in the United States on October 8, 2019.[47]

[edit]

The incident involving Flight 1380 was featured on the fifth episode of season 21 of the Canadian documentary series Mayday, known in the United States as Air Disasters. The episode is titled "Cabin Catastrophe".[48]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The terms "contained engine failure" and "uncontained engine failure" have precise technical meanings based on the design requirements imposed on aircraft engine manufacturers. The NTSB accident report for this incident recaps the definition as follows:
    "FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 33-5, 'Turbine Engine Rotor Blade Containment/Durability,' was issued on June 18, 1990, to guide acceptable design and test methods for compliance with Part 33 requirements regarding turbine engine fan blade containment. According to the AC, 'contained' was defined as 'no fragments are released through the structure, but fragments may be ejected out of the engine air inlet or exhaust.' Also, the AC defined 'engine structure' as the 'structure surrounding the main rotors and extending from the forward-most case flange through the rear-most flange, as defined by the type design.' In addition, the AC provided the engine configuration, conditions, and acceptable results for fan blade containment tests."
    The principle of this definition is to ensure that the engine has a containment ring that prevents a detached fan blade from exiting the engine at a high radial speed.[2]: 25–26 
  2. ^ The aircraft was a Boeing 737-700 model; Boeing assigns a unique code for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "737-7H4" designates a 737-700 built for Southwest Airlines (customer code H4).
  3. ^ In aviation, an engine cycle generally consists of an engine start, an aircraft takeoff, an aircraft landing, and an engine shutdown. Engine starts without the aircraft flying are not counted as cycles.[33]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gamiz Jr., Manuel (April 19, 2018). "Worker who found Southwest plane debris: 'What! How does airplane stuff fall out of the sky'". The Morning Call. Tronc. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Left Engine Failure and Subsequent Depressurization, Southwest Airlines Flight 1380, Boeing 737-7H4, N772SW, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 17, 2018" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. November 19, 2019. NTSB/AAR-19/03. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "5/3/2018 Investigative Update Accident No: DCA18MA142". ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. DCA18MA142. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ "Public meeting: Left Engine Failure and Subsequent Depressurization Southwest Airlines Flight 1380, Boeing 737-7H4". NTSB.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  5. ^ "FAA Registry (N772SW)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  6. ^ Ranter, Harro. "N772SW Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  7. ^ Lee, Tracy (April 17, 2018). "Who is Tammie Jo Shults? The pilot who reportedly landed Southwest flight safely". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  8. ^ "Darren Ellisor – Airline Pilot – Southwest Airlines". LinkedIn. LinkedIn Corporation.
  9. ^ Glowatz, Elana (April 18, 2018). "Who Is Darren Ellisor? Co-Pilot During Fatal Southwest Flight With Engine Failure Identified". Newsweek.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  10. ^ Healy, Jack; Hauser, Christine (April 18, 2018). "Inside Southwest Flight 1380, 20 Minutes of Chaos and Terror". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Karimi, Faith. "Southwest gives $5,000 checks to passengers on Flight 1380". CNN. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  12. ^ Chavez, Nicole (April 18, 2018). "The Southwest Airlines victim was a Wells Fargo executive and mom of two". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  13. ^ "Harrowing details released on Southwest flight where woman was partially sucked out window, killed". ABC13 Houston. November 15, 2018.
  14. ^ "'It appeared that we had time': How the FAA missed a chance to save Jennifer Riordan". The Washington Post. December 2, 2019.
  15. ^ @NTSB_Newsroom (April 17, 2018). "NTSB sending a go-team to Philadelphia to investigate Southwest engine incident. Chairman Robert Sumwalt will hold a short briefing at Reagan National Airport Hanger 6 at 3 pm ET" (Tweet). Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018 – via Twitter.
  16. ^ Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety [@BEA_Aero] (April 18, 2018). "Go Team: accident d'un #Boeing #737 exploité par #Southwest le 17/04/18 #USA: 2 enquêteurs @BEA_Aero seront à #Philadelphie demain. @BEA_Aero participe à l'enquête de sécurité dirigée par @NTSB_Newsroom. Moteur CFM de conception franco-américaine. #Southwest1380" [Go Team: crash of a #Boeing #737 operated by #Southwest on 04/17/18 #USA: 2 @BEA_Aero investigators will be in #Philadelphia tomorrow. @BEA_Aero is participating in the safety investigation led by @NTSB_Newsroom. CFM engine of Franco-American design. #Southwest1380] (Tweet) (in French). Retrieved April 21, 2018 – via Twitter.
  17. ^ CFM International [@CFM_engines] (April 17, 2018). "CFM has sent a team of technical representatives to the site to assist the NTSB in its investigation. (2/3)" (Tweet). Retrieved April 22, 2018 – via Twitter.
  18. ^ "Southwest Airlines jet engine 'explosion' leaves woman dead". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  19. ^ Sumwalt, Robert. Second media briefing on Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 investigation. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  20. ^ "Debris from Southwest plane recovered in Berks County". 6abc.com. WPVI-TV Philadelphia. April 18, 2018. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  21. ^ NTSB Chairman Robert Sumwalt (April 17, 2018). First media briefing on Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 investigation. YouTube. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  22. ^ "Airworthiness Directives; CFM International S.A. Turbofan Engines". Federal Register. December 26, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  23. ^ a b c "FAA Emergency Airworthiness Directive 2018-09-51" (PDF). www.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. April 20, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  24. ^ "FAA Statement on Issuing Airworthiness Directive (AD)". www.faa.gov. April 18, 2018. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  25. ^ "Emergency Airworthiness Directive AD No.: 2018-0093-E" (PDF). easa.europa.eu. European Aviation Safety Agency. April 20, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  26. ^ Martin, Hugo (April 23, 2018). "Southwest Airlines inspecting virtually its entire fleet of planes following fatal accident". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  27. ^ Sundell, Allison (April 30, 2018). "Southwest jet in fatal explosion in Everett for repairs". KING 5 News. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  28. ^ "FAA Airworthiness Directive 2018-09-10" (PDF). www.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. May 2, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  29. ^ Kelleher, Kevin (June 8, 2018). "That Southwest Plane that Blew an Engine? It Just May Return to Service". Fortune. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  30. ^ "Live Flight Tracker – Real-Time Flight Tracker Map". Flightradar24. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
  31. ^ "N772SW Live Flight Tracking and History (B737 owned by SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO)". FlightAware. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  32. ^ "N772SW | Boeing 737-7H4 | Southwest Airlines | Dylan Phelps". JetPhotos. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  33. ^ Eggeling, Helmuth (Fall 2013). "Flying the Engine – How Are You Counting Engine Cycles?". Flight Levels Online. Twin Commander LLC. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  34. ^ "Engine Failure Subject of NTSB Investigative Hearing" (Press release). National Transportation Safety Board. July 24, 2018. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  35. ^ a b O'Connor, Kate (November 15, 2018). "NTSB Holds Hearing On Southwest 1380 Accident". AVweb. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  36. ^ "Transcript of hearing on November 14, 2018". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
  37. ^ "Board Meeting: Left Engine Failure and Subsequent Depressurization, Southwest Airlines Flight 1380, Boeing 737-7H4, N772SW". www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  38. ^ "NTSB Issues 7 Safety Recommendations Based on Findings from Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 Investigation". www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  39. ^ "Boeing Details CFM56-7 Nacelle Inlet And Cowl Redesign Effort". Aviation Week. August 1, 2023.
  40. ^ "Statement from U.S. Secretary of Transportation Elaine L. Chao on Southwest Airlines Flight 1380". transportation.gov. United States Department of Transportation. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  41. ^ "McSally to Introduce Congressional Resolution to Honor Southwest Pilot Tammie Jo Shults for Her Life-Saving Heroism" (Press release). Congresswoman Martha McSally. April 19, 2018. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  42. ^ Phelps, Jordyn (May 1, 2018). "Trump meets with Southwest Flight 1380 crew, passengers". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  43. ^ "Southwest Airlines Gives $5,000 to Passengers on Fatal Flight". bloomberg.com. April 20, 2018. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  44. ^ Gilbertson, Dawn (April 26, 2018). "Southwest Airlines: Bookings fell after fatal accident". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  45. ^ "A Passenger Who Survived the Fatal Southwest Flight Is Now Suing the Airline". Fortune. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  46. ^ Lilia Chavez v. Southwest Airlines Co., Et Al. (March 21, 2019) ("This 21st day of March, 2019, it having been reported that the above captioned action has been settled"), Text.
  47. ^ "'We couldn't see, we couldn't breathe': Pilot's new book reveals how close Southwest 1380 came to total disaster". Charlotte Observer. October 10, 2019. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019.
  48. ^ Mayday – Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22), retrieved January 13, 2024
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