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Pygmy rabbit

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Pygmy rabbit[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus: Brachylagus
Species:
B. idahoensis
Binomial name
Brachylagus idahoensis
(Merriam, 1891)
Pygmy rabbit range
(blue – native, pink – reintroduced)
Synonyms

Lepus idahoensis Merriam, 1891[3] Lepus (Brachylagus) idahoensis[4] Microlagus idahoensis[1]
Sylvilagus idahoensis[1]

The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is a rabbit species native to the United States. It is also the only native rabbit species in North America to dig its own burrow.[5][6] The pygmy rabbit differs significantly from species within either the Lepus (hare) or Sylvilagus (cottontail) genera and is generally considered to be within the monotypic genus Brachylagus. One isolated population, the Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit, is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Federal government, though the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the species as lower risk.

Taxonomy

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The pygmy rabbit was first described by Clinton Hart Merriam in 1891, as Lepus idahoensis; the type specimen, in winter pelage, had been collected in the Pahsimeroi Valley the previous autumn.[3] In 1900, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. erected the new subgenus Brachylagus for the pygmy rabbit;[4] Brachylagus has since been elevated to the rank of genus.[1] Historically, the pygmy rabbit has also been placed in the genera Microlagus and Sylvilagus.[1]

Description

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The pygmy rabbit is the world's smallest leporid,[7][8][9][10] with adults weighing between 375 and 500 grams (0.827 and 1.102 lb), and having a body length between 23.5 and 29.5 centimeters (9.3 and 11.6 in); females are slightly larger than males. The pygmy rabbit is distinguishable from other leporids by its small size, short ears, gray color, small hind legs, and lack of white fuzzy fur.

Distribution

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The range of the pygmy rabbit includes most of the Great Basin and some of the adjacent intermountain areas of western North America.[11] Pygmy rabbits are found in southwestern Montana from the extreme southwest corner near the Idaho border north to Dillon and Bannack in Beaverhead County.[12] Distribution continues west to southern Idaho and southern Oregon, and south to northern Utah, northern Nevada, and north-eastern California. An isolated population occurs in east-central Washington,[13] and another in Wyoming.[14]

The elevational range of pygmy rabbits in Nevada extends from 1,370–2,135 meters (4,495–7,005 ft) and in California from 1,520–1,615 meters (4,987–5,299 ft).[11]

The last male purebred Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit, found only in the Columbia Basin of Washington state, died 30 March 2006, at the Oregon Zoo in Portland. The last purebred female died in 2008.[15] A crossbreeding program conducted by the Oregon Zoo, Washington State University, and Northwest Trek is attempting to preserve the genetic line by breeding surviving females with the Idaho pygmy rabbit.[16]

Lifecycle

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Pygmy rabbits are capable of breeding when they are about 1 year old.[11][17]

The breeding season of pygmy rabbits is very short. In Idaho it lasts from March through May; in Utah, from February through March.[18] The gestation period of pygmy rabbits is unknown. It is between 27 and 30 days in various species of cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.). An average of six young are born per litter and a maximum of three litters are produced per year.[11] In Idaho the third litter is generally produced in June.[17] It is unlikely that litters are produced in the fall.[11]

The growth rates of juveniles are dependent on the date of birth. Young from early litters grow larger due to a longer developmental period prior to their first winter.[11]

The mortality of adults is highest in late winter and early spring. Green & Flinders (1980)[11] reported a maximum estimated annual adult mortality of 88% in Idaho. Juvenile mortality was highest from birth to 5 weeks of age.[11]

Pygmy rabbits may be active at any time of day; however, they are generally most active at dusk and dawn. They usually rest near or inside their burrows during midday.[11]

Habitat

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Pygmy rabbits are normally found in areas on deep soils with tall, dense sagebrush which they use for shelter and food.[11][12] Individual sagebrush plants in areas inhabited by pygmy rabbits are often 6 feet (1.8 m) or more in height.[12] Extensive, well-used runways interlace the sage thickets and provide travel and escape routes.[11] Dense stands of big sagebrush along streams, roads, and fencerows provide dispersal corridors for pygmy rabbits.[19]

The pygmy rabbit is the only leporid native to North America that digs burrows.[5][6] Juveniles use burrows more than other age groups. Early reproductive activities of adults may be concentrated at burrows.[11] When pygmy rabbits can utilize sagebrush cover, burrow use is decreased. Pygmy rabbits use burrows more in the winter for thermal cover than at other times of the year.[17]

Burrows are usually located on slopes at the base of sagebrush plants, and face north to east. Tunnels widen below the surface, forming chambers, and extend to a maximum depth of about 1 meter (3.3 ft). Burrows typically have 4 or 5 entrances but may have as few as 2 or as many as 10.[11] In Oregon, pygmy rabbits inhabited areas where soils were significantly deeper and looser than soils at adjacent sites. Site selection was probably related to ease of excavation of burrows.[19] In areas where soil is shallow pygmy rabbits live in holes among volcanic rocks, in stone walls, around abandoned buildings, and in burrows made by badgers (Taxidea taxus) and marmots (Marmota flaviventris).[11][13]

Some researchers have found that pygmy rabbits never venture farther than 60 feet (18 m) from their burrows.[13] However, Bradfield[13] observed pygmy rabbits range up to 100 meters (330 ft) from their burrows.

Some areas inhabited by pygmy rabbits are covered with several feet of snow for up to 2 or more months during the winter. During periods when the snow has covered most of the sagebrush, pygmy rabbits tunnel beneath the snow to find food. Snow tunnels are approximately the same height and width as burrows. They are quite extensive and extend from one sagebrush to another.[11][13] Above ground movement during the winter months is restricted to these tunnel systems.[13]

Cover requirements

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Pygmy rabbits are restricted to areas with heavy shrub cover.[11][12] Pygmy rabbits are seldom found in areas of sparse vegetative cover and seem to be reluctant to cross open space.[13] In southeastern Idaho, woody cover and shrub height were significantly (p < 0.01) greater on sites occupied by pygmy rabbits than on other sites in the same area.[20]

Plant communities

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Pygmy rabbits are found primarily in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.) dominated communities.[13][21][20][22][23] Pygmy rabbits are also found in areas where greasewood (Sarcobatus spp.) is abundant.[20] Some woody species found on sites inhabited by pygmy rabbits in southeastern Idaho include big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), threetip sagebrush (A. tripartita), low rabbitbrush (C. viscidiflorus), gray horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens), and prickly phlox (Leptodactylon pungens). Grasses and forbs include thick spike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), plains reedgrass (Calamagrostis montanensis), sedges (Carex spp.), prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), bluegrass (Poa spp.), needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), rosy pussytoes (Antennaria microphylla), milkvetch (Astragalus spp.), arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.), tailcup lupine (Lupinus caudatus), and phlox (Phlox spp.).[20] In the Upper Sonoran Desert pygmy rabbits occur in desert sagebrush associations dominated by big sagebrush and rabbitbrush with bitterbrush and sulphurflower (Eriogonum umbellatum var. stellatum).[22]

Food habits

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The primary food of pygmy rabbits is big sagebrush, which may comprise up to 99% of the food eaten in the winter. Grasses and forbs are also eaten from mid- to late summer.[11][13][20][24] In Idaho, Gates & Eng (1984)[24] found that shrubs contributed 85.2% (unweighted mean) of pygmy rabbit diets from July to December. Shrub use was lowest in August (73.1%) and highest in December (97.9%). Big sagebrush was the most important shrub in the July to December diet (54.2%), followed by rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 25.8%) and winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata, 4.6%). Grasses comprised 10% of the July to December diet and were consumed mostly during July and August. Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides) and needlegrass (Stipa spp.) were the most important grasses consumed. Forbs contributed 4.9% of the July to December diet.[24]

In southeastern Idaho, Green & Flinders (1980)[20] found that pygmy rabbits ate big sagebrush throughout the year, but in lesser amounts in summer (51% of diet) than in winter (99% of diet). Other shrubs in the area were consumed infrequently. Grass and forb consumption was relatively constant throughout the summer (39% and 10% of diet respectively) and decreased to a trace amount through fall and winter. Thickspike wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), and Sandberg bluegrass were preferred foods in the summer.[20]

Predators

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Weasels (Mustela and Neogale spp.) are the principal predators of pygmy rabbits. Coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), American badgers (Taxidea taxus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and northern harriers (Circus hudsonius) also prey on pygmy rabbits.[11][13][17]

Listing status

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In September 2007, Judge Lodge[25] of the U.S. District Court granted summary judgment to Western Watersheds Project, the litigant party, remanding the United States Fish and Wildlife Service 90 day finding denying conservationist parties' listing petition. The petition sought legal protection for pygmy rabbit as an endangered or threatened species.[25]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Rachlow, J.; Becker, P.A.; Shipley, L. (2016). "Brachylagus idahoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2963A45176206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2963A45176206.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Merriam, C. Hart (1891). "Results of a Biological Reconnoissance of south-central Idaho". North American Fauna. 5: 76–78.
  4. ^ a b Miller, Gerrit S., Jr. (1900). "General Notes: A new subgenus for Lepus idahoensis". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 13: 157.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Silberstein, Maya. "Leporidae (hares and rabbits)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
  6. ^ a b "Pygmy rabbit". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
  7. ^ Goodwin, George Gilbert; Drimmer, Frederick (1954). The Animal kingdom: the strange and wonderful ways of mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, and insects; a new and authentic natural history of the wildlife of the world. Vol. 1. Cornell University. p. 246. ASIN B09SHGMG2M.
  8. ^ Goodwin, George C. (1962). Small mammals. Cornell University.
  9. ^ Sharth, Sharon (1999). Rabbits. Child's World. p. 12. ISBN 156766587X.
  10. ^ Meet the World's Smallest Rabbit, October 14, 2009
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Green, Jeffrey S.; Flinders, Jerran T. (1980). "Brachylagus idahoensis". Mammalian Species (125): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3503856. JSTOR 3503856.
  12. ^ a b c d Flath, Dennis. 1994. Bunnies by the bunch. Montana Outdoors. 25(3): 8–13.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bradfield, Terry D. (1975). On the behavior and ecology of the pygmy rabbit (Thesis). Pocatello, ID: Idaho State University.
  14. ^ Campbell, Thomas M.; Clark, Tim W.; Groves, Craig R. (1982). "First record of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Wyoming". Great Basin Naturalist. 42 (1): 100.
  15. ^ "Editor's Note". National Geographic Magazine. January 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01 – via ngm.typepad.com.
  16. ^ Wiley, John K. (13 May 2007). "Captive breeding offers hope for near-extinct pygmy rabbits". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  17. ^ a b c d Wilde, Douglas B.; Keller, Barry L. (1978). "An analysis of pygmy rabbit populations on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory site". In Markham, O.D. (ed.). Ecological studies on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory site 1978 Progress Report (Report). Environmental Sciences Branch / Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory. Idaho Falls, ID: U.S. Department of Energy / Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. pp. 305–316. OSTI 6139364. IDO-12087.
  18. ^ Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A., eds. (1982). Wild mammals of North America. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  19. ^ a b Weiss, Nondor T.; Verts, B. J. (1984). "Habitat and distribution of pygmy rabbits (Sylvilagus idahoensis) in Oregon". Great Basin Naturalist. 44 (4): 563–571. JSTOR 41712112.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Green, Jeffery S.; Flinders, Jerran T. (1980). "Habitat and dietary relationships of the pygmy rabbit". Journal of Range Management. 33 (2): 136–142. doi:10.2307/3898429. hdl:10150/646516. JSTOR 3898429.
  21. ^ Larrucea, Eveline S.; Brussard, Peter F. (2008). "Habitat selection and current distribution of the pygmy rabbit in Nevada and California, USA". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (3): 691–699. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-199R.1. S2CID 55487275.
  22. ^ a b Severaid, Joye Harold (1950). "The pigmy rabbit (Sylvilagus idahoensis) in Mono County, California". Journal of Mammalogy. 31 (1): 1–4. doi:10.2307/1375469. JSTOR 1375469.
  23. ^ Welch, Bruce L.; Wagstaff, Fred J.; Roberson, Jay A. (1991). "Preference of Wintering Sage Grouse for Big Sagebrush". Journal of Range Management. 44 (5): 462. doi:10.2307/4002745. hdl:10150/644764. JSTOR 4002745.
  24. ^ a b c Gates, Robert J.; Eng, Robert L. (1984). "Radio Ecology and Ecology Programs 1983 Progress Reports". In Markham, O. Doyle (ed.). Sage grouse, pronghorn, and lagomorph use of a sagebrush-grassland burn site on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (Report). Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Idaho Falls, ID: U.S. Department of Energy / Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory. pp. 220–235.
  25. ^ a b Lodge, E. (26 September 2007). Standard for listing petitions & evaluation of threats to the pygmy rabbit (PDF) (Report). United States District Court for the District of Idaho. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2007.

Further information

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