Jump to content

List of human evolution fossils

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Prehistoric hominin)

Part of a series on
Paleontology
Fossils
Natural history
Organs and processes
Evolution of various taxa
Evolution
History of paleontology
Branches of paleontology
Paleontology Portal
Category

The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.

As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but shows some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.

The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.


Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)

[edit]
Further information: Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homininae, and Hominini

The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during around 10 to 7 million years ago.[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.


Image Name Age (Ma) Species Year
discovered 		Country Discovered by Now located at
El Graeco 7.20[2] Graecopithecus 1944, 2017 Greece, Bulgaria
Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka 		Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS) Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany
TM 266 (Toumai) 7.00–6.00[3] Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2001 Chad
Site:Djurab Desert 		Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC
BAR 1000'00 6.1–5.7[4] Orrorin tugenensis 2000 Kenya
Site:Lukeino 		Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut
Trachilos footprints 6.05[5] Made by hominin or hominin-like primate 2002 Greece Gerard D. Gierliński
ALA-VP 1/20[6] 5.65±0.150 Ardipithecus kadabba 1997 Ethiopia
Site:Middle Awash 		Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)

[edit]
Further information: Kenyanthropus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus
Image Name Age (Ma) Species Year
discovered 		Country Discovered by Now located at
Ardi 4.40[7] Ardipithecus ramidus 1994 Ethiopia Yohannes Haile-Selassie
KNM-LT 329. Replica at Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of Madrid Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)[8] 4.60±0.40[9] Australopithecus anamensis or undetermined Hominidae 1967 Kenya Arnold Lewis,[10] Bryan Patterson[11][12][13]
KNM-TH 13150 4.70±0.55[14] Australopithecus anamensis 1984 Kenya Kiptalam Cheboi[11]
KNM-KP 271 4.00[15] Australopithecus anamensis 1965 Kanapoi, Kenya Bryan Patterson[11]
Laetoli Footprints 3.70 Bipedal hominin 1976 Tanzania Mary Leakey
LH 4 3.40±0.50 Australopithecus afarensis 1974 Laetoli, Tanzania Mary Leakey[16]
KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu) 3.58 Australopithecus afarensis 2005 Ethiopia Yohannes Haile-Selassie
KT-12/H1 (Abel) 3.50 Australopithecus bahrelghazali 1995 Chad Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC
KNM-WT 22944 G-J[17] 3.50 Australopithecus sp. 1990 Kenya Multinational team National Museums of Kenya
KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)[18] 3.50-3.20 Kenyanthropus platyops 1999 Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya Justus Erus and Meave Leakey[19]
BRT-VP-3/14 3.40±0.10 Australopithecus deyiremeda 2015 Ethiopia Yohannes Haile-Selassie[20]
Stw 573 (Little foot) 3.67 Australopithecus prometheus(?) 1994 Sterkfontein, South Africa Ronald J. Clarke
DIK-1 (Selam) 3.30 Australopithecus afarensis 2000 Ethiopia Zeresenay Alemseged
AL 288-1 (Lucy) 3.20 Australopithecus afarensis 1974 Ethiopia Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb National Museum of Ethiopia
AL 200-1 and AL 400–1. Australopithecus afarensis AL 200-1 3.10±0.10 Australopithecus afarensis 1975 Afar Region, Ethiopia Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb
AL 129-1 3.10±0.10 Australopithecus afarensis 1973 Afar Region, Ethiopia Donald Johanson
AL 444-2[21] 3.00 Australopithecus afarensis 1992 Afar Region, Ethiopia Yoel Rak
LD 350-1[22] 2.775±0.025[23] Homo(?) 2013 Ethiopia Chalachew Seyoum
Taung Child 1 3.03–2.61 Australopithecus africanus 1924 Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South Africa Raymond Dart University of the Witwatersrand

Pleistocene

[edit]

Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old

[edit]
Further information: Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo, and Homo erectus
Name Age (Ma) Species Date
discovered 		Country Discovered by Now located at
KNM-WT 17000
(The Black Skull) 		2.50 Paranthropus aethiopicus 1985 Kenya Alan Walker
BOU-VP-12/130[24] 2.50 Australopithecus garhi 1997 Ethiopia Yohannes Haile-Selassie
STS 71 STS 71[25] 2.61–2.07 Australopithecus africanus 1947 Sterkfontein, South Africa Robert Broom and John T. Robinson Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
STS 52a and STS 52b STS 52 2.61–2.07 Australopithecus africanus 1947 Sterkfontein, South Africa Robert Broom Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
Original UR 501 (Uraha jawbone) 2.40±0.10 Homo rudolfensis[26] 1991 Malawi Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk
STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)
(STS 14)[27] 		2.07[28] Australopithecus africanus 1947 Sterkfontein, South Africa Robert Broom Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
DNH 134 (Simon)[29] 2.04[29] Homo erectus 2015 Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa Andy Herries' team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin) University of the Witwatersrand
DNH 155[30] 2.04–1.95 Paranthropus robustus 2018 Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin) University of the Witwatersrand
DNH 152[29](Khethi) 2.04–1.95[29] Paranthropus robustus 2018 Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece) University of the Witwatersrand
DNH 7
(Eurydice)[31] 		2.04–1.95[29] Paranthropus robustus 1994 Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa R. Smith and André Keyser University of the Witwatersrand
KNM-ER 64060 2.03 Homo habilis 2012 Ileret, Kenya
KNM-ER 64061 2.02 Homo erectus 2012-2013 Ileret, Kenya
TM 1517[32] 2.0 Paranthropus robustus 1938 South Africa Gert Terblanche Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
MH1 (Karabo)[33][34] 1.98[35] Australopithecus sediba 2008 Malapa, South Africa Matthew Berger and Lee Rogers Berger University of the Witwatersrand
KNM-ER 1813 1.90 Homo habilis 1973 Kenya Kamoya Kimeu
KNM-ER 1470 1.90 Homo rudolfensis 1972 Kenya Bernard Ngeneo[36]
SK 48 2.25–1.80 Paranthropus robustus 1948 Swartkrans, South Africa Robert Broom Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
SK 46[37] 2.25–1.80 Paranthropus robustus 1949 Swartkrans, South Africa Robert Broom Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
SK 847[38] 2.25–1.80 Homo habilis 1949 Swartkrans, South Africa Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
Replica made with a 3D printer OH 24
(Twiggy)[39] 		1.80 Homo habilis 1968 Tanzania Peter Nzube
OH 8[40] 1.80 Homo habilis 1960 Olduvai, Tanzania
D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3) 1.81±0.40[41] Homo erectus 2001 Dmanisi, Georgia David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua
Dmanisi skull 4, D3444 D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4) 1.81±0.40 Homo erectus 2003 Dmanisi, Georgia David Lordkipanidze
Dmanisi skull 5 in situ D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5) 1.81±0.40 Homo erectus 2005 (published in 2013) Dmanisi, Georgia David Lordkipanidze
KNM-ER 62000–62003[42] 1.84±0.60 Homo rudolfensis 2012 Koobi Fora, Kenya Meave Leakey's team
KNM-ER 64062 1.84±0.02 Homo erectus 2013 Ileret, Kenya
OH 5
(Zinj or
nutcracker man) 		1.75 Paranthropus boisei 1959 Tanzania Mary Leakey
OH 7 1.75 Homo habilis 1960 Tanzania Jonathan Leakey
StW 53 1.8–1.6[28] variously A. africanus, H. habilis, H. gautengensis 1976 Sterkfontein, South Africa A. R. Hughes University of the Witwatersrand
KNM-ER 1805 1.74 Homo habilis 1973/4 Kenya Paul Abell
Yuanmou Man 1.70
or 0.60–0.50
(disputed)[43] 		Homo erectus 1965 China Fang Qian
KNM-ER 406 1.70 Paranthropus boisei 1969 Kenya Richard Leakey
KNM-ER 732[44] 1.70 Paranthropus boisei 1970 Kenya Richard Leakey
KNM-ER 23000[45] 1.70 Paranthropus boisei 1990 Koobi Fora, Kenya Benson Kyongo
KNM-WT 17400[46][47] 1.70 Paranthropus boisei Not known[48] Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenya unknown[48] National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)
KNM-ER 3733 1.63±0.15[49] Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus) 1975 Kenya
Lantian Man 1.62±0.03 Homo erectus 1963 Lantian County, China Woo Ju-Kang
KNM-WT 15000
(Turkana Boy) 		1.60 Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus) 1984 Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya Kamoya Kimeu Kenya National Museum
Replica of the mandible of Peninj, P. boisei Peninj Mandible 1.50 Paranthropus boisei 1964 Tanzania Richard Leakey
Ileret Footprints 1.50 Homo erectus 2007-2014 Ileret, Kenya
KNM-ER 992. Replica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid KNM-ER 992 1.50 Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus) 1971 Kenya Richard Leakey
KNM-ER 3883 1.57±0.08 Homo erectus 1976 Kenya Richard Leakey
Mojokerto 1
(Mojokerto child) 		1.43±0.10 Homo erectus 1936 Indonesia Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald
BL02-J54-100[50] 1.40 Similar to H. heidelbergensis Unknown Spain Unknown
KGA 10-525[51][52] 1.40 Paranthropus boisei 1993 Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia A. Amzaye
OH 9, partial skull OH 9
(Chellean Man)[53] 		1.40 Homo erectus 1960 Olduvai, Tanzania Louis Leakey
Sima del Elephante maxilla[54] 1.40 Homo erectus? 2022 Spain
The Mandible of Sima del Elefante (Atapuerca) ATE9-1[55] 1.20 Homo sp. or Homo erectus?[54] 2008 Spain Eudald Carbonell Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
The Kocabas hominin calvaria Kocabaş 1.10[56] Homo erectus[57] 2002 Turkey M. Cihat Alçiçek
Daka 1.00 Homo erectus 1997 Ethiopia Henry Gilbert
Sangiran 4 1.00 Homo erectus 1939 Indonesia G.H.R. von Koenigswald
Sangiran 2 1.15±0.45 Homo erectus 1937 Indonesia G.H.R. von Koenigswald
Madam Buya Madam Buya[58] 1.00 Homo erectus 1997 Eritrea Ernesto Abbate National Museum of Eritrea
ATD6-15 and ATD6-69

(Niño de la Gran Dolina 342)

0.900[59] Homo antecessor
or
Homo erectus 		1994 Spain Bermúdez & Arsuaga Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
Trinil 2
Pithecanthropus-1
or
Java Man[60] 		0.850±0.150 Homo erectus 1891 Indonesia Eugène Dubois Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
Mandible Ternifine III Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif[61] 0.70 Homo erectus 1954 Algeria C. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter
Sangiran 17[62] 0.70 Homo erectus 1969 Indonesia S. Sartono
Peking Man 0.73±0.50[63] Homo erectus 1921 China Davidson Black Lost/stolen
Nanjing Man 0.60±0.02 Homo erectus 1993 China Liu Luhong
Bodo[64] 0.600 Homo heidelbergensis
or
Homo erectus 		1976 Ethiopia A. Asfaw
Benjamina[65][66] 0.53 Homo neanderthalensis[67] 2001-2001 Spain Ana Gracia Téllez
Mauer 1
(Heidelberg Man) 		0.50 Homo heidelbergensis 1907 Germany Daniel Hartmann Heidelberg University
Saldanha man[68] 0.50 Homo rhodesiensis 1953 South Africa
Boxgrove Man 0.50[69] Homo heidelbergensis 1994 UK Natural History Museum
Arago XXI Arago 21
(Tautavel Man) 		0.45 Homo erectus 1971 France Henry de Lumley
Ceprano Man[70][71] 0.450±0.050 Homo cepranensis
/Homo heidelbergensis 		1994 Ceprano, Italy Italo Biddittu Servizio di antropologia, Soprintendenza ai beni culturali, Regione Lazio, Italy
Agamenón[72] 0.43 Homo neanderthalensis[67] 1997 Spain Paleontological teams Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
Miguelón 0.40 Homo neanderthalensis[67] 1992 Spain Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
Aroeira 3 0.40 Homo heidelbergensis 2014 Portugal João Zilhão [de] Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisbon
Salé cranium[73][74][75] 0.40-0.20 Homo sapiens?[76] 1971 Morocco Quarry worker
Replica Swanscombe Man[77] 0.40 Homo neanderthalensis 1935, 1936, 1955 UK Alvan T Marston, John J Wymer and Adrian Gibson Natural History Museum
Replica made by a 3D printer Ndutu[78][79] 0.45±.04 Homo neanderthalensis affinities 1973 Tanzania A.A. Mturi
Hexian Man[80][81] 0.412±0.025[82] Homo erectus 1980-1981[83] Hexian, China
Gawis cranium 0.350±0.150 Homo erectus/Homo sapiens 2006 Ethiopia Asahmed Humet
Steinheim Skull 0.35 Homo heidelbergensis 1933 Germany
Dinaledi Chamber hominins 0.325±0.090[84] Homo naledi 2013 South Africa Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa)
Homo heidelbergensis 1949 France Musée de l'Homme
BH-1 0.4[85] Homo heidelbergensis Mala Balanica, Serbia

Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old

[edit]
Further information: Middle Stone Age, Southern Dispersal, Archaic humans, and Anatomically modern humans
Name Age (ka) Species Year
discovered 		Country Discovered by Now located at
Dragon Man 309–138 Homo longi 1933 China Hebei GEO University
Broken Hill 1
(Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man) 		299±25[86] Homo rhodesiensis (Homo heidelbergensis) 1921 Zambia Tom Zwiglaar
Jebel Irhoud 1 Jebel Irhoud 1–5 315±32[87] Homo sapiens 2017 Morocco INSAP
Samu[88] 275±25 Homo heidelbergensis 1964 Hungary László Vértes
Dali Man[89] 260±20[90] Homo daliensis 1978 China Shuntang Liu
Jinniushan 260-200 ka[91] Homo longi Homo daliensis 1984 China[92] Paleolithic Archeology Student Excavation Team[92]
Florisbad Skull 259±35 early Homo sapiens
or Homo heidelbergensis
or Homo helmei 		1932 South Africa T. F. Dreyer, G. Venter
Galilee Man 250±50 Homo heidelbergensis 1925 Israel Francis Turville-Petre
Coupe-Gorge[93] 250 Homo heidelbergensis 1949 France Raoul Cammas
Montmaurin-La Niche mandible[94] 250 Homo heidelbergensis 1949 France Raoul Cammas Musée de l'Homme
Saccopastore 1 250[95] Homo neanderthalensis 1929 Grotta Guattari / Italy Mario Grazioli
Saccopastore 2[96] 250 Homo neanderthalensis 1935 Grotta Guattari / Italy Henry Breuil and Alberto Carlo Blanc
Narmada Cranium 236-46 Homo erectus or Homo sapiens Narmada River, India
Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site, Denbighshire, Wales 230 Homo neanderthalensis 1981 Wales, UK
Apidima 1
(LAO 1/S1) 		210[97] Homo sapiens 1978 Apidima Cave / Greece Theodore Pitsios[98]
Petralona 1 Petralona 1 200±40[99] Homo heidelbergensis (uncertain) 1960 Greece
Omo remains 233±22[100] or 195±5[101] Homo sapiens 1967 Ethiopia Richard Leakey
Laterite Baby 190(?)[102] H. erectus
or
H. sapiens 		2001 Tamil Nadu, India P Rajendran
Misliya-1 187±13[103] Homo sapiens 2002 Israel Israel Hershkovitz
Apidima 2
(LAO 1/S2) 		170[97] Homo neanderthalensis 1978 Apidima Cave / Greece Theodore Pitsios[98]
Penghu 1 160±30 or 40±30[104] Homo tsaichangensis[105][106][107] c. 2008 Taiwan National Museum of Natural Science
Herto's skull Herto remains[108] 160 Homo sapiens 1997 Ethiopia Tim White
Lateral view Xiahe mandible 160[109] Denisovan 1980 China
Altamura Man 151±21[110] Homo neanderthalensis 1993 Italy in situ
Nesher Ramla Homo 140±120 Nesher Ramla Homo
or
Homo neanderthalensis 		2021 Israel Israel Hershkovitz
Maba Man 140±120 early modern human,

Homo neanderthalensis

or

Denisovan

1958 Shaogun, China Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
LH 18 120±30 Homo sapiens 1976 Ngaloba beds at Laetoli, Tanzania Mary Leakey[111]
Tabun C1. Low resolution Tabun C1[112] 120 Homo neanderthalensis 1967 Israel Arthur Jelinek
Sarstedt (Sst) I-III[113] 115-58 ka Homo neanderthalensis? 1997-1999 Germany Frangenberg brothers
Krapina 3[114] 113.5±13.5[115] Homo neanderthalensis 1899 Croatia Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger
Ngandong 7 112[116] Homo erectus 1931 Indonesia C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald
Denisova 8 110[117][118] Denisovan 2010 Russia
Qafzeh 6[119] 95±5[115] Homo sapiens 1930 Israel R. Neuville, M. Stekelis
Qafzeh 9 100–90[115] Homo sapiens[120][121] 1933 Israel B. Vandermeersch
Scladina 103±23[115] Homo neanderthalensis 1993 Belgium
Skhul 5 100±20 Homo sapiens 1933 Israel T. McCown and H. Moivus Jr.
Skhul 9 100±20 Homo sapiens Israel
Klasies River Caves[122] 100±25 Homo sapiens 1960 South Africa Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon
Eve's footprints 117 Homo sapiens 1995 South Africa David Roberts & Lee R. Berger
Liujiang man 113.5±45.5 Homo sapiens 1958 China
Denny[123][124][125] 90 Hybrid – (Homo neanderthalensis/Homo sapiens denisova) 2012 Denisova Cave / Siberia / Russia Viviane Slon & Svante Pääbo Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Leipzig, Germany)
Panga ya Saidi[126] 78.3±4.1 Homo sapiens 2021 Kenya
Obi-Rakhmat 1[127] 75[115] Homo neanderthalensis 2003 Uzbekistan
Teshik-Tash Skull[128] 70 Homo neanderthalensis 1938 Uzbekistan A. Okladnikov
La Ferrassie 1 70 Homo neanderthalensis 1909 France R. Capitan and D. Peyrony
Shanidar 1 70±10 Homo neanderthalensis 1961 Iraq Ralph Solecki
Sambungmacan (Sm) 1-4 70- 40[129] Homo erectus 1973-2001[129] Indonesia Construction and fossil collectors[129]
La Quina 5[130] 65 Homo neanderthalensis France
La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 60 Homo neanderthalensis 1908 France A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon
Kebara 2 (Moshe)[131] 60 Homo neanderthalensis 1983 Israel Lynne Schepartz
Amud 7[132] 55±5 Homo neanderthalensis Israel
LB 1 skeleton LB 1 (Hobbit) 55±5 Homo floresiensis 2003 Liang Bua, Indonesia Peter Brown
Manot 1 55 Homo sapiens 2008 Israel [133]
La Quina 18[citation needed] 52.5±7.5[115] Homo neanderthalensis France
TPL2 mandible Tam Pa Ling Cave[134] 54.5±8.5[134][135] Homo sapiens 2009 Laos

Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old

[edit]
Further information: Archaic humans, Anatomically modern humans, Archaic admixture, Recent human evolution, and Epipalaeolithic
Further information: European early modern humans § Assemblages and fossils
Name Age (ka) Species Date
discovered 		Country Discovered by Now located at
Homo luzonensis 50±10 Homo luzonensis 2007 Philippines Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares
Mungo Man 50±10 Homo sapiens 1974 Australia
Mt. Circeo 1 Mt. Circeo 1[136] 50±10 Homo neanderthalensis 1939 Italy Prof. Blanc
SID-00B 49.2±2.5[137] Homo neanderthalensis 1994 Sidrón Cave, Spain
Simanya Neanderthals[138] 49-42 Homo neanderthalensis 1978-1979, 2022 Simanya cave, Spain Miguel Aznar Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
Ust'-Ishim man 45 Homo sapiens 2008 Russia Nikolai Peristov
Kents Cavern 4 maxilla 43.5±2.5 Homo sapiens 1927 UK
Zlatý kůň woman 43 Homo sapiens 1950 Czech Republic
Tianyuan man 40.5±1.5 Homo sapiens 2007 China
Amud 1[139] 41[140] Homo neanderthalensis 1961 Israel Hisashi Suzuki
Neanderthal 1 Neanderthal 1[141] 40 Homo neanderthalensis 1856 Germany Johann Carl Fuhlrott
Denisova phalanx distalis Denisova hominin (X-Woman) 40 Homo sp. Altai 2008 Russia Johannes Krause, et al.
Denisova toe bone hominin toe bone 40 Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal–Denisovan hybrid) 2010 Russia
Oase 2 Oase 1 42–37[142] Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid) 2002 Romania
Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora) 40–37[143] Homo sapiens (EEMH) 1954 Russia
SID-20[144] 37.30±0.83[137] Homo neanderthalensis 1994 Sidrón Cave, Spain
Balangoda Man 37 Homo sapiens 2012 Sri Lanka
Hofmeyr Skull 36 Homo sapiens 1952 South Africa
Wadjak 1, aka Java Man Wadjak 1[145] 33±4.5[146] Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid[147]) 1888 Indonesia
Red Lady of Paviland 33 Homo sapiens 1823 Wales, UK William Buckland
Yamashita-Cho Man 32 Homo sapiens 1962 Japan
Engis 2 Engis 2 40±10[115][148] Homo neanderthalensis 1829 Belgium Philippe-Charles Schmerling
Gibraltar 1 Gibraltar 1 40±10[115] Homo neanderthalensis 1848 Gibraltar Captain Edmund Flint
Le Moustier 1 Le Moustier 40±10 Homo neanderthalensis 1909 France
Denisova molar Denisovan tooth 40±10 Homo sp. Altai 2000 Russia
PES-2 38.9–92 Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis Serbia
PES-1[149] 31–29 Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens Serbia
Yana RHS 31.63 Homo sapiens Russia
Sungir I 30.25±0.25 Homo sapiens Russia
Cro-Magnon 1 Cro-Magnon 1 30 Homo sapiens (EEMH) 1868 France Louis Lartet
WLH-50 29±5 Homo sapiens 1982 Australia
Replica of Predmosti 3 Predmost 3[150] 26 Homo sapiens 1894 Czech Republic Karel Jaroslav Maška
Lapedo Child 24.5 Homo neanderthalensis
or
Homo sapiens 		1998 Portugal João Zilhão
Mid-Upper Paleolithoic human humerus from Eel Point, Caldey Island, Wales, UK[151] 24 Homo sapiens 1997 Wales, UK
MA-1 (Mal'ta boy) 24 Homo sapiens (ANE) 1920s Russia
Abri Pataud Woman 20.6 Homo sapiens France
Minatogawa 1. Replica at the Museum of Tokyo[152] Minatogawa 1 17±1 Homo sapiens 1970 Japan Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University
Tandou[153][154] 17 Homo sapiens 1967 Australia Duncan Merrilees
Gough's Cave[155][156] 14.7 Homo sapiens 2010 UK
Iwo Eleru skull. Four views Iwo Eleru skull 13[157] Homo sapiens 1965 Nigeria
"Kotias"[158] 13 Homo sapiens (CHG) Kotias Klde cave, Georgia
Arlington Springs Man 13[159] Homo sapiens 1959 United States Phil Orr
Chancelade find 14.5±2.5[160] Homo sapiens 1888 France
Villabruna 1 14 Homo sapiens (WHG) 1988 Italy
Bonn-Oberkassel double burial[161] 14-13[161] Homo sapiens 1914[162] Germany
Bichon man 13.7 Homo sapiens (WHG) 1956 Switzerland
Red Deer cave skull
Red Deer cave skull
 Red Deer Cave 13±1.5 Homo sapiens 1979 China Darren Curnoe?

Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)

[edit]
Further information: Recent human evolution, Late Stone Age, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
Name Age (ka) Culture /
association 		Year
discovered 		Country
Luzia 11.5[163] Paleo-Indian 1975 Brazil
[164] Cerro Sota 2[165] 11 1936 Chile
"Satsurblia" 10 Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)[158] Georgia
Yaho skull[166] 10? 1961 Chad
Kow Swamp 1 13–9 1968 Australia
Talgai Skull Talgai Skull[167] 10±1 1886 Australia
La Brea Woman 10 (8000 BC) Paleo-Indian 1914 United States
Combe Capelle 9.6 (7600 BC)[168] European Mesolithic 1909 France
Asselar man Between 9500 BP and 7000 BP, with caution, 6390 BP[169] Neolithic 1927 Mali
Cheddar Man 9 (7000 BC) British Mesolithic 1903 United Kingdom
Kennewick Man 9 (7000 BC) Archaic period (North America) 1996 United States
Barum Woman 8.8 (6800 BC) European Mesolithic 1939 Sweden
Tepexpan man 8±3 Paleo-Indian 1947 Mexico
Loschbour man[170] 8 (6000 BC) European Mesolithic (WHG) 1935 Luxembourg
Minnesota Woman 7.9±0.1 (5900 BC) Paleo-Indian 1931 Minnesota, United States
Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[171] 7.5±1.5[172] 1965–1975 Kenya
Bessé’[173] 7.3–7.2 Toalean 2015 Sulawesi, Indonesia
Ötzi 5.3 (3230 BC) European Neolithic 1991 Ötztal Alps, Italy


Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
  • Hartwig, Walter Carl (2004) [2002]. Hartwig, Walter (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2..
  • Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
  • Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5. (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
  • Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
  • Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
  • Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
  • Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
  • Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
  • Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
  • Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
  • Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
  • Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
  • van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
  • Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
  • Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
  • Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985). 'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
  • Wells, Spencer (2004). The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "In effect, there is now no a priori reason to presume that human-chimpanzee split time are especially recent, and the fossil evidence is now fully compatible with older chimpanzee–human divergence dates [7 to 10 Ma]" White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, et al. (October 2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids". Science. 326 (5949): 75–86. Bibcode:2009Sci...326...75W. doi:10.1126/science.1175802. PMID 19810190. S2CID 20189444.
  2. ^ Fuss, Jochen; Spassov, Nikolai; Begun, David R.; Böhme, Madelaine (2017-05-22). "Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0177127. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1277127F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5439669. PMID 28531170.
  3. ^ Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Ahounta, Djimdoumalbaye; Beauvilain, Alain; Blondel, Cécile; Bocherens, Hervé (2002). "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa" (PDF). Nature. 418 (6894): 145–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..145B. doi:10.1038/nature00879. PMID 12110880. S2CID 1316969.
  4. ^ "Bar 10200'". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  5. ^ Kirscher, Uwe; El Atfy, Haytham; Gärtner, Andreas; Dallanave, Edoardo; Munz, Philipp; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Athanassiou, Athanassios; Fassoulas, Charalampos; Linnemann, Ulf; Hofmann, Mandy; Bennett, Matthew; Ahlberg, Per Erik; Böhme, Madelaine (2021-10-11). "Age constraints for the Trachilos footprints from Crete". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19427. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1119427K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98618-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8505496. PMID 34635686.
  6. ^ "Ardipithecus kadabba". efossils. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  7. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2009-10-01). "Fossil finds extend human story". BBC News.
  8. ^ Kissel M, Hawks J (2015). "What are the Lothagam and Tabarin Mandibles?" (PDF). PaleoAnthropology: 37. doi:10.4207/PA.2015.ART94 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  9. ^ McDougall, I.A.N.; Craig, Feibel (1999). "Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift". Journal of the Geological Society. 156 (4): 731–45. Bibcode:1999JGSoc.156..731M. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0731. S2CID 128952193.
  10. ^ Bernard Wood, Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution (2011), 887.
  11. ^ a b c Hill, Andrew; Ward, Steven (1988). "Origin of the Hominidae: the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 My and 4 My". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505.
  12. ^ Patterson B, Behrensmeyer AK, Sill WD (June 1970). "Geology and fauna of a new Pliocene locality in north-western Kenya". Nature. 226 (5249): 918–21. Bibcode:1970Natur.226..918P. doi:10.1038/226918a0. PMID 16057594. S2CID 4185736.
  13. ^ Lothagam mandible fragment Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Ward, Steven; Hill, Andrew (1987). "Pliocene hominid partial mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 72 (1): 21–37. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330720104. PMID 3103460.
  15. ^ Heslip, Steven (2001). "Australopithecus anamensis". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011.[self-published source?]
  16. ^ "Oldupai". Ntz.info. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  17. ^ Ward, C.V.; Leakey, M.G.; Brown, B.; Brown, F.; Harris, J.; Walker, A. (1999), "South Turkwel: A new Pliocene hominid site in Kenya", Journal of Human Evolution, 36 (1): 69–95, Bibcode:1999JHumE..36...69W, doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0262, PMID 9924134
  18. ^ Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Department of. "Kenyanthropus platyops: KNM WT 40000". www.efossils.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "KNM-WT 40000". 23 January 2010.
  20. ^ "New human ancestor species from Ethiopia lived alongside Lucy's species". www.sciencedaily.com. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  21. ^ Article title[usurped] Image at Modern Human Origins
  22. ^ http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/87535.php Archived 2020-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Image at Eurekalert
  23. ^ Villmoare, Brian; Kimbel, William H.; Seyoum, Chalachew; Campisano, Christopher J.; DiMaggio, Erin N.; Rowan, John; Braun, David R.; Arrowsmith, J. Ramón; Reed, Kaye E. (2015-03-20). "Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia". Science. 347 (6228): 1352–55. Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1352V. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1343. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25739410.: "The Gurumaha Tuff is radiometrically dated to 2.842±0.007 Ma, a date that is consistent with the normal magnetic polarity of the Gurumaha section, presumably the Gauss Chron. An upper bounding age for LD 350-1 is provided by an adjacent, downfaulted younger block that contains the 2.665±0.016 Ma Lee Adoyta Tuff. [...] the age of LD 350-1 can be further constrained by stratigraphic scaling. [...] Based on the current chronostratigraphic framework for Ledi-Geraru, we consider the age of LD 350-1 to be 2.80–2.75 Ma".
  24. ^ Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology "Australopithecus garhi: BOU-VP-12/130". efossils. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  25. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/sts-71 Image at Smithsonian
  26. ^ At the time of its discovery considered the oldest fossil evidence of genus Homo. Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando V.; Bromage, Tim; Schrenk, Friedemann (1997). "UR 501, the Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Malawi. Analysis of the microanatomy of the enamel". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 325 (3): 231–234. Bibcode:1997CRASE.325..231R. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(97)88294-8.. Since the discovery of LD 350-1 (2.8 Ma, intermediate between Australopithecus and Homo) arguably demoted to the rank of second-oldest fossil of Homo.
  27. ^ "STS 14". Archived from the original on 2006-01-18. Retrieved 2006-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Image at Modern Human Origins. "Australopithecus africanus". Australian Museum. 20 January 2011.
  28. ^ a b Herries, Andy I.R.; Shaw, John (2011). "Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries". Journal of Human Evolution. 60 (5): 523–39. Bibcode:2011JHumE..60..523H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 21392817.
  29. ^ a b c d e Herries, Andy (2020). "Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa". Science. 368 (6486): eaaw7293. doi:10.1126/science.aaw7293. hdl:11568/1040368. PMID 32241925. S2CID 214763272.
  30. ^ Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Neubauer, Simon; Baker, Stephanie E.; Mongle, Carrie S.; Boschian, Giovanni; Schwartz, Gary T.; Smith, Amanda L.; Ledogar, Justin A.; Strait, David S.; Herries, Andy I. R. (2020-11-09). "Drimolen cranium DNH 155 documents microevolution in an early hominin species". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2020NatEE...5...38M. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01319-6. hdl:11568/1066411. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 33168991. S2CID 226296091.
  31. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  32. ^ Department of Anthropology: The University of Texas at Austin. "Paranthropus robustus: TM 1517". Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  33. ^ "Spectacular South African Skeletons Reveal New Species from Murky Period of Human Evolution". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11.
  34. ^ Juliet King (June 4, 2010). "Australopithecus sediba fossil named by 17-year-old Johannesburg student". Origins Centre. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  35. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2011-09-08). "African fossils put new spin on human origins story". BBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  36. ^ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005), p. 286
  37. ^ "SK 46". 24 January 2010.
  38. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  39. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/oh-24 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Image at Smithsonian
  40. ^ Article title[usurped] OH 8 image of foot at Modern Human Origins
  41. ^ Lordkipanidze, D.; de Leon, Ponce; Margvelashvili, A.; Rak, Y.; Rightmire, G. P.; Vekua, A.; Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2013). "A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo". Science. 342 (6156): 326–31. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..326L. doi:10.1126/science.1238484. PMID 24136960. S2CID 20435482.
  42. ^ Leakey MG, Spoor F, Dean MC, et al. (August 2012). "New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo". Nature. 488 (7410): 201–04. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..201L. doi:10.1038/nature11322. PMID 22874966. S2CID 4431262.F
  43. ^ Inverted strata Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Donald C. Johanson; Blake Edgar (1996). From Lucy to Language. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 158.
  45. ^ "Image at Smithsonian". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  46. ^ Leakey, R. E. F.; Walker, A. C. (1988). "New Australopithecus boisei specimens from East and West Lake Turkana, Kenya". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 76 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330760102. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 3136654.
  47. ^ Grine, Frederick E. (2007). Grine, Frederick E. (ed.). Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines. Transaction Publishers. pp. 99, 185–86, 247. ISBN 978-0202365961. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  48. ^ a b Wood, Bernard (2011). Wood, Bernard (ed.). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. doi:10.1002/9781444342499. ISBN 978-1444342475. Retrieved 11 May 2014. Access to the references of this book.
  49. ^ Lepre, C. J.; Kent, D. V. (2010). "New magnetostratigraphy for the Olduvai Subchron in the Koobi Fora Formation, northwest Kenya, with implications for early Homo". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 290 (3–4): 362. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.290..362L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.032.. "paleo-magnetic results of this study delimit the age of KNM-ER 3733 to 1.78–1.48 Ma, making it one of the most securely dated fossils of early African H. erectus when compared to the oldest Homo fossils from Europe and Asia."
  50. ^ Toro-Moyano, Isidro; Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Agustí, Jordi; Souday, Caroline; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Martinón-Torres, María; Fajardo, Beatriz; Duval, Mathieu; Falguères, Christophe; Oms, Oriol; Parés, Josep Maria; Anadón, Pere; Julià, Ramón; García-Aguilar, José Manuel; Moigne, Anne-Marie (2013). "The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain)". Journal of Human Evolution. 65 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2013JHumE..65....1T. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012. hdl:10072/338463. PMID 23481345.
  51. ^ Wood, Bernard A.; Constantino, Paul J. (28 November 2007). "Paranthropus boisei: Fifty Years of Evidence and Analysis". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 50: 109–10. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20732. PMID 18046746.
  52. ^ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2010-01-24). "Konso KGA10-525". What does it mean to be human?. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  53. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2007-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  54. ^ a b "Atapuerca completa el puzle con el "Homo erectus": "Es seguro, no hay dudas"". www.larazon.es (in Spanish). 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  55. ^ Michael Hopkin (March 26, 2008). "Fossil find is oldest European yet". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2008.691.
  56. ^ Lebatard, Anne-Elisabeth; Alçiçek, M. Cihat; Rochette, Pierre; Khatib, Samir; Vialet, Amélie; Boulbes, Nicolas; Bourlès, Didier L; Demory, François; Guipert, Gaspard; Mayda, Serdar; Titov, Vadim V; Vidal, Laurence; De Lumley, Henry (2014). "Dating the Homo erectus bearing travertine from Kocabas (Denizli, Turkey) at at least 1.1 Ma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 390: 8–18. Bibcode:2014E&PSL.390....8L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.031.
  57. ^ Kappelman, J; Alçiçek, MC; Kazanci, N; Schultz, M; Ozkul, M; Sen, S (January 2008). "FirstHomo erectus from Turkey and implications for migrations into temperate Eurasia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 135 (1): 110–16. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20739. PMID 18067194.
  58. ^ "New Skull from Eritrea – Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org.
  59. ^ Parés, J. M.; Arnold, L.; Duval, M.; Demuro, M.; Pérez-González, A.; Bermúdez de Castro, J. M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2013). "Reassessing the age of Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain): new paleomagnetic results" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (12): 4586–95. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.4586P. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.013.
  60. ^ "Trinil 2". 24 January 2010.
  61. ^ "Ternifine or Tighenif". Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  62. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2007-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  63. ^ Shen, G; Gao, X; Gao, B; Granger, De (2009). "Age of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus determined with (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating". Nature. 458 (7235): 198–200. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..198S. doi:10.1038/nature07741. PMID 19279636. S2CID 19264385.
  64. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2007-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  65. ^ Romero, Lorena Sánchez (2020-11-27). "Prehistoria - Benjamina, la niña pre neandertal más querida de Atapuerca". Quo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  66. ^ Gracia, Ana; Martínez-Lage, Juan F.; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; Martínez, Ignacio; Lorenzo, Carlos; Pérez-Espejo, Miguel-Ángel (2010-06-01). "The earliest evidence of true lambdoid craniosynostosis: the case of "Benjamina", a Homo heidelbergensis child". Child's Nervous System. 26 (6): 723–727. doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1133-y. ISSN 1433-0350. PMID 20361331. S2CID 33720448.
  67. ^ a b c Stringer, Chris (2012). "The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908)". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 21 (3): 101–107. doi:10.1002/evan.21311. PMID 22718477. S2CID 205826399.
  68. ^ Schwartz, Jeffrey H.; Tattersall, Ian (2005). The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 248–55. ISBN 978-0471326441..
  69. ^ Streeter; et al. (2001). ""Margret. "Histomorphometric age assessment of the Boxgrove 1 tibial diaphysis". Journal of Human Evolution. 40 (4): 331–38. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0460. PMID 11312585.
  70. ^ Di Vincenzo, Fabio; Bernardini, Federico; Manzi, Giorgio. "The Ceprano calvarium, twenty years after. A new generation of (digital) studies". ResearchGate. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  71. ^ Fraioli, Luca. "Dopo 400mila anni, ecco il vero volto dell'Uomo di Ceprano". Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  72. ^ ""Agamenón", el homínido más famoso de Atapuerca, no estaba sordo". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  73. ^ Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (2004). Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering; Alison S. Brooks (eds.). Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition. Routledge. p. 624. ISBN 978-1135582289. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  74. ^ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2010-01-30). "Salé". What does it mean to be human?. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  75. ^ J. J. Jaeger (1975). "The mammalian faunas and hominid fossils of the Middle Pleistocene of the Maghreb". In K. W. Butzer; G. L. Isaac (eds.). After the Australopithecines. Den Hage. pp. 399–418. ISBN 978-9027976291.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  76. ^ Bräuer, G. (2012), Hublin, Jean-Jacques; McPherron, Shannon P. (eds.), "Middle Pleistocene Diversity in Africa and the Origin of Modern Humans", Modern Origins: A North African Perspective, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 221–240, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2929-2_15, ISBN 978-94-007-2929-2, retrieved 2023-08-13
  77. ^ Natural History Museum Neanderthal woman in pieces Retrieved 16 May 2018
  78. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/ndutu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Image at Smithsonian
  79. ^ Montiel, Gustavo; Lorenzo, Carlos (2023). "A New Virtual Reconstruction of the Ndutu Cranium". Heritage. 6 (3): 2822–2850. doi:10.3390/heritage6030151. ISSN 2571-9408.
  80. ^ Peter Brown. "Hexian". Peter Brown's Australian & Asian Palaeoanthropology. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
  81. ^ Article title[usurped] Hexian PA830 image at Modern Human Origins
  82. ^ Rainer Grün; Pei-Hua Huang; Wanpo Huang; Frank McDermott; Alan Thorne; Chris B. Stringer; Ge Yan (1998). "ESR and U-series analyses of teeth from the palaeoanthropological site of Hexian, Anhui Province, China". Journal of Human Evolution. 34 (6): 555–564. Bibcode:1998JHumE..34..555G. doi:10.1006/jhev.1997.0211. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 9650100.
  83. ^ Maolin, Wu (1983). "Homo erectus from Hexian, Anhui found in 1981". Acta Anthropologica Sinica. 2 (2): 109–205.
  84. ^ Dirks, Paul HGM; Roberts, Eric M.; Hilbert-Wolf, Hannah; Kramers, Jan D.; Hawks, John; Dosseto, Anthony; Duval, Mathieu; Elliott, Marina; Evans, Mary; Grün, Rainer; Hellstrom, John; Herries, Andy IR; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Makhubela, Tebogo V.; Placzek, Christa J.; Robbins, Jessie; Spandler, Carl; Wiersma, Jelle; Woodhead, Jon; Berger, Lee R. (9 May 2017). "The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa". eLife. 6: e24231. doi:10.7554/eLife.24231. PMC 5423772. PMID 28483040.
  85. ^ Skinner, Matthew M.; de Vries, Dorien; Gunz, Philipp; Kupczik, Kornelius; Klassen, R. Paul; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Roksandic, Mirjana (2016-04-01). "A dental perspective on the taxonomic affinity of the Balanica mandible (BH-1)". Journal of Human Evolution. 93: 63–81. Bibcode:2016JHumE..93...63S. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.010. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 27086056.
  86. ^ Grün, R., Pike, A., McDermott, F., Eggins, S., Mortimer, G., Aubert, M., ... & Brink, J. (2020). Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution. Nature, 580(7803), 372-375.
  87. ^ David Richter; et al. (8 June 2017). "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age". Nature. 546 (7657): 293–96. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..293R. doi:10.1038/nature22335. PMID 28593967. S2CID 205255853. "Here we report the ages, determined by thermoluminescence dating, of fire-heated flint artefacts obtained from new excavations at the Middle Stone Age site of Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, which are directly associated with newly discovered remains of H. sapiens8. A weighted average age places these Middle Stone Age artefacts and fossils at 315±34 thousand years ago. Support is obtained through the recalculated uranium series with electron spin resonance date of 286±32 thousand years ago for a tooth from the Irhoud 3 hominin mandible."; Smith TM, Tafforeau P, Reid DJ, et al. (April 2007). "Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (15): 6128–33. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6128S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700747104. PMC 1828706. PMID 17372199.
  88. ^ Soukup, Václav; Mechurová, Zdenka (2018-12-14). "Mysterious Prehistoric Samuel: Homo erectus paleohungaricus in the Context of Anthropogenesis". Anthropologia Integra. 9 (2): 7–19. doi:10.5817/AI2018-2-7. ISSN 1804-6665.
  89. ^ Article title[usurped] Dali image at Modern Human Origins
  90. ^ Sun, Xuefeng; Yi, Shuangwen; Lu, Huayu; Zhang, Wenchao (2017). "TT-OSL and post-IR IRSL dating of the Dali Man site in central China". Quaternary International. 434: 99–106. Bibcode:2017QuInt.434...99S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.027. "correlating the pIRIR290 ages between 267.7±13.9 ka and 258.3±14.2 ka and new pollen analysis, we proposed a new viewpoint that the Dali Man was likely to live during a transitional period from glacial to interglacial climate in the S2/L3 (MIS 7/8) stage."
  91. ^ Lu, Z.; Meldrum, D. J.; Huang, Y.; He, J.; Sarmiento, E. E. (2011-12-01). "The Jinniushan hominin pedal skeleton from the late Middle Pleistocene of China". HOMO. 62 (6): 389–401. doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2011.08.008. ISSN 0018-442X. PMID 22040649.
  92. ^ a b Ju-kang), Wu Rukang (Woo (1988-06-15). "The reconstruction of the fossil human skull from Jinniushan, Yinkou, Liaoning Province and its maintures". Acta Anthropologica Sinica. 7 (2): 97. ISSN 1000-3193.
  93. ^ "Ariadne portal". portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  94. ^ Vialet, Amélie; Modesto-Mata, Mario; Martinón-Torres, María; Pinillos, Marina Martínez de; Castro, José-María Bermúdez de (2018-01-16). "A reassessment of the Montmaurin-La Niche mandible (Haute Garonne, France) in the context of European Pleistocene human evolution". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0189714. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1389714V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5770020. PMID 29337994.
  95. ^ "Italy's first Neanderthal dates back 250,000 years". 4 November 2015.
  96. ^ Bruner, Emiliano; Manzi, Giorgio (2008-06-01). "Paleoneurology of an "early" Neandertal: endocranial size, shape, and features of Saccopastore 1". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 729–742. Bibcode:2008JHumE..54..729B. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.08.014. hdl:11573/69600. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 18178238.
  97. ^ a b Katerina Harvati; Carolin Röding; Abel M. Bosman; Fotios A. Karakostis; Rainer Grün; Chris Stringer; Panagiotis Karkanas; Nicholas C. Thompson; Vassilis Koutoulidis; Lia A. Moulopoulos; Vassilis G. Gorgoulis; Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019). "Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia". Nature. 571 (7766): 500–04. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z. PMID 31292546. S2CID 195873640.
  98. ^ a b Signals of Evolution in the Territory of Greece. Paleoanthropological Findings. Christos Valsamis. Intensive Course in Biological Anthropology. 1st Summer School of the European Anthropological Association. 16–30 June 2007, Prague, Czech Republic.
  99. ^ Hennig, G. J.; Herr, W.; Weber, E.; Xirotiris, N. I. (6 August 1981). "ESR-dating of the fossil hominid cranium from Petralona Cave, Greece". Nature. 292 (5823): 533–36. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..533H. doi:10.1038/292533a0. S2CID 4359695.
  100. ^ Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (Jan 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
  101. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved 2007-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  102. ^ Rajendran, P.; Koshy, Peter; Sadasivan, Santha (2006-12-01). "Homo Sapiens (Archaic) Baby Fossil of the Middle Pleistocene". Ancient Asia. 1: 7–13. doi:10.5334/aa.06102. ISSN 2042-5937. Rajendran, P.; Bharath Kumar, R.; Bhanu, Vijaya (2003). "Fossilized hominid baby skull from the ferricrete at Odai, Bommayarpalayam, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, South India" (PDF). Current Science. 84 (6): 754. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-09-25. "A similar type of ferricrete on Kerala coast has been dated by electron spin resonance to 0.187 million years. Therefore, more or less the same age can be assigned to the ferricrete at Odai and to the infant baby skull found within it. In the hominid evolutionary stage this may belong to the Homo erectus or Homo sapiens (Archaic)"
  103. ^ Hershkovitz, Israel; Weber, Gerhard W.; Quam, Rolf; Duval, Mathieu; Grün, Rainer; Kinsley, Leslie; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Valladas, Helene; Mercier, Norbert; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Martinón-Torres, María; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Fornai, Cinzia; Martín-Francés, Laura; Sarig, Rachel; May, Hila; Krenn, Viktoria A.; Slon, Viviane; Rodríguez, Laura; García, Rebeca; Lorenzo, Carlos; Carretero, Jose Miguel; Frumkin, Amos; Shahack-Gross, Ruth; Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E.; Cui, Yaming; Wu, Xinzhi; Peled, Natan; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Weissbrod, Lior; Yeshurun, Reuven; Tsatskin, Alexander; Zaidner, Yossi; Weinstein-Evron, Mina (25 January 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. 359 (6374): 456–59. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.
  104. ^ Found underwater, this fossil was stratigraphically dated to younger than 450 ka, and assigned to either of two plausible low-sea-level events, but it is unknown whether it dates to the Eemian or to the LGM. Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Kaifu, Yousuke; Takai, Masanaru; Kono, Reiko T.; Grün, Rainer; Matsu'ura, Shuji; Kinsley, Les; Lin, Liang-Kong (2015). "The first archaic Homo from Taiwan". Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC 4316746. PMID 25625212.
  105. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2015). Homo tsaichangensis and Gigantopithecus. South Hadley, MA: Meanma. doi:10.13140/2.1.3463.7121. ISBN 978-1-893882-19-5.
  106. ^ Chang, C.-H.; Kaifu, M.; Kona, R. T.; Grün, R.; Matsu'ura, S.; Kinsley, L.; Lin, L.-K. (2015). "First archaic Homo from Taiwan". Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC 4316746. PMID 25625212.
  107. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (January 27, 2015). "Ancient Human Fossil Could Be New Primitive Species". Live Science.
  108. ^ "News in Science – Missing link in human evolution found in Africa". www.abc.net.au. December 6, 2003.
  109. ^ Chen, Fahu; Welker, Frido; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Bailey, Shara E.; Bergmann, Inga; Davis, Simon; Xia, Huan; Wang, Hui; Fischer, Roman; Freidline, Sarah E.; Yu, Tsai-Luen; Skinner, Matthew M.; Stelzer, Stefanie; Dong, Guangrong; Fu, Qiaomei; Dong, Guanghui; Wang, Jian; Zhang, Dongju; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (1 May 2019). "A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau" (PDF). Nature. 569 (7756). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 409–12. Bibcode:2019Natur.569..409C. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31043746. S2CID 141503768.
  110. ^ Martina Lari; Fabio Di Vincenzo; Andrea Borsato; Silvia Ghirotto; Mario Micheli; Carlotta Balsamo; Carmine Collina; Gianluca De Bellis; Silvia Frisia; Giacomo Giacobini; Elena Gigli; John C. Hellstrom; Antonella Lannino; Alessandra Modi; Alessandro Pietrelli; Elena Pilli; Antonio Profico; Oscar Ramirez; Ermanno Rizzi; Stefania Vai; Donata Venturo; Marcello Piperno; Carles Lalueza-Fox; Guido Barbujani; David Caramelli; Giorgio Manzi (2015). "The Neanderthal in the karst: First dating, morphometric, and paleogenetic data on the fossil skeleton from Altamura (Italy)" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 82: 88–94. Bibcode:2015JHumE..82...88L. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.007. hdl:2158/1002533. PMID 25805042. S2CID 23113153. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
  111. ^ Magori, M.H.Day (1983). "Laetoli Hominid 18: an early Homo sapiens skull". Journal of Human Evolution. 12 (8): 747–53. Bibcode:1983JHumE..12..747M. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80130-4.
  112. ^ Article title[usurped] Tabun 1 Image at Modern Human Origins
  113. ^ Czarnetzki, A.; Gaudzinski, S.; Pusch, C. M. (2001-08-01). "Hominid skull fragments from Late Pleistocene layers in Leine Valley (Sarstedt, District of Hildesheim, Germany)". Journal of Human Evolution. 41 (2): 133–140. Bibcode:2001JHumE..41..133C. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0484. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 11437523.
  114. ^ "Krapina C Images at Modern Human Origins". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  115. ^ a b c d e f g h Smith TM, Tafforeau P, Reid DJ, et al. (December 2010). "Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (49): 20923–28. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720923S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010906107. PMC 3000267. PMID 21078988.
  116. ^ "Researchers determine age for last known settlement by a direct ancestor to modern humans". Nature.
  117. ^ Zimmer, Carl (16 November 2015). "In a Tooth, DNA From Some Very Old Cousins, the Denisovans". New York Times. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  118. ^ Sawyer, Susanna; Renaud, Gabriel; Viola, Bence; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Gansauge, Marie-Theres; Shunkov, Michael V.; Derevianko, Anatoly P.; Prüfer, Kay; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante (11 November 2015). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals". PNAS. 112 (51): 15696–700. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215696S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519905112. PMC 4697428. PMID 26630009.
  119. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  120. ^ Coutinho-Nogueira, Dany; Coqueugniot, Hélène; Tillier, Anne-marie (10 September 2021). "Qafzeh 9 Early Modern Human from Southwest Asia: age at death and sex estimation re-assessed". HOMO. 72 (4): 293–305. doi:10.1127/homo/2021/1513. PMID 34505621. S2CID 237469414.
  121. ^ Coutinho Nogueira, D.; Dutour, O.; Coqueugniot, H.; Tillier, A.-m. (September 2019). "Qafzeh 9 mandible (ca 90–100 kyrs BP, Israel) revisited: μ-CT and 3D reveal new pathological conditions" (PDF). International Journal of Paleopathology. 26: 104–110. doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.06.002. PMID 31351220. S2CID 198953011.
  122. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2007-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  123. ^ Warren, Matthew (22 August 2018). "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid – Genetic analysis uncovers a direct descendant of two different groups of early humans". Nature. 560 (7719): 417–18. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..417W. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-06004-0. PMID 30135540.
  124. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (22 August 2018). "This ancient bone belonged to a child of two extinct human species". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aav1858. S2CID 188160693. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  125. ^ Marshall, Michael (22 August 2018). "Prehistoric girl had parents belonging to different human species". New Scientist. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  126. ^ Martinón-Torres, María; d'Errico, Francesco; Santos, Elena; Álvaro Gallo, Ana; Amano, Noel; Archer, William; Armitage, Simon J.; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Blinkhorn, James; Crowther, Alison; Douka, Katerina; Dubernet, Stéphan; Faulkner, Patrick; Fernández-Colón, Pilar (2021). "Earliest known human burial in Africa". Nature. 593 (7857): 95–100. Bibcode:2021Natur.593...95M. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03457-8. hdl:10072/413039. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33953416. S2CID 233871256.
  127. ^ Norton, Christopher J.; Braun, David R. (2011). Asian paleanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. New York: Springer. p. 107. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2. ISBN 978-90-481-9093-5.
  128. ^ "What does it mean to be human?". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2010-02-27. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  129. ^ a b c Yokoyama, Yuji; Falguères, Christophe; Sémah, François; Jacob, Teuku; Grün, Rainer (2008-08-01). "Gamma-ray spectrometric dating of late Homo erectus skulls from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, Indonesia". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (2): 274–277. Bibcode:2008JHumE..55..274Y. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.006. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 18479734.
  130. ^ "La Quina 5". National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  131. ^ Johanson, Donald; Edgar, Blake (2006). From Lucy to Language. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-8064-8.
  132. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  133. ^ Hershkovitz, Israel; Marder, Ofer; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Yasur, Gal; Boaretto, Elisabetta; Caracuta, Valentina; Alex, Bridget; et al. (2015). "Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans". Nature. 520 (7546): 216–19. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..216H. doi:10.1038/nature14134. PMID 25629628. S2CID 4386123.
  134. ^ a b Demeter, F.; Shackelford, L. L.; Bacon, A.-M.; Duringer, P.; Westaway, K.; Sayavongkhamdy, T.; Braga, J.; Sichanthongtip, P.; Khamdalavong, P.; Ponche, J.-L.; Wang, H.; Lundstrom, C.; Patole-Edoumba, E.; Karpoff, A.-M. (2012). "Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (36): 14375–80. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914375D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208104109. PMC 3437904. PMID 22908291.
  135. ^ Demeter, Fabrice; Shackelford, Laura; Westaway, Kira; Duringer, Philippe; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Ponche, Jean-Luc; Wu, Xiujie; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Zhao, Jian-Xin; Barnes, Lani; Boyon, Marc; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh; Sénégas, Frank; Karpoff, Anne-Marie; Patole-Edoumba, Elise; Coppens, Yves; Braga, José; Macchiarelli, Roberto (2015). "Early Modern Humans and Morphological Variation in Southeast Asia: Fossil Evidence from Tam Pa Ling, Laos". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0121193. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1021193D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121193. PMC 4388508. PMID 25849125.
  136. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2011-05-30. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  137. ^ a b Torres, T.; et al. (2010). "Dating of the hominid Homo neanderthalensis remains accumulation from El Sidrón Cave Piloña, Asturias, North Spain: an example of multi-methodological approach to the dating of Upper Pleistocene sites". Archaeometry. 52 (4): 680–705. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2009.00491.x. hdl:1885/37039. S2CID 140163071.
  138. ^ Morales, Juan I.; Cebrià, Artur; Soto, María; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Antonio; Hernando, Raquel; Moreno-Ribas, Elena; Lombao, Diego; Rabuñal, José R.; Martín-Perea, David M.; García-Tabernero, Antonio; Allué, Ethel; García-Basanta, Andrea; Lizano, Esther; Marquès-Bonet, Tomàs; Talamo, Sahra (2023). "A new assemblage of late Neanderthal remains from Cova Simanya (NE Iberia)". Frontiers in Earth Science. 11. Bibcode:2023FrEaS..1130707M. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1230707. hdl:10230/58416. ISSN 2296-6463.
  139. ^ Article title[usurped] Amud 1 Image at Modern Human Origins
  140. ^ "Human evolution: interpreting evidence". Museum of Science, Boston, US. Archived from the original on May 2, 2004. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  141. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  142. ^ Fu, Q.; et al. (2015). "An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor". Nature. 524 (7564): 216–219. Bibcode:2015Natur.524..216F. doi:10.1038/nature14558. PMC 4537386. PMID 26098372.
  143. ^ Синицын, А. А., Исследование памятников древнейшего этапа верхнего палеолита Восточной Европы. Раскопки стоянки Костенки-14 (Маркина Гора), Институт истории материальной культуры РАН, 2004. Seguin-Orlando, A. (2014). "Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years". Science. 346 (6213): 1113–1118. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1113S. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0114. PMID 25378462. S2CID 206632421.
  144. ^ canadianarchaeology.ca
  145. ^ Storm, Paul; Nelson, Andrew (1992). "The many faces of Wadjak man". Archaeology in Oceania. 27 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1992.tb00281.x. JSTOR 40386932.
  146. ^ Wadjak 1 and Wadjak 2 are fossil human skulls discovered near Wajak, a town in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia in 1888/90. Dubbed "Wajak Man", and formerly classified as a separate species (Homo wadjakensis), the skulls are now recognized as early anatomically modern human. They were dated to the Holocene, 12 to 5 ka, in the 1990s, but this has been revised in a 2013 study which claimed a far earlier date, "a minimum age of between 37.4 and 28.5 ka". Storm, Paul; Wood, Rachel; Stringer, Chris; Bartsiokas, Antonis; de Vos, John; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Les; Grün, Rainer (2013). "U-series and radiocarbon analyses of human and faunal remains from Wajak, Indonesia". Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (5): 356–365. Bibcode:2013JHumE..64..356S. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.11.002. PMID 23465338. J. Krigbaum in: Habu et al. (eds), Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology (2017), p. 314.
  147. ^ Peter Bellwood, Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition (2007), 86ff.
  148. ^ adams, fran. "Descriptions of Fossil Neandertals". www.boneandstone.com.
  149. ^ Lindal, Joshua A.; Radović, Predrag; Mihailović, Dušan; Roksandic, Mirjana (2020-03-20). "Postcranial hominin remains from the Late Pleistocene of Pešturina Cave (Serbia)". Quaternary International. 542: 9–14. Bibcode:2020QuInt.542....9L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.02.019. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 213503541.
  150. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  151. ^ Schulting RJ, Trinkaus E, Higham T, Hedges R, Richards M, Cardy B (May 2005). "A Mid-Upper Palaeolithic human humerus from Eel Point, South Wales, UK". Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (5): 493–505. Bibcode:2005JHumE..48..493S. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.02.001. PMID 15857652.
  152. ^ "Modernhumanorigins.net". www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2013-08-16. Retrieved 2007-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  153. ^ Freedman, L.; Lofgren, M (1983). "Human skeletal remains from Lake Tandou, New South Wales". Archaeology in Oceania. 18 (2): 98–105. doi:10.1002/arco.1983.18.2.98. JSTOR 40386634.
  154. ^ "Lake Tandou Skull". Australia: The Land Where Time Began. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  155. ^ Stringer, C. B. (1985). "The hominid remains from Gough's Cave" (PDF). Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society. 17 (2): 145–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
  156. ^ McKie, Robin (June 20, 2010). "Bones from a Cheddar Gorge cave show that cannibalism helped Britain's earliest settlers survive the ice age". The Observer. Guardian. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  157. ^ "Mystery of a West African skull from 13,000 years ago". Natural History Museum, London. Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  158. ^ a b Jones, ER; Gonzalez-Fortes, G; Connell, S; Siska, V; Eriksson, A; Martiniano, R; McLaughlin, RL; Gallego Llorente, M; Cassidy, LM; Gamba, C; Meshveliani, T; Bar-Yosef, O; Müller, W; Belfer-Cohen, A; Matskevich, Z; Jakeli, N; Higham, TF; Currat, M; Lordkipanidze, D; Hofreiter, M; Manica, A; Pinhasi, R; Bradley, DG (2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nat Commun. 6: 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969. "We sequenced a Late Upper Palaeolithic ('Satsurblia' from Satsurblia cave, 1.4-fold coverage) and a Mesolithic genome ('Kotias' from Kotias Klde cave, 15.4-fold) from Western Georgia, at the very eastern boundary of Europe. We term these two individuals Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG)."
  159. ^ Johnson, John. "Arlington Man". National Park Service. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
  160. ^ Leroy-Gourhan, Michel Brézillon; preface by André (1969). Dictionnaire de la préhistoire (Ed. rev. & corr. ed.). Paris: Larousse. ISBN 978-2-03-075437-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  161. ^ a b Neubauer, Simon; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Gunz, Philipp (2018). "The evolution of modern human brain shape". Science Advances. 4 (1): eaao5961. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5961N. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao5961. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5783678. PMID 29376123.
  162. ^ VERWORN, Max (1919). Der Diluviale Menschenfund Von Obercassel Bei Bonn. Bearbeitet M. Verworn, R. Bonnet und G. Steinmann, Etc (in German).
  163. ^ C. Smith (1999). "Who Was First? Untangling America's Prehistoric Roots". Discovery Communications Inc. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  164. ^ Bird, Junius B. (1988). "Four views of skull from skeleton 99.1/779". In Hyslop, John (ed.). Travels and Archaeology in South Chile. University of Iowa Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-58729-014-5.
  165. ^ Bird, Junius B.; Bird, Margaret (1988). Travels and Archeology in South Chile. New York: Cornell University. ISBN 978-1587290145. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  166. ^ "An Early Hominid From Chad". Current Anthropology. 7 (5): 584–585. 1966. doi:10.1086/200776. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 143549941.
  167. ^ Allen, Jim (2010). "The Curious History of the Talgai Skull". Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 20 (2): 4. doi:10.5334/bha.20202. ISSN 2047-6930.
  168. ^ Seidler, Christoph (9 February 2011). "Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  169. ^ Vialet, Amélie; André, Lucile; Aoudia, Louiza. "The Fossil Man from Asselar (present-day Mali). Critical study, historical perspective and new interpretations". Kundoc. Anthropology.
  170. ^ The identification of the WHG component in modern populations is based on the analysis of the genome of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer buried c. 8000 years ago in the Loschbour rock shelter in Müllerthal, near Heffingen, Luxembourg. Lazaridis, Iosif (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518): 409–413. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. hdl:11336/30563. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663..
  171. ^ Angel, J.L.; Phenice, T.W.; Robbins, L.H.; Lynch, B.M. (1980). Late stone age fishermen of Lothagam, Kenya. National Anthropological Archives, Sithsonian Institution, Part 3.
  172. ^ Lo 4b is the best preserved skull out of a sample of 30 fully modern skeletons of the period 9–6 ka, found at Lothagam, West Turkana, Kenya, excavated between 1965 and 1975. Joseph F. Powell, The First Americans (2005), 169.
  173. ^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021-08-26). "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea". Nature. 596 (7873): 543–547. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..543C. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8387238. PMID 34433944.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_human_evolution_fossils&oldid=1264220962"