Poralia
| Poralia | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Scyphozoa |
| Order: | Semaeostomeae |
| Family: | Ulmaridae |
| Genus: | Poralia Vanhöffen, 1902 |
| Species: | P. rufescens
|
| Binomial name | |
| Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902
| |
Poralia is a genus of jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae. It is a monotypic genus containing a single species, Poralia rufescens.[1] This jellyfish is pelagic, and is found in deep water in most of the world's oceans.
In 2021, a NOAA expedition discovered a possible additional Poralia species in the Atlantic Ocean.[2]
Description
[edit]Poralia rufescens has a bell about 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter. It has 30 marginal tentacles interspersed with 15 rhopalia (sensory organs). The lappets (flaps) are rectangular in outline and are all the same length, the rhopalial lappets having deep clefts and the tentacular lappets shallow clefts.[3] This jellyfish is very fragile and most specimens examined have been damaged.[4][5]
Distribution
[edit]The distribution of this mesobathypelagic species is not well delineated. Before 1962, only eleven damaged specimens from the North Atlantic had been examined, mostly brought up from waters deeper than 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[4] It seems to be quite common in the vicinity of Bermuda and the Bahamas, mostly in the lowest 100 m (300 ft) of the water column.[5]
In a study of deep sea jellyfish in the Southern Ocean performed by the USNS Eltanin, the coronates Periphylla periphylla, Atolla wyvillei and Atolla chuni were the most common species found, comprising over 90% of the individuals sampled. P. rufescens was the most common semaeostome, making up 2% of the collection.[6] A study using a remotely operated vehicle in deep water in the Japan Trench showed that P. rufescens was the most common scyphomedusan there.[7] It has also been recorded from several locations in the eastern Pacific Ocean, including off the coast of southern California.[8]
Ecology
[edit]The biology and ecology of the mesobathypelagic jellyfishes is poorly known.[8] Their gelatinous bodies tend to have a low proportion of protein; P. rufescens has a protein content of 0.1% of the body dry weight as compared to an average of 4% for all gelatinous taxa. Some parts of the body have a higher nitrogenous content than others, and in the Pacific, leatherback sea turtles, whose diet consists largely of jellyfish, have been observed feeding on their gonads and tentacles, the parts which have the highest nutritional values.[9]
Poralia specimens have been shown to be bioluminescent, producing blue light.[10] The function of this is not known for this species.
References
[edit]- ^ "WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species – Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Price, Mark (11 August 2021). "Mystery jellyfish has stinging warts, extra tentacles, NOAA says. Is it a new species?". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ Fautin, Daphne G.; Westfall, Jane A.; Cartwright, Paulyn; Daly, Marymegan; Wyttenbach, Charles R. (2005). Coelenterate Biology 2003: Trends in Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 542. ISBN 978-1-4020-2761-1.
- ^ a b Russell, F.S. (1962). "On the scyphomedusa Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 42 (2): 387–390. Bibcode:1962JMBUK..42..387R. doi:10.1017/S0025315400001375. S2CID 86290599.
- ^ a b Williams, R.B.; Cornelius, P.F.S.; Hughes, R.G.; Robson, E.A. (2012). Coelenterate Biology: Recent Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 315. ISBN 978-94-011-3240-4.
- ^ Larson, Ronald J. (1986). "Pelagic Scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean". Biology of the Antarctic Seas. Vol. XVI. American Geophysical Union (AGU). pp. 59–165. doi:10.1002/9781118666579.ch3 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-1-118-66657-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Lindsay, Dhugal J.; Furushima, Yasuo; Miyake, Hiroshi; Kitamura, Minoru; Hunt, James C. (2004). "The scyphomedusan fauna of the Japan Trench: Preliminary results from a remotely-operated vehicle". Coelenterate Biology 2003. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 178. pp. 537–547. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2762-8_61. ISBN 978-1-4020-2761-1.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ a b Larson, R.J. (1990). "Scyphomedusae and Cubomedusae from the Eastern Pacific". Bulletin of Marine Science. 47 (2): 546–556.
- ^ Capone, Douglas G.; Bronk, Deborah A.; Mulholland, Margaret R.; Carpenter, Edward J. (2008). Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. Academic Press. p. 1755. ISBN 978-0-12-372522-6.
- ^ Haddock, S. H. D.; Case, J. F. (8 April 1999). "Bioluminescence spectra of shallow and deep-sea gelatinous zooplankton: ctenophores, medusae and siphonophores". Marine Biology. 133 (3): 571–582. Bibcode:1999MarBi.133..571H. doi:10.1007/s002270050497. S2CID 14523078.
External links
[edit]