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Forças Populares 25 de Abril

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Popular Forces 25 April
Forças Populares 25 de Abril
LeaderOtelo Saraiva de Carvalho
Dates of operation1980–1987
AllegianceForça de Unidade Popular
MotivesProletarian revolution
Active regionsPortugal
IdeologyCommunism
Maoism
Revolutionary socialism
Political positionFar-left
Major actionsAssassinations, bomb and shooting attacks, bank robberies
Notable attacksA total of 20 deaths, among them 14 civilians and 6 terrorists killed on clashes with security forces
StatusDefunct
Flag

The Forças Populares 25 de Abril (English: Popular Forces 25 April; FP 25 de Abril or FP-25) was a far-left terrorist group operating in Portugal between 1980 and 1987, having been allegedly led by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho.[1] At the end of the judicial process known as "FUP/FP-25", Otelo and other accused members were amnestied of moral authorship and were found innocent of material authorship.

Between 1980 and 1987, the FP-25 was directly responsible for 14 deaths, including that of a child - to which are added the 6 deaths of its members - dozens of shootings, attacks with explosives, robberies.[2]

The Orion operation led to the temporary arrest of more than 70 people, in what became known as the FUP/FP-25 process. The most famous members included Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, José Mouta Liz and Pedro Goulart, among others.[1] The defendants were later accused and charged in court for being a part of a terrorist organization, but the sentence would be partially annulled for unconstitutionality.

The parliamentary majority, made up by the Socialist Party and the Portuguese Communist Party, came to approve an amnesty for everyone involved in the eventual crime of terrorist association (moral authorship), due to the "juridic complexity (...) that doesn't herald the possibility of a solution of justice in reasonable time." The amnesty also ends up involving right-wing and left-wing organizations, approved in 1996 with the support of the President Mário Soares. It follows the previous experience of amnesty in 1979 or the pardon signed by the PM Aníbal Cavaco Silva for the fugitive Ramiro Moreira in 1991, right-wing member of the MDLP (Democratic Movement of Liberation of Portugal), sentenced to 20 years in prison for blood crimes.[3]

For the blood crimes (material authorship), after two not guilty sentences in 2001 and 2003, the Public Ministry didn't appeal leading to the prescription of the sentences.[4]

Ideology

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The FP-25 brought together the most radical sectors of the Portuguese radical left, who were growing discontent with the development of bourgeois democracy and capitalism in post-Carnation Revolution Portugal. In the organization's "Manifesto ao Povo Trabalhador" or "Manifesto to the Workers" released in April 1980, the organization outlined its opposition to amendments to the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, specifically the abandonment of socialism, the abandonment of agrarian land reforms or the perceived lack of expression of the will of the people.[5]

Opposing the political realities of the time, the FP-25 proposed a model of popular democracy, based on popular assemblies: the so-called basismo ("basism") or conselhismo ("councelism"), similar to the Libyan or Cuban revolutions. It also defended the non-alignment with either side of the Cold War as a necessary condition to the implementation of socialism in Portugal.[6]

The nature of the armed actions and terrorist attacks showed a preoccupation with different causes: political, economic, solidarity with other terrorist groups and support of FP-25 militants that had been arrested. The group unsuccessfully tried to intimidate the population, provoke a general revolt and raise a popular army.

History

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Founded in 1980, in the midst of a period of democratic consolidation that followed the turbulent years after 25 April 1974, the Forças Populares 25 de Abril brought together the most radical sectors of the revolutionary left, which were opposed to the establishment of a party base, parliamentary representative system, the restoration of the capitalist economic and social system. The document shared at the organization initial announcement "Manifesto ao Povo Trabalhador“, mentioned serious deviations from the 1976 Constitution, namely the abandonment of socialism, the abandonment of the land ownership nationalization (“Reforma Agrária”) and the loss of the people's decision-making process.[7][8]

In the financial sphere, the main source of financing were bank robberies, as well as companies and vehicles for transporting valuables, which they called "expropriation" or "recoveries of funds". Gradually there was political and media isolation, the FP-25 quickly created, among public opinion, the image of an organization committed to the practice of common delinquency trying to intimidate the population and conditioning political decisions, seeking to provoke an insurrection with the support of a militia or a people's army.[9]

The Forças Populares 25 de Abril soon took on the selective killings and the use of extreme violence in their actions. The first deaths officially claimed by the organization took place in May 1980 and mainly resulted from confrontations with elements of the security forces, during bank robberies or during police rides.[10]

In October of the same year, following a failed robbery of two bank branches, near Lisbon with gunfire where two terrorists and an innocent civilian were killed. It was only in late 1982 that the first among many intentional murders took place — businessman Diamantino Monteiro Pereira.[11]

On 27 January 1985, six NATO ships including the USS Richard E. Byrd were attacked.[12] The group carried out another attack in February 1985 which involved detonating eight incendiary bombs under cars belonging to West Germany Air Force personnel assigned to a Portuguese airbase outside Beja. The explosions injured one person and caused considerable damage.[13]

Later in 1986, the most well-known assassination of the Prison Services ‘General Manager, Gaspar Castelo-Branco — the only high-ranking official in the State hierarchy to be killed. This was an action that was directly related to the conditions of detention of the defendants. They claimed the right to be considered political prisoners, with free movement in the prison, the possibility of meeting with external elements and direct access to the media. This condition was not granted to them, being treated as prisoners of common crime. However, some months later, following an escape by a group of ten defendants from the Lisbon Penitentiary, in September 1985, conditions were worsened, with limited circulation, an obligation to stay in cells and restrictions on communication abroad. The responsibility for this directive was attributed to Gaspar Castelo Branco and because of it he was murdered.[14]

Until the organization's dissolution, the victims of the FP-25's "executions" are mostly small businessmen and administrators — typically associated with companies in difficult economic situation, sometimes also with serious labor disputes or collective dismissal processes. An exception was the revenge carried out on a businessman, Alexandre Souto, which took place inside of the Lisbon International Fair — death explained as retaliation for the death of the terrorist arrested in a robbery at Souto own's commercial establishment.[15] Another victim, José Manuel Barradas, was an organization's dissident, murdered for his collaboration with the authorities. Nevertheless, the most shocking murder was the death of a 4 months baby, in a bomb attack that targeted his grandfather. The terrorists wrongly had classified him as a large landowner, but he was only a modest tenant.[16]

Despite the fact that evidence of planning kidnapping actions has been found, the FP-25 never carried out kidnappings or extortion actions against businessmen or other economic agents, due to the anticipation of Operation Orion – one of the largest police operations at the time which resulted in the arrest of most of its founders, directives and operational.[17]

In terms of financing actions, the theft, in 1984, of 108,000,000 escudos (approximately €500,000, a clearly large amount at the time) of a van transporting valuable from the Bank of Portugal, right in the center of Lisbon. Nevertheless, several assaults happen, usually at the end of the month, in order to allow to collect money from salaries.

The majority of the terrorists were arrested in June 1984. Their trials started at the end of July 1986. Most of the accused were found guilty on being members of a terrorist group and sentenced to prison terms approaching the maximum penalty. With them Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, one of the leaders of the April revolution, was sentenced to 15 years, later raised to 17 by Supreme Court. Nevertheless, he only spent 59 months in prison. President Mario Soares pushed parliament, whose left wing majority was supported by the socialist PS and the communist party PCP, to approve an amnesty. However, this was only applied for terrorism crimes. The assassinations later went on trial in 2001 but were exonerated.[7]

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Although the FP-25 tried to obtain the support of foreign governments for funding and logistical support, it seems that the majority of the group's financing came from the above-mentioned "recovery of funds". Still, some governments (especially Mozambique) did grant some support, for instance giving sanctuary to militants escaping the Portuguese authorities.[18]

The FP-25 also tried to collaborate with other terrorist groups, namely the IRA and the ETA, the latter confirming that there was an exchange of weapons and technical know-how.[19] In 1981, FP-25 received from ETA, Gama 2 explosives and two dozen FireBird pistols in exchange for G3 machine guns.[20] Additionally, ETA came to harbor in the Basque Country, two FP-25 terrorists who needed to retreat.[21]

Although the focus on local targets, the terrorist group also attack both foreign companies, embassies or consulates. The most known, attacks are those carried out in 1980 against Chilean consulate, in 1981 against Banco do Brasil,[22] British Airways and Royal British Club, also in 1981 against Air France and Lufthansa, Notable attacks included the 1984 firing of four mortar rounds at the U.S. Embassy in Lisbon and the 1985 bombing of six NATO ships, including the USS Richard E. Byrd, also in Lisbon.[23]

Dismantling and Orion Operation

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On 19 June, as part of the largest police operation ever to occur in Portugal, with the code name Orion, more than 64 terrorists were arrested and, a day later, their main leaders, including Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho.[24] The operation, which involved more than 300 police officers, lead to the arrest of both members form the terrorist organization – FP-25, as well as the leaders and militants of the political party – Força de Unidade Popular – that was giving legal cover to the organization. In addition to an ideological convergence, it was noticed a coincidence of militants and coordination between legal and clandestine entities. This joint structure was called the Global Project.[25]

In the following years, most of the militants who were still on the run, were either arrested or sought refuge abroad — namely in Mozambique — a fact that would dictate the progressive dissolution of the organization until its complete disappearance around 1991.[18]

Terrorist association trial

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The trial began more than two years after Operation Orion, in October 1986.[26] The defendants were on trial for crimes of terrorist association and attacks against democracy.[27] The blood crimes and murderess were later judged separately.[7]

From the trial, the court found the following:

  • “That the Global Project/FP25, founded and directed by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Pedro Goulart, Mouta Liz and others, is an armed terrorist organization…”[28]
  • “That this terrorist organization aimed at the destruction, by weapons, of the Portuguese democratic regime, constituting in Portugal an urban terrorism organization, typical of demo-liberal democracies, corresponding, in its scale, to the Italian Red Brigades and partially to the German RAF… ”[28]
  • “The governing body of the Global Project/FP25 is the DPM – Political-Military Directorate – which includes the defendants Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Pedro Goulart, Humberto Dinis Machado, José Mouta Liz…….. “.[28]

Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho was sentenced to 15 years in prison.[29] Several documents seized at the home of Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho contributed greatly to the conviction, namely his two notebooks, manuscripts, as well as all the documentation found at the FUP's headquarters.

After passing through the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Justice, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho's sentence was set at 17 years. A political resolution through an amnesty was later approved by the Parliament at the request of President Mário Soares.[7]

Amnesty

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During Otelo's arrest, trial and specially after his conviction, the involvement of President Mário Soares was increasing. Several socialists’, members of parliament, were visiting the convicts in jail, meeting with their families or with Otelo supporters activists groups.[7]

Abroad, François Mitterrand questioned Mário Soares about Otelo, naming him as “Portuguese Sakharov”. President Mário Soares wanted to preserve Otelo as a symbol of Carnation Revolution and felt legitimated to politically resolve an issue that was related to justice.[19]

Meanwhile, on 10 May 1991, some terrorist made a symbolic handover of some weapons, together with a document in which they renounced armed violence and assumed the end of the terrorist group.[9]

In October 1995 legislative elections, the right lost its majority: PSD and CDS together amounted to no more than 103 deputies and the left, PS (socialists) and PCP (communists), now had a majority capable of getting the law passed. At 3 March 1996, the parliament, after a long and very heated discussion, approved a global amnesty to FP25 convicts for crimes of terrorist and attack to democracy. It was approved by 123 votes in favor from PS and PCP and some PSD deputies, 94 votes from the PSD and CDS and 3 abstentions from independent deputies.[7]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Terrorist Organization Profiles - START - National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism". Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  2. ^ "Mágoas, feridas abertas e pouco arrependimento". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  3. ^ "Otelo é pior do que Spínola?". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  4. ^ Pereirinha, Sónia Simões, Tânia. "FP-25 de Abril. O processo judicial que foi desaparecendo aos poucos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Simões, Sónia (2021-12-27). "FP-25 de Abril. As bombas, as balas e os "inimigos a abater"". Observador.
  6. ^ "Opinion | Unlikely Threat to Portuguese Democracy". The New York Times. 1983-12-20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Castelo-Branco, Manuel. "À lei da bala. Os 25 anos sobre a amnistia às Forças Populares-25 de Abril". Observador.
  8. ^ Simões, Sónia; Pereirinha, Tania (2021-12-27). "FP-25 de Abril. As bombas, as balas e os "inimigos a abater"". Observador.
  9. ^ a b Poças, Nuno Gonçalo (2021). Presos por um Fio, Portugal e as FP-25. Alfragide: Casa das Letras. ISBN 9789896610333.
  10. ^ Simões, Sónia. "FP-25 de Abril. As bombas, as balas e os "inimigos a abater"". Observador.
  11. ^ Simoes, Sonia. ""Porquê? Porquê?" As vítimas das FP-25 de Abril". Observador.
  12. ^ Wise, Peter (29 January 1985). "Mortars Fired At NATO Ships In Lisbon Port". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  13. ^ Markham, James M. (2 February 1985). "TOP WEST GERMAN ARMS EXECUTIVE IS ASSASSINATED (Published 1985)". New York Times.
  14. ^ Castelo-Branco, Manuel. "Gaspar Castelo-Branco, finalmente - 30 anos depois". 31 da Armada.
  15. ^ Simões, Sónia. "Vídeo animado. Como as FP-25 mataram um arrependido". Observador.
  16. ^ "Os atentados das FP-25". RTP.
  17. ^ "Uma história do tempo em que havia terrorismo armado em Portugal". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  18. ^ a b Pereirinha, Sónia Simões, Tânia. "FP-25 de Abril. O processo judicial que foi desaparecendo aos poucos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-02-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ a b Lisbon, Eduardo Goncalves in (1999-12-13). "Portuguese hero to face terror charges". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  20. ^ Rituerto, Ricardo Martínez de (1985-11-06). "ETA entregó armas a las FP-25 de Portugal, según un 'arrepentido'". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2022-02-13.
  21. ^ Noivo, Diogo (2020). "Solidariedade Ibérica". Uma história da ETA : Nação e violência em Espanha e Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Bookbuilders. pp. 266–282. ISBN 978-989-8973-15-3. OCLC 1247684111.
  22. ^ "Bomb attack on Banco do Brasil in Lisbon". RTP (in European Portuguese). 1981-02-03. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  23. ^ Vilela, António José (2005). "Índice Cronológico". Viver e morrer em nome das FP-25, (in Portuguese). Cruz Quebrada: Casa das Letras. pp. 321 to 327. ISBN 972-46-1594-4.
  24. ^ Poças, Nuno Gonçalo (2021). "A Operação Orion". Presos por um fio : Portugal e as FP-25 de Abril (in Portuguese). Alfragide: Casa das Letras. pp. 127–143. ISBN 978-989-661-033-3. OCLC 1256402822.
  25. ^ Carvalho, Isabel Braga e Paula Torres de. "O fim do terrorismo de esquerda". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  26. ^ Conceição, Sónia Simões, Tânia Pereirinha, Ricardo. ""Como é que se mete assim a matar?" Otelo e as FP". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-02-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Schumacher, Edward (1985-07-22). "Hero of Portugal Revolution Faces Terrorism Trial Today". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  28. ^ a b c ""Caso FP-25 de Abril": Alegações do Ministério Público | Alêtheia Editores". www.aletheia.pt. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  29. ^ Wise, Peter (2021-07-25). "Saraiva de Carvalho, hero of Portugal's return to democracy, 1936-2021". Financial Times. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
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