Amblyptilia falcatalis
| Amblyptilia falcatalis | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | Amblyptilia |
| Species: | A. falcatalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Amblyptilia falcatalis | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
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Amblyptilia falcatalis, the common Hebe plume moth, is a species of moth of the family Pterophoridae.[1] This species was first described by Francis Walker and is endemic to New Zealand. This species can be found in both the North and South Islands. The larval host plants are in the Veronica (also known as Hebe) genus and include Veronica stricta, Veronica salicifolia,Veronica elliptica, Veronica macrocarpa and Veronica speciosa. This moth likely has two broods a year and adults have been observed all year round.
Taxonomy
[edit]
This species was first described by Francis Walker in 1864 using specimens collected in Nelson by T. R. Oxley.[4] Walker originally named the species Platyptilus falcatalis.[4][2] In 1875 Cajetan von Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer, thinking they were describing a new species, named it Platyptilus haasti.[5] John S. Dugdale synonymised this name with P. facatalis in 1988.[2] In 1923, thinking he was describing a new species Alfred Philpott named this species Platyptilia ferruginea.[6] However, as this name was preoccupied by Crocydoscelus ferrugineum, Philpott gave the species the new name of Platyptilia indubitata.[7] This later name was synonymised with P. falcatalis in 1928 by George Hudson.[8] Hudson would go on to discuss the larva and pupa of this species in books published in 1939 and 1950.[9][10] In 1993 Cees Gielis placed this species within the genus Amblyptilia.[3] This placement was followed in 2010 in the New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity.[1] The lectotype specimen, collected in Nelson, is held at the Natural History Museum, London.[2]
Description
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In 1939 Hudson discussed and illustrated of the larva of this species. He described the larva:
The larva, which feeds in the opening leaf and flower buds of Hebe salicifolia, is about 1 inch in length, fairly stout, slightly tapering at each end, with segments well defined; head small, greenish, mottled with brown; segment 2 with obscure ochreous dorsal plate; rest of body yellowish-green, darker on sides and under-surface; a broad, slightly irregular, deep red dorsal line from segment 3 to anal extremity; several slightly darker green subdorsal lines; warts minute, emitting short slender blackish bristles. Full-grown larvae occur at the end of October, and at the end of February, there being most likely two complete broods in the season.[9]
He again discussed the larva of this species in 1950 and also illustrated the larva as well as the pupa of this species.[10] Hudson described the specimen upon which he based his 1950 saying that the green subdorsal lines he described in 1939 were replaced by faint, broken reddish coloured lines. Hudson also stated that the larva of A. facatalis had black legs which appeared to be characteristic for this species.[10]
Hudson also described the pupa:
The length of the pupa is slightly under 1⁄2 inch (11 mm.). In form it is very like the pupa of P. aeolodes; the dorsal appendages are slightly shorter and flatter, with a small spine projecting from the extremity of each; general colour rather dull reddish-brown, a little paler on ventral surface, and faintly mottled with darker brown; an obscure paler lateral line; abdomen with four rows of conspicuous whitish warts. The pupa is suspended by the tail, with the ventral surface appressed to supporting object.[9]
Walker originally described the adult male of the species as follows:
Male. Ferruginous. Tibiae and tarsi ferruginous, with two whitish bands on each. Fore wings falcate, speckled with cinereous; a triangular black costal spot beyond two-thirds of the length, attenuated towards the disk ; a pale lawn-coloured costal spot adjoining the outer side of the black spot, including a black longitudinal streak, another black streak behind the first, partly bordered by an acute angle, which is formed by the submarginal transverse whitish line ; three elongated irregular blackish marks along the interior border. Length of the body 6 — 7 lines ; of the wings 12—14 lines.[4]
This adult moths are very similar in appearance to A. repletalis. However A. falcatalis has a more rectangular and parallel-edged second lobe of the forewing than P. carduidactyla.
Distribution
[edit]
This species is endemic to New Zealand.[1][11] It is found in both the North and South Islands.[9]
Life history and behaviour
[edit]The larvae are diurnal in their feeding habits.[12] Prior to pupation the larva will retract its head and move the anterior segments of its body in a humping action.[12] The pupa is formed by the larva after it attaches itself to a leaf or twig with a silk pad, hanging head down.[12] The pupa is peculiarly shaped and can come in two colour shades, either a yellowish, green or a darkish brown.[12] Hudson hypothesised that this species has two broods a year.[9] The adults of this species have been observed on the wing all year round but is more commonly seen in late summer and autumn.[8]
Hosts
[edit]The larval host plants of this species include Veronica stricta, Veronica salicifolia,Veronica elliptica, Veronica macrocarpa and Veronica speciosa.[13] The larvae of A. falcatalis make mines in leaves of large leaved species of Veronica and also tunnel into centre of the buds of these plants.[13]
Predators
[edit]Research undertaken prior to the introduction of Trigonospila brevifacies into New Zealand as a bio control, indicated that this species of fly uses A. falcatalis as a larval host.[14]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b c d Gordon, Dennis P., ed. (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Kingdom animalia: chaetognatha, ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Vol. 2. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-877257-93-3. OCLC 973607714. OL 25288394M. Wikidata Q45922947.
- ^ a b c d Dugdale , J. S. (23 September 1988). "Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa". Fauna of New Zealand. 14. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: 133. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.14. ISSN 0111-5383. Wikidata Q45083134.
- ^ a b Cees Gielis (1993). "Generic revision of the superfamily Pterophoroidea (Lepidoptera)". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 290 (1): 76. ISSN 0024-1652. Wikidata Q93258703.
- ^ a b c Francis Walker (1864), List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. XXX: Tineites, London, p. 931, Wikidata Q108264250
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ von Wüllerstorf-Urbair, Bernhard Freiherr (1864). Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Vol. 2. Wien: Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei; in Commission bei K. Gerold's Sohn. p. Tab. CXL.
- ^ Alfred Philpott (14 December 1923), Notes and descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera, vol. 54, p. 150, Wikidata Q109354500
- ^ Alfred Philpott (September 1928). "Notes and Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 59: 485. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q68431664.
- ^ a b Hudson, G. V. (1928), The butterflies and moths of New Zealand, Illustrator: George Hudson, Wellington: Ferguson and Osborn Limited, p. 207, LCCN 88133764, OCLC 25449322, Wikidata Q58593286
- ^ a b c d e George Vernon Hudson (1939), A supplement to the butterflies and moths of New Zealand, Illustrator: George Hudson, Wellington: Ferguson and Osborn Limited, p. 429, OCLC 9742724, Wikidata Q109420935
- ^ a b c George Vernon Hudson (1950), Fragments of New Zealand entomology. - a popular account of all New Zealand cicadas. The natural history of the New Zealand glow-worm. A second supplement to the butterflies and moths of New Zealand and notes on many other native insects., Wellington, p. 103, Wikidata Q107693053
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Amblyptilia falcatalis (Walker, 1864)". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
- ^ a b c d A. V. Chappell (July 1934). "LIFE-HISTORIES OF SOME NEW ZEALAND LEPIDOPTERA, WITH NOTES ON THE MALE GENITALIA AND LARVAL CHAETOTAXY". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy. 3 (7): 165–166. doi:10.1111/J.1365-3113.1934.TB01571.X. ISSN 0375-0434. Wikidata Q115123172.
- ^ a b "Amblyptilia falcatalis (Walker, 1864)". plant-synz.landcareresearch.co.nz. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ^ "BCANZ · Biological Control Agents introduced to New Zealand". b3.net.nz. Retrieved 2022-11-08.