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Phú Thọ province

Coordinates: 21°20′N 105°10′E / 21.333°N 105.167°E / 21.333; 105.167
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(Redirected from Phu Tho Province)
For other uses, see Phú Thọ.
Phú Thọ
Province
Hung Shrine  • Việt Trì City  • Xuân Sơn National Park  • Mount Phú Thọ  • Âu Cơ Temple  • Hospital Phú Thọ  • Văn Lang Park
Official seal of Phú Thọ
Seal
Location of Phú Thọ within Vietnam
Location of Phú Thọ within Vietnam
Map
Coordinates: 21°20′N 105°10′E / 21.333°N 105.167°E / 21.333; 105.167
Country Vietnam
RegionNortheast
CapitalViệt Trì
Subdivision1 city, 1 district-level town, 11 rural districts
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyPhú Thọ People's Council
 • Secretary of the PartyBùi Minh Châu
 • Chairman of People's CouncilBùi Minh Châu
 • Chairman of People's CommitteeBùi Văn Quang
Area
[1]
 • Province
3,534.56 km2 (1,364.70 sq mi)
Population
 (2023)[2]
 • Province
1,530,800
 • Density430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
 • Urban
270,348
Ethnic groups
[2]
 • Vietnamese82.95%
 • Mường14.92%
 • Dao1.07%
 • Others1.06%
GDP[3]
 • ProvinceVND 57.353 trillion
US$ 2.348 billion
Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)
Area codes210
ISO 3166 codeVN-68
HDI (2020)Increase 0.724[4]
(24th)
Websitewww.phutho.gov.vn

Phú Thọ is a province in northern Vietnam. Its capital is Việt Trì, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Hanoi and 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Nội Bài International Airport.[5] The province covers an area of 3,534.56 km2 (1,364.70 sq mi)[1] and, as of 2023, it had a population of 1,530,800.[2]

The history of Phú Thọ is linked to the 18 dynasties of Hùng kings who were credited with building the nation of Văn Lang. Because of its strategic location, the province is known as the "West Gate of Hanoi". It is located at the confluence of two large rivers: the Red River and the Da River, and in a transitional area between the Red River Delta the country's northern mountainous provinces. The Xuân Sơn National Park, established in February 2002, is located in the province about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Việt Trì. The park covers an area of 15,048 hectares (37,180 acres), with over 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) of natural forest and 1,396 hectares (3,450 acres) of limestone-mountain forests. Phú Thọ is one of the poorest areas of Vietnam and the poorest households earn below US$6 per person per month. Tea is important to the economy of the province. The Hung Kings temple complex, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh mountain in Việt Trì, is a complex of majestic architecture enclosing Hạ Temple (built in the 15th century), Thiện Quang pagoda, Giếng, Trung and Thuong temples, and King Hung's tomb.

History

[edit]
See also: Capture of Hưng Hóa
Map of Phu Tho province in 1909

The history of the area is traced to the early third millennium BC during the Hong Bang period. Hence, the province was part of the first Vietnamese state known as Xich Quy. The Vietnamese rulers of this period are now collectively known as the Hùng kings. Later, the capital was moved to Phong Châu, which is taken as evidence of the historicity of the province. There are many festivals in the province linked to this historical lineage.[6] Beginning in the third century BC during the Thuc dynasty, the Hùng Temple complex, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh mountain, was laid ground to dedicate to the Hùng kings who are credited with building the nation.

In December 1999, Nguyễn Thị Thủy, the leader of an unregistered Protestant house church in the province, was sentenced to one year in prison for "interfering with an officer doing his duty", which caused some religious controversy in the province.[7]

Geography

[edit]

The area of the province is 3,528.1 square kilometres (1,362.2 sq mi), lying between 20°55 to 21°43 North latitude and 104°48 to 105°27 East longitude. Located in northern Vietnam, it is situated at the head of a triangular formation of the Red River Delta in the northern mountainous region. It is delimited by the provinces of Tuyên Quang and Yên Bài in the north, Sơn La and Hòa Bình in the west, Hà Tây to the south, and Hà Giang and Vĩnh Phúc to the east. These provinces are connected to Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. Phú Thọ province, due to its strategic location, is often called the "West Gate of Hanoi". Its location is at the confluence of two large rivers namely, the Red and Da Rivers; this province links the northern provinces of the Red River delta with the country's mountainous provinces and also the two Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan.[5]

Climate

[edit]

Phú Thọ is located in the subtropical monsoon region. The province has recorded average temperature of 23.5 °C (74.3 °F); the highest temperature and the lowest temperatures recorded have been 29 °C (84 °F) (July) and 15 °C (59 °F) (February), respectively. The average rainfall varies between 1,600 millimetres (63 in) and 1,800 millimetres (71 in). Humidity is high during the monsoon season from May to October with the annual average figure of 85%; in the dry season it goes below 80%. Precipitation is in the form of rainfall, most of it falling during the monsoon period. Most of the rain usually falls between April and September.[5]

Water resources

[edit]
Lô River

Three large rivers flow through the province: the Red, Lô and Da rivers, which ensure a plentiful source of water serving daily life as well as industrial purposes.[5] The total length of these three river systems is 200 km through the province and the area drained is 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi). The annual surface water resources in the province in its river systems has been assessed as 42,000,000,000 cubic meters.[5]

Mineral resources

[edit]

The mineral resources recorded in Phú Thọ province are kaolin, feldspar, spirit ores, stone and gravel sand for construction and mineral water.[5]

Xuân Sơn National Park

[edit]

The Xuân Sơn National Park was established in February 2002. It is located approximately 80 km from Việt Trì City. The park covers an area of 15,048 hectares (37,180 acres), with more than 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) of natural forests and 1,396 hectares (3,450 acres) of limestone-mountain forests.[8] The park is biologically rich with some 465 species of upper plants and 282 species of fauna, including 23 species of amphibians, 30 species of reptiles, 168 species of birds and 61 species of mammals.[8] Rarer species, such as Tibetan bears, white pheasants, gray gibbons, and cobras are common in the park.[8] The highest points of the park are Mount Voi (1,387m), Mount Ten (1,244m) and Mount Cẩn (1,144m).[8] There are extensive grottoes and caves[9] running 7–8  km inside these mountains; they contain large populations of bats.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Phú Thọ is subdivided into 13 district-level sub-divisions:

  • 11 districts:

They are further subdivided into 11 commune-level towns (or townlets), 248 communes, and 18 wards.

Table of local government divisions

[edit]
Name Division type Population (2003) Area (km2) Towns (huyện lỵ or thị trấn) (bold)
and communes (xã)
Việt Trì City (thành phố) [10] 415,280 110[10] Wards (phường): Bạch Hạc, Thanh Miếu, Thọ Sơn, Tiên Cát, Nông Trang, Vân Cơ, Bến Gót, Gia Cẩm, Tân Dân, Dữu Lâu, Minh Nông, Minh Phương, Vân Phú.
Communes (xã): Thuỵ Vân, Phượng Lâu, Sông Lô, Trưng Vương, Hy Cương, Chu Hoá, Thanh Đình, Hùng Lô, Kim Đức, Tân Đức.
Phú Thọ Township (thị xã) 63,333[11] 64[11] Wards (phường): Hùng Vương, Phong Châu, Âu Cơ, Thanh Vinh, Trường Thịnh.
Communes (xã): Hà Lộc, Văn Lung, Phú Hộ, Hà Thạch, Thanh Minh.
Cẩm Khê District District (huyện) 128,537[11] 234.2[11] Sông Thao, Cát Trù, Cấp Dẫn, Chương Xá, Điêu Lương, Đồng Cam, Đồng Lương, Hiền Đa, Hương Lung, Ngô Xá, Phú Khê, Phú Lạc, Phùng Xá, Phương Xá, Phượng Vĩ, Sai Nga, Sơn Nga, Sơn Tình, Tam Sơn, Tạ Xá, Thanh Nga, Thụy Liễu, Tiên Lương, Tình Cương, Tùng Khê, Tuy Lộc, Văn Bán, Văn Khúc, Xương Thịnh, Yên Dưỡng, Yên Tậρ
Đoan Hùng District District (huyện) 105,242[11] 302[11] Đoan Hùng, Đông Khê, Nghinh Xuyên, Hùng Quan, Vân Du, Chí Đám, Hữu Đô, Đại Nghĩa, Phú Thứ, Hùng Long, Vụ Quang, Minh Phú, Chân Mộng, Vân Đồn, Minh Tiến, Tiêu Sơn, Yên Kiện, Sóc Đăng, Ngọc Quan, Phong Phú, Phương Trung, Tây Cốc, Ca đình, Phúc Lai, Quế Lâm, Bằng Luân, Bằng Doãn, Minh Lương
Hạ Hòa District District (huyện) 108,556[11] 340[11] Hạ Hòa, Lệnh Khanh, Cáo Điền, Ấm Hạ, Phương Viên, Hậu Bổng, Đại Phạm, Đan Hà, Gia Điền, Y Sơn, Yên Luật, Lang Sơn, Chính Công, Yên Kỳ, Mai Tùng, Liên Phương, Hà Lương, Hương Xạ, Vụ Cầu, Minh Hạc, Vĩnh Chân, Phụ Khánh, Đan Thượng, Minh Côi, Văn Lang, Vô Tranh, Bằng Giã, Chuế Lưu, Xuân Áng, Lâm Lợi, Quân Khê, Hiền Lương, Động Lâm.
Lâm Thao District District (huyện) 106,610[11] 115[11] Lâm Thao, Hùng Sơn, Xuân Huy, Thạch Sơn, Tiên Kiên, Sơn Vi, Hợp Hải, Kinh Kệ, Bản Nguyên, Vĩnh Lại, Tứ Xã, Sơn Dương, Xuân Lũng, Cao Xá.
Phù Ninh District District (huyện) 114,048[11] 167[11] Phong Châu, Trạm Thản, Tiên Phú, Liên Hoa, Vĩnh Phú, Trung Giáp, Bảo Thanh, Trị Quận, Hạ Giáp, Gia Thanh, Phú Nham, Phú Lộc, Tiên Du, Phù Ninh, An Đạo, Tử Đà, Bình Bộ, Phú Mỹ, Lệ Mỹ.
Tam Nông District District (huyện) 82,370[11] 156[11] Hưng Hóa, Hùng Đô, Quang Húc, Hiền Quan, Thanh Uyên, Tam Cường, Văn Lương, Cổ Tiết, Hương Nộn, Thọ Văn, Dị Nậu, Dân Quyền, Phương thịnh, Tề Lễ, Tứ Mỹ, Xuân Quang, Hương Nha, Vực Trường.
Tân Sơn District District (huyện) 75,897 688.6 Minh Đài, Tân Phú, Mỹ Thuận, Thu Ngạc, Thạch Kiệt, Thu Cúc, Lai Đồng, Đồng Sơn, Tân Sơn, Kiệt Sơn, Xuân Đài, Kim Thượng, Xuân Sơn, Văn Luông, Long Cốc, Tam Thanh,Vinh Tiền.
Thanh Ba District District (huyện) 109,806[11] 194[11] Thanh Ba, Đồng Xuân, Lương Lỗ, Hanh Cù, Yển Khê, Vũ Yển, Phương Lĩnh, Mạn Lạn, Hoàng Cương, Thanh Xá, Chí Tiên, Sơn Cương, Đỗ Sơn, Thanh Hà, Đông Thành, Khải Xuân, Võ Lao, Quảng Nạp, Ninh Dân, Yên Nội, Thái Ninh, Đông Lĩnh, Đại An, Năng Yên, Đỗ Xuyên, Thanh Vân, Vân Lĩnh.
Thanh Sơn District District (huyện) 187,700[11] 1309[11] Thanh Sơn, Sơn Hùng, Địch Quả, Giáp Lai, Thục Luyện, Võ Miếu, Thạch Khoán, Cự Thắng, Tất Thắng, Văn Miếu, Cự Đồng, Thắng Sơn, Tân Minh, Hương Cần, Khả Cửu, Tân Lập, Đông Cửu, Yên Lãng, Yên Lương, Thượng Cửu, Lương Nha, Yên Sơn, Tinh Nhuệ.
Thanh Thủy District District (huyện) 76,330[11] 124[11] Thanh Thủy, Xuân Lộc, Thạch Đồng, Tân Phương, La Phù, Bảo Yên, Đoan Hạ, Sơn Thủy (Son Vi, Thuy Tram, Phu Lao), Hoàng Xá, Trung Thịnh, Đồng Luận, Trung Nghĩa, Phượng Mao, Yến Mao, Tu Vũ, Đào Xá.
Yên Lập District District (huyện) 79,548[11] 437[11] Yên Lập, Mỹ Lung, Mỹ Lương, Lương Sơn, Xuân An, Xuân Viên, Xuân Thủy, Hưng Long, Thượng Long, Nga Hoàng, Trung Sơn, Đồng Thịnh, Phúc Khánh, Ngọc Lập, Ngọc Đồng, Minh Hòa, Đồng Lạc.

Demographics

[edit]
Men of Phú Thọ province

The province has one town municipality, ten rural districts, five precincts, nine district-level towns and 181 communes.[12]

According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Phú Thọ province as of 2008 was 1,364,700 with a density of 387 persons per square kilometre over a total land area of 3,528.1 square kilometres (1,362.2 sq mi). It is one of the least populated provinces in the northern midlands and mountain areas of Vietnam.[13] The male population at this time was 660,200[14] with females accounting for 704,500.[15] The rural population was 1,146,700 against an urban population of 218,000 (about 20% of the rural population).[16][17] The average population density is 3,706 per km2 except Việt Trì City, where it is 21,042 per km2.

Ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh), Mường, Dao and Sán Chay are the dominant ethnic groups which live in the province. The Dao build their houses in the traditional style, built either on stilts, level with the ground or half on stilts and the other half beaten with earth. Du village, located within the Xuân Sơn National Park, contains an overwhelming majority of this ethnic group is a tourist attraction.[9]

Economy

[edit]
The provincial capital of Việt Trì

Phú Thọ is one of the poorest areas of Vietnam; the poorest households earn below $6 (USD) per person per month.[18] As of 1997, the provincial economy was roughly evenly split at 33% of the workforce working in agriculture, industry and in services respectively. In the period during 1990–1995, the annual increase rate in income 72%. The city of Việt Trì (population 181,123 (2009)) is the headquarters of many companies and groups active in the province and contains many of the industrial firms and service industries.[5]

A tea hill in Phú Thọ

In agriculture, tea is important to the economy and is the main industrial crop.[18] In the mid-19th century, the established the tea industry in Vietnam, particularly in Phú Thọ province and they had established three research stations to promote tea plantations 33,000 acres (13,000 ha) which were cultivated in Vietnam. Until 1945, during World War II, the tea gardens were deserted, and post-World War II development of the tea industry restarted with assistance from other tea producing countries. The Vietnamese established a Tea Development Incorporation.[19] The total planted area was estimated at 8,400 hectares (21,000 acres) in 2001, (7,200 hectares (18,000 acres) in 1997), around 9% of the cultivated area of the province. The province has an annual production of 31,000 tons of fresh tea (7,000 tonnes of dry tea), although between 1998 and 2001 there was an annual rise of 8% due to the increase in area and yield. As of 2002, the annual production was estimated at 100,000 tons of dry tea, tea consumption stood at 20,000 tonnes a year and 80,000 tons were exported. Over 15,000 families in the province are involved in tea production.[18]

Agriculture in the commune of Phú Khê, Cẩm Khê District

The French agency Agence Française de Développement (AFD) are active in the province and have financed a tea production development program for villages in eight of the province's districts and aims contribute to the economic development of rural populations and improve their living conditions. Under AFD investment (8.5 million euro grant from France), some 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres) of new plantations will be created and existing plantations will be improved in yields and efficiency. 3000 families were expected to benefit from this project. The project has also facilitated improvements in infrastructure in some 115 km of existing routes.[18][19]

The Vietnamese government had a development strategy for the 2001–10, aiming to improve the output and income of the provincial economy, aiming to double its GDP, increase exports fourfold and strengthen the socialist market economy. Some of the relevant economics statistics related the agriculture and industries sectors are given below. As against the national figure of 273 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery cooperatives there are 100 cooperatives, of which 96 are agricultural cooperatives and three are fisheries cooperatives.[20] The number of cooperatives is 100 as against 7592 cooperatives in the country.[21] There are only 192 farms (last reported in 2002) as against the national number of 120,699.[22]

The output value of agriculture produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 1686.6 billion đồngs against the national value of 156,681.9 billion dongs.[23] The province produced 280,300 tonnes of cereals [when?] as against the national production of 421.3 million tonnes.[24]

The per capita production of cereals in the district was 308.7 kilograms (681 lb) as against the national figure of 501.8 kilograms (1,106 lb) in 2007.[25] The province is also known for its grapefruit, palm oil, rice and cassava; freshwater fish are caught in the Red River. In 2007, the industrial output of the province was 11705.1 billion dongs against the national output of 1.47 million billion dongs.[26]

Culture

[edit]
Đầm Ao Châu, Hạ Hòa

Đền Hùng is a national historical location where the Vietnamese give their respects to Hung kings because of their contributions to the country 4000 years ago.

Hung Kings temple complex

[edit]

Hung Kings Temple, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh Mountain, 175 meters by sea level in Việt Trì city, is a complex of majestic architectures encompassing the Hạ Temple, the Thiền Quang pagoda, the Giếng, Trung and Thuong temples, and King Hung's tomb. The Hạ temple was built in the 15th century and is approached from the Dai Mon Gate. There is also a 700-year-old tree in front of this temple. The legend narrated to this temple is that Âu Cơ gave birth to 100 children. Her husband, Lạc Long Quân, led 50 of the children to the coastal region and settled them to propagate his race. Âu Cơ took 49 children up to the mountainous area. The eldest among these children became Hùng king and renamed the country Văn Lang and made Phong Châu its capital.[6]

The Thuong Temple is approached from Trung Temple over a pathway, which has 102 brick steps. The kings worshipped the Sun God, the Earth God, the Rice God, and Saint Dong. At this temple location, the last ruler of the 18th Hung dynasty handed the reins of his kingdom to Thục Phán, who established a memorial stone pillar and took an oath that he would maintain the temple and also the inheritance of the Hung's family. King Hung's tomb is the tomb of a ruler of the 6th Hung dynasty. It is claimed the 6th dynasty Hung king, after defeating the intruders to his country, removed his dress and hung them on the branch of the kim giao tree. He soon after died right at that location. Giếng Temple is at the foot of the mountain where an 18th dynasty king's daughters, Ngọc Hoa and Tiên Dung, worshipped. They used their reflection in the water surface of the well to manicure their hair.[6]

Festival

[edit]

A festival known as the "Hung Temple Festival" is held from 8th to the 11th day of the third lunar month with the main festival being held the 10th day in Nghĩa Lĩnh Mountain, Hy Cuong Commune, Việt Trì City and Phú Thọ Province. At this festival, 18 dynasties of Hung kings are worshipped for establishing the then Văn Lang State, predecessor to present-day Vietnam. It is celebrated with lot of pomp and show as a love and pride of their homeland and ancestral land, when all the descendants of the Hung Kings gather for the festivities in which the state officials also take part. A grand procession of 100 young men and women in their traditional costumes, symbolizing children of the "Dragon and Fairy" is held. The procession is followed by a Xoan singing performance (folk songs of Vĩnh Phúc) in the Thuong Temple; a classical opera known as ca tru is held in the Hà temple. Other festivities include bamboo swings, nem con (throwing a sacred ball through the ring), cham thau (beating bronze drums) and dam duong (pounding rice).[6]

Education

[edit]

Education and training system is well established in the province. Hung Vuong University, Continuous Education Centers of the province and at all districts, Transformatic and Language Center, and other colleges and vocational schools are the institutions which contribute richly to the educational standards of the province. They help in generating the required well-trained and skilled workers.[5] There are 542 schools (8,779 classes) with a total of 304,326 pupils, and four high schools totalling 30,221 pupils. There are three colleges and one pre-university.

Transport and communications

[edit]

The province is very well connected by roads, rail, air and water transport systems that connect with all regions in Vietnam, which has facilitated its economic growth.[5]

Roads
The town of Hạ Hòa

The important road system consist of the National Highway No. 2, Yunnan–Kunming express highway route that runs from China's Yunnan province through the Tuyên Quang and Phú Thọ provinces to Nội Bài International Airport; it continues as National Highway No. 5 to Haiphong and National Highway No. 18 links to the port of Cái Lân in Quảng Ninh province. National Highway 32A, which runs from Hanoi traverses through Phú Thọ and terminates in Hòa Bình. National Highway 32C, also from Hanoi, passes through Phú Thọ to Yên Bài, eventually entering Laos. The Tran-Asian road and the Hồ Chí Minh trail also pass through the province.[5]

Railway

A Trans-Asia railway line runs from Yunnan to Hanoi and goes through Lào Cai and Phú Thọ provinces. This is connected with the Hanoi-Haiphong and Hanoi-Hồ Chí Minh City railways. The railway connects to the two industrial zones of Thủy Vân and Bạch Hạ.[5]

Water transport

Việt Trì City is an important river port. It is at the confluence of the three major rivers that flow from China through this province in Vietnam. This waterway, as the main water transport route in the province, has a total length of 235 kilometres (146 mi). Việt Trì's river port is one of largest river ports in Vietnam and has an annual capacity of 1 million tonnes.[5]

Other infrastructure facilities

[edit]

The electricity system and grid lines in the province are very stable. All of the local districts are connected to the national electricity network, which covers the entire province.[5] Việt Trì City, capital of the province and its suburbs are provided with safe drinking water from a plant, which has a capacity of 42,000 m3/day. The plant uses German technology. Postal and telecommunication utilities and services are very well established for both domestic and international communication.[5]

References

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  1. ^ a b Biểu số 4.1: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Trung du và miền núi phía Bắc năm 2022 [Table 4.1: Current land use status in the Northern Midlands and Mountains in 2022] (PDF) (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). 18 October 2023. – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers
  2. ^ a b c General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
  3. ^ "Tình hình kinh tế, xã hội Phú Thọ năm 2018". Cổng thông tin điện tử tỉnh Phú Thọ. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Overview of Phú Thọ". Phú Thọ Industrial Zones. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d "Phú Thọ Province, Vietnam". Vietnam Path finder Travel. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  7. ^ Larkin, Barbara (2001). International Religious Freedom (2000): Annual Report: Submitted by the U.S. Department of State. DIANE Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 0-7567-1229-7.
  8. ^ a b c d "Xuan Son National Park in Phú Thọ". Discover Vietnam. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  9. ^ a b "Exploring Xuan Son National Park in Vietnam". Vietnam.com. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  10. ^ a b "Cổng thông tin điện tử TP Việt Trì - Viettri Portal".
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  12. ^ "Administrative Unit, Land and Climate: Number of administrative units as of 31 December 2008 by province". General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  13. ^ "Population and population density in 2008 by province". General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  14. ^ "Population and Employment: Average male population by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  15. ^ "Average female population by province". General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  16. ^ "Average urban population by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  17. ^ "Average ruralpopulation by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d "Tea Growing in Phu Tho Province". Agence française de développement. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  19. ^ a b Heiss, Mary Lou; Robert J. Heiss (2007). The story of tea: a cultural history and drinking guide. Ten Speed Press. pp. 245–46. ISBN 978-1-58008-745-2. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  20. ^ "Number of cooperatives in 2008 by kind of activity and by province: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  21. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Number of cooperatives by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  22. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Number of farms by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  23. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery: Output value of agriculture at constant 1994 prices". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  24. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:Production of cereals by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  25. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:Production of cereals per capita by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  26. ^ "Industry: Industrial output value at current prices by province". Population and Employment: General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
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