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Peter Townsend (RAF officer)

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Peter Townsend
Flight Lieutenant Townsend in 1940
Born(1914-11-22)22 November 1914
Rangoon, Burma, British India
(now Yangon, Myanmar)
Died19 June 1995(1995-06-19) (aged 80)
Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines, France
Buried
Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service / branchRoyal Air Force
Years of service1933–1955
RankGroup Captain
Commands
Battles / warsSecond World War
Awards
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1941; div. 1952)​
Marie-Luce Jamagne
​
​
(m. 1959)​
Children5

Group Captain Peter Wooldridge Townsend, CVO, DSO, DFC & Bar (22 November 1914 – 19 June 1995) was a British Royal Air Force officer, flying ace, courtier and author. He was equerry to King George VI from 1944 to 1952 and held the same position for Elizabeth II from 1952 to 1953. Townsend notably had a romance with Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister.

Early life

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Townsend was born in Rangoon, Burma, to doctor's son Lieutenant Colonel Edward Copleston Townsend, of the Indian Army,[1] and his wife, Gladys, daughter of Herbert Hatt-Cook, of Hartford Hall, Cheshire;[2][3][4] his father had married aged 42, 20 years older than his bride.[5] The Townsend family, of Devon, tended to send its sons into the church or the armed forces.[1]

From 1928 to 1932, Townsend was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, then an all-boys private school.[6]

RAF career

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Townsend joined the Royal Air Force in 1933 and trained at RAF Cranwell. He was commissioned a pilot officer on 27 July 1935.[7] On graduation, he joined No. 1 Squadron RAF at RAF Tangmere flying the Hawker Fury biplane fighter. In 1936 he was posted to No. 36 Squadron RAF in Singapore, flying the Vickers Vildebeest torpedo bomber.[8] He was promoted to flying officer on 27 January 1937,[9] and returned to Tangmere that year as a member of No. 43 Squadron RAF. Townsend was promoted to flight lieutenant on 27 January 1939.[10]

In a memoir, Townsend recounted 605 Squadron's arrival at Tangmere, just before the outbreak of war. Townsend says that

Things hummed at Tangmere Cottage, just opposite the guard room, where [605's commanding officer John Willoughby de Broke and his wife Rachel] kept open house. There we spent wild evenings, drinking, singing, dancing to romantic tunes . . . we danced blithely, relentlessly towards catastrophe. . . . With one chance in five of survival - not counting the burnt and the wounded - only a handful of us would come through [i.e., survive to the end of World War II].[11]

The first enemy aircraft to crash on English soil during the Second World War fell to fighters from RAF Acklington in Northumberland on 3 February 1940, when three Hurricanes of 'B' flight, No. 43 Squadron, shot down a Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 of 4./KG 26 near Whitby. The pilots were Flight Lieutenant Townsend, Flying Officer "Tiger" Folkes and Sergeant James Hallowes. Two more He 111s were claimed by Townsend, on 22 February and 8 April, and a sixth share on 22 April. Enemy aircraft had been shot down in 1939 by the RAF from over Scotland's Scapa Flow naval base during the Luftwaffe's first raid on Britain.[12] Townsend was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in April 1940:[13]

Flight Lieutenant Peter Wooldridge Townsend (33178) In April 1940, whilst on patrol over the North Sea, Flight Lieutenant Townsend intercepted and attacked an enemy aircraft at dusk and after a running fight shot it down. This is the third success obtained by this pilot and in each instance he has displayed qualities of leadership, skill and determination of the highest order, with little regard for his own safety.

Squadron Leader Townsend of No. 85 Squadron RAF exits his Hawker Hurricane at RAF Castle Camps, July 1940

By May 1940, Townsend was one of the most capable squadron leaders of the Battle of Britain, serving throughout the battle as commanding officer of No. 85 Squadron RAF, flying Hawker Hurricanes. On 11 July 1940, Acting Squadron Leader Townsend, flying Hurricane VY-K (P2716) intercepted a Dornier Do 17 of KG 2 and severely damaged the bomber, forcing it to crash land at Arras. Return fire from the Dornier hit the Hurricane coolant system and Townsend was forced to ditch 20 miles (32 km) from the English coast, being rescued by HM Trawler Cape Finisterre. He was mentioned in despatches the same month.[14] On 31 August, during combat with Messerschmitt Bf 110s over Tonbridge, Townsend was shot down and wounded in the left foot by a cannon shell which went through the glycol tank and exploded in the cockpit. He continued to lead the unit on the ground even after this wound resulted in his big toe being amputated, and he returned to operational flying on 21 September. Townsend was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 September 1940.[15] A Bar to his DFC was awarded in early September 1940, for leading his squadron in protecting convoys during July and August 1940, personally shooting down four enemy aircraft and leading his squadron in destroying at least 10 enemy aircraft and damaging many others. The citation said of his leadership "...The success which has been achieved has been due to Squadron Leader Townsend's unflagging zeal and leadership."[16]

Townsend oversaw the conversion of No. 85 Squadron to night operations at RAF Hunsdon in Hertfordshire during early 1941. In May 1941, by now an acting wing commander and credited with shooting down at least 11 enemy aircraft, Townsend was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). His citation credited Townsend as an officer who had "...displayed outstanding powers of leadership and organisation, combined with great determination and skill in air combat. By his untiring efforts he has contributed materially to the many successes obtained by his squadron."[17]

Townsend was promoted to the temporary rank of wing commander on 1 December 1941.[18] He later became commanding officer of RAF Drem in Scotland in April 1942 and commanded No. 611 Squadron RAF, a Spitfire unit. He was later leader of No. 605 Squadron RAF, a night fighter unit, and attended the staff college from October 1942. In January 1943, he was appointed commanding officer of RAF West Malling in Kent. His wartime record was nine aircraft claimed destroyed, and two shared, two 'probables' and four damaged.[19]

In 1944, Townsend was appointed temporary equerry to King George VI;[20] the officer had been the future king's flight instructor in the 1930s.[21] In the same year, the appointment was made permanent, and he served until 1953 when he became Extra Equerry,[22] an honorary office he held until his death. He ended his wartime service with the temporary rank of wing commander and was promoted to the permanent rank of wing commander on 1 January 1949.[23]

In August 1950, Townsend was made deputy Master of the Household and was moved to comptroller to the Queen Mother in 1952.[24] He was promoted to group captain on 1 January 1953,[25] and retired from the Royal Household the same year.

Townsend served as air attaché in Brussels from 1953 to 1956.

Later life

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Townsend spent much of his later years writing non-fiction books. His books include Earth My Friend (about driving/boating around the world alone in the mid-1950s), Duel of Eagles (about the Battle of Britain), The Odds Against Us (also known as Duel in the Dark, about fighting Luftwaffe night bombers in 1940–1941), The Last Emperor (a biography of King George VI), The Girl in the White Ship (about a young refugee from Vietnam in the late 1970s who was the sole survivor of her ship of refugees), The Postman of Nagasaki (about the atomic bombing of Nagasaki),[26] and Time and Chance (an autobiography).[27] He also wrote many short articles and contributed to other books.[28]

Townsend was a director of one of Gerald Carroll's Carroll Group companies.[29]

Townsend was one of several military advisors for the film Battle of Britain (1969). He also appeared in the PBS video The Windsors: A Royal Family (1994).[30][31]

Personal life

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See also: Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon § Romance with Peter Townsend

On 17 July 1941, Townsend married (Cecil) Rosemary Pawle (1921–2004). They had two sons, Giles (1942–2015) and Hugo (b. 1945). The family was resident in Adelaide Cottage in the 1940s.[32] The younger son married Yolande, Princess of Ligne, daughter of Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne and Alix, Princess of Ligne (née Princess Alix of Luxembourg as daughter of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg). Townsend and Pawle divorced in 1952.

After the divorce, Townsend and Princess Margaret decided to marry. He had met her in his role as an equerry to her father, King George VI. Divorcees suffered severe disapproval in the social atmosphere of the time and could not remarry in the Church of England if their former spouse was still alive. Their relationship was considered especially controversial because Margaret's sister, Queen Elizabeth II, was the Church's supreme governor.[33]

When news of the relationship appeared in the press, the government posted Townsend to a position as air attaché at the British Embassy in Brussels. On 31 October 1955, Princess Margaret issued a public statement formally ending the relationship:

"I have been aware that, subject to my renouncing my rights of succession, it might have been possible for me to contract a civil marriage. But, mindful of the Church's teachings that Christian marriage is indissoluble, and conscious of my duty to the Commonwealth, I have resolved to put these considerations before others."

The BBC interrupted its scheduled radio programme to broadcast the statement.[34][35]

In 1959, aged 45, Townsend married 20-year-old Marie-Luce Jamagne, a Belgian national he had met the previous year.[36] They had two daughters and one son. Their younger daughter, Isabelle Townsend, became a commercial model for the fashion designer, Mr. Ralph Lauren in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Isabelle Townsend and her family renovated and lived at Le Moulin de la Tuilerie in Gif-sur-Yvette, where the Duke and Duchess of Windsor had once lived.[37][38]

Death and legacy

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Headstone of the grave in the churchyard of Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines, France.

Townsend died of stomach cancer in 1995, in Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines, France, at the age of 80. The Independent wrote in Townsend's obituary that "He developed, too, a perceptible sense of relief that things turned out the way they did", because "for men like Mark Phillips and Princess Margaret's eventual husband Antony Armstrong-Jones, [marrying into the royal family] turned out to be an almost impossible undertaking".[39]

In 2002, a sculpture of Townsend, designed by Guy Portelli, was erected at Townsend Square, part of the Kings Hill development, on the site formerly occupied by the RAF West Malling airfield.[40]

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Townsend is portrayed by Ben Miles, Timothy Dalton and Hamish Riddle in the Netflix television series The Crown.[41][42]

Selected works

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  • Earth, my friend. Coward-McCann. 1960. OCLC 1329573.
  • Duel of Eagles. Simon and Schuster. 1970. ISBN 0-671-20641-9. OCLC 119851.
  • The last emperor: an intimate account of George VI and the fall of his empire. Simon and Schuster. 1976. ISBN 0-671-22328-3. OCLC 2284054.
  • Time and Chance: an autobiography. Methuen. 1978. ISBN 0-458-93710-X. OCLC 4307096.
  • The Girl in the White Ship. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 1983. ISBN 0-03-057787-X. OCLC 8387613.
  • The Postman of Nagasaki. Collins. 1984. ISBN 0-00-217067-1. OCLC 12010257.
  • Duel in the dark: the sequel to Duel of eagles. Harrap. 1986. ISBN 0-245-54247-7. OCLC 16801897.

References

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  1. ^ a b Barrymaine, Norman (1958). The Peter Townsend Story. E. P. Dutton Ltd., p. 19.
  2. ^ Haileybury Register 1862–1910, Haileybury and Imperial Service College, 1910, p. 191
  3. ^ De-La-Noy, Michael (2004). "Townsend, Peter Woolridge (1914–1995), air force officer and official in the royal household". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/59143. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ "Townsend, Group Captain Peter Wooldridge". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. April 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  5. ^ Royal Sisters- Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Anne Edwards, Lyons Press, 2017, p. 115
  6. ^ "DSO Haileybury 1912 – 1962". haileybury.com. Haileybury and Imperial Service College. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  7. ^ "No. 34197". The London Gazette. 10 September 1935. p. 5743.
  8. ^ Townsend, P. Time and Chance 1978 Book Club Associates pp84-93 with squadron photograph
  9. ^ "No. 34374". The London Gazette. 20 February 1937. p. 1260.
  10. ^ "No. 34598". The London Gazette. 14 February 1939. p. 1072.
  11. ^ Peter Townsend, Time and Chance: An Autobiography (London: Collins,1978) page 108
  12. ^ "3rd February 1940: Peter Townsend scores first with first plane shot down over England". WWII Today. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  13. ^ "No. 34840". The London Gazette. 30 April 1940. p. 2556.
  14. ^ "No. 34893". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4268.
  15. ^ "No. 35525". The London Gazette. 14 April 1942. p. 1649.
  16. ^ "No. 34940". The London Gazette. 6 September 1940. p. 5407.
  17. ^ "No. 35161". The London Gazette. 13 May 1941. p. 2744.
  18. ^ "No. 35383". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 December 1941. p. 7111.
  19. ^ Bowman, Martin (2015). RAF Fighter Pilots in WWII. Pen and Sword. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-78383-192-0.
  20. ^ "No. 36425". The London Gazette. 14 March 1944. p. 1229.
  21. ^ "WHO IS TOWNSEND?". Australian Women's Weekly. 23 March 1955. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  22. ^ "No. 39904". The London Gazette. 3 July 1953. p. 3676.
  23. ^ "No. 38490". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1948. p. 6721.
  24. ^ "No. 38983". The London Gazette. 1 August 1950. p. 3953.
  25. ^ "No. 39739". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1952. p. 53.
  26. ^ Tsuchiya, Takeshi (23 July 2018). "A-bomb book by Briton to be reprinted on Nagasaki anniversary". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  27. ^ "Peter Townsend". Waterstones.
  28. ^ Anderson, Susan Heller (24 August 1980). "Peter Townsend, at 65, Settles In as a Successful Author; Relentless Horror Assistance From World Agencies 'Longing for Revenge' Off Around the World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  29. ^ "SFO looks at 500m fall of Carroll empire", Dominic O'Connell, Sunday Business, 1 October 2000, p. 1.
  30. ^ Goodman, Walter (7 November 1994). "TELEVISION REVIEW; Kings, Queens and Commoners: A Tasting of the Windsor Stew". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  31. ^ "The Windsors: A Royal Family". www.tcm.com. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  32. ^ Valentine Low (14 June 2022). "Adelaide Cottage, duke and duchess's new home, was scene of royal scandal". The Times. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  33. ^ Frost, Katie (8 December 2017). "Princess Margaret and Peter Townsend's Love Affair – The Real Story of Margaret & Captain Townsend". www.townandcountrymag.com. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  34. ^ "1955: Princess Margaret cancels wedding". "On This Day", BBC.
  35. ^ Nikkhah, Roya (7 November 2009). "Princess Margaret: recently unearthed letter sheds new light on decision not to marry". The Daily Telegraph.
  36. ^ Gregory, Joseph R. (2 February 2002). "Princess Margaret Dies at 71; Sister of Queen Elizabeth Had a Troubled Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  37. ^ Petkanas, Christopher (October 2010). "Love Story". Vogue. p. 309.
  38. ^ "Le Moulin – Restoration". The Landmark Trust. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  39. ^ De-la-Noy, Michael (21 June 1995). "Obituary: Gp Capt Peter Townsend". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Guy Portelli Sculpture Studio".
  41. ^ Samuelson, Kate. "'The Crown' and the True History of Princess Margaret's Doomed Romance". Time. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  42. ^ Singh, Anita (25 September 2021). "'Timothy Dalton's licence to thrill Crown audiences as Princess Margaret's former lover". The Telegraph.
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