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Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon

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Future Cruise / Anti-Ship Weapon programme
TypeTP15:
Air-launched cruise missile
Anti-ship missile
RJ10:
Anti-ship missile
SEAD/DEAD missile
Surface-to-air missile
Place of originFrance
Italy
United Kingdom
Service history
In serviceExpected late 2020s to early 2030s
Used byFrench Navy
French Air Force
Italian Air Force
Italian Navy
Royal Air Force
Royal Navy
Production history
DesignerMBDA
VariantsRJ10: supersonic highly-manoeuverable missile[1]
TP15: ultra-low observable subsonic missile[1]
Specifications

The FC/ASW (Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon) or FMAN/FMC in French (Futur Missile Anti-Navire/Futur Missile de Croisière), also dubbed FOSW (Future Offensive Surface Weapon) and SPEAR 5, is a next generation missile programme launched by France and the United Kingdom in 2017 to succeed their jointly-developed Storm Shadow/SCALP as well as their respective Exocet and Harpoon anti-ship missiles.[2][3][4][5] Equally funded by both countries with a workload evenly split, the project is led by MBDA and is a product of the close defence relationship set out between the two nations by the Lancaster House treaties.[6] In June 2023, it was announced Italy would join the programme; a restructuring of the workshare to reflect this new development is expected to take place.[7][8]

In 2017, an agreement for the launch of a concept phase was signed between the two initial partners and, in March 2019, MBDA announced the key review of the programme was successfully completed in cooperation with the French Directorate General of Armament (DGA) and the British Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S).[4]

On 18 February 2022, an agreement and associated contracts signed by the head of the DGA, his British counterpart and the CEO of MBDA confirmed the launch of the preparation works for the FC/ASW.[9][3] As of 2022, the programme was examining two different but complimentary missile concepts; with the discontinuation of a hypersonic solution similar to the CVS401 Perseus which was an early hypersonic missile concept study from MBDA with input from both France and the UK.[9] By 2024, these two concepts had evolved into prototypes for a low observable subsonic cruise missile currently known as the TP15 and a supersonic highly manoeuvrable missile currently known as the RJ10.[10]

The latest timeline for the programme is that the assessment phase will be completed in 2024 and would move to the manufacturing phase from 2025 to 2035.[8]

Development

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Early concept study (CVS401 Perseus)

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An artist's depiction of the Perseus hypersonic multi-role cruise missile concept. Note the two submunitions which have been released from the lateral bays of the parent missile.

Unveiled in 2011 at the Salon du Bourget in Paris,[4] Perseus or CVS401 Perseus (named after the Greek hero Perseus) was a concept study undertaken by MBDA for a stealth hypersonic cruise missile designed in consultation with the Marine Nationale and Royal Navy; a team of ten engineers worked on the design for six months.[11][12][13][14]

The Perseus was to be approximately five metres (16 ft) in length, had a weight of around 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) and be powered by a ramjet motor. The payload consisted of one 200-kilogram (440 lb) main and two 50-kilogram (110 lb) subsidiary warheads which could either directly contribute to the overall impact or be ejected from lateral bays before the missile reaches its target, in effect acting as submunitions. This unique feature would allow a single Perseus to either strike several targets in the same general area or to strike a single large target (such as an aircraft carrier) in several different areas simultaneously, with the aim of maximising damage. "In this case, a linear attack pattern could be selected, munitions striking the forward, centre and aft sections simultaneously. If a unitary blast is required, then the effectors remain on board the parent missile to add their blast effect to the central warhead."[12]

Two types of attack profiles were envisaged: a high-altitude approach, for engaging land-based targets; and a sea-skimming low-altitude approach terminating in a 'pop-up' engagement when dealing with surface threats like enemy warships.[12] The missiles "skimming the sea at wave top" followed by a pop-up manoeuvre would only allow an estimated 3 second response time for enemy warships.[15]

The conceptualised sensor suite consisted of a multi-mode active e-scan radar with synthetic aperture radar and doppler beam sharpening, a laser radar (lidar) for terminal phase imaging and target recognition, and finally a "semi-active laser guidance capability, which MBDA believes will remain important for time-sensitive targeting for many years to come. Additionally, satellite datalink is to be incorporated for in-flight re-targeting using thin-profile, low-observable active antenna arrays.[12]

MBDA animations showed Perseus to be vertically launched from surface warships as well as from the torpedo tubes of submerged attack submarines.[16]

Programme start

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Further information: Exocet, Harpoon (missile), and Storm Shadow

A preliminary study was carried out between 2011 and 2014. It assessed the degree of convergence in the definition of the French and British Armed Forces's operational needs.[17] At the 2016 UK–France Security Summit, the two parties pledged to work on a "joint concept phase for the FC/ASW programme" to cooperate and identify solutions for replacement of both nations' jointly-developed SCALP-EG/Storm Shadow cruise missiles, as well as their respective heavyweight anti-ship missiles: the Harpoon and Exocet; leveraging the agreements set out in the 2010 Lancaster House Treaties[18] At the 2018 United Kingdom-France Summit, the FC/ASW programme was further affirmed.[19]

On 11 July 2018, a joint-inquiry between the French National Défense and Armed Forces Commission and the British House of Commons Defence Select Committee was sat to discuss the FC/ASW program one year into its concept phase.[17] In response to whether part of the system would take on similar roles to that of the Royal Navy's submarine-launched Tomahawk land-attack cruise missile, Lt General Sir Mark Poffley said that "Certainly we would anticipate the sorts of roles that Tomahawk is providing at the moment being catered for inside the requirement here". Additionally, it was confirmed that program would at the very least produce two variants, one air-launched and another surface-launched and that options were being explored as to whether a single missile type or a family of missiles would be required to fulfil both parties' anti-ship and deep-strike requirements. Sir Poffley also stated that a submarine-launched capability was not directly being explored at this time but that "there will undoubtedly be potentially some read-across of some of the work done in this programme to other missile systems". Additionally, Sir Simon Bollom of DE&S, clarified that the UK desired to integrate the resulting air-launched product on to the F-35B in the long-term.[20]

In July 2021, then UK Secretary of State for Defence Jeremy Quin, responded to a question on the in-service date for FC/ASW, stating: "The planning assumption for service entry for Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon on the Type 26 Frigate and Typhoon aircraft is 2028 and 2030 respectively".[21]

I-SSGW

[edit]
Further information: Naval Strike Missile

As a result of FC/ASW being unable to deliver a weapon before 2020, the then retirement date for the UK's Harpoon stockpile, In 2019 the UK began the £200 million Interim Surface to Surface Guided Weapon (I-SSGW) programme to procure a small stockpile of replacement missiles that would provide both anti-ship and land-attack capability (the latter of which was not a capability present in the Harpoon) in the interim until FC/ASW yielded a more capable replacement around 2030. To facilitate the selection and procurement of I-SSGW, Harpoons out-of-service-date would be pushed back to 2023 to provide more time to allow for the interim to be selected and enter service.[22]

In November 2021, It was announced that the I-SSGW programme had been cancelled. First Sea Lord Admiral Tony Radakin explained to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee that the I-SSGW was seen as a "sticking-plaster approach" delivering only a "modest" capability for a short-period of time that would quickly be replaced by the more capable FC/ASW solution and that instead it would be more beneficial to just invest entirely in the FC/ASW programme. This decision would have left the UK without any heavyweight surface-launched anti-shipping capability for most of the 2020s after Harpoon retires and before FC/ASW enters service and was therefore controversial.[23][24][25][26]

On 5 July 2022, during another Commons Defence Select Committee session, it was announced that the I-SSGW programme had restarted, possibly in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.[24] On 23 November 2022, in was announced that the Norwegian Naval Strike Missile (NSM) had been selected for the I-SSGW requirement with eleven sets purchased to equip the Type 23 frigates and Type 45 destroyers with the possibility of migrating some of the sets to the Type 26 or particularly the Type 31 frigates in the future.[27][28] Under the newly named Maritime Offensive Surface Strike programme (MOSS), NSM had its initial operating capability declared on 19 December 2023 a week after the first set was successfully installed on HMS Somerset.[29] However, following a series of defects and current lack of availability as of February 2024, HMS Somerset has yet to conduct a live-firing of NSM and has effectively seen a delay placed on the Royal Navy's escort fleet regaining a key surface warfare capability.[30]

AUKUS backlash

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Further information: AUKUS and SSN-AUKUS

In September 2021 the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to progress the project was postponed by France in response to the AUKUS security pact which saw Australia cancel the acquisition of French-designed conventional submarines (Attack-class) in favour of nuclear submarines based on technology from United States and United Kingdom (SSN-AUKUS).[31][32]

Missile concepts reveal

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In February 2022, a government to government agreement and associated contracts were signed by the two nations.[9] This also came with the announcement that the programme had formally begun assessing two complementary concepts for the missile's design: a subsonic low observable missile and a supersonic missile with high manoeuvrability.[33][9][34] It had been known that the program had already been examining supersonic and subsonic designs for the program prior to this.[14] This announcement also appeared to confirm the programme had discounted the development of a hypersonic missile akin to the conceptualised Perseus, instead choosing to invest further into subsonic/supersonic missile designs. Indications for a two-missile solution for the programme had been publicly displayed almost a year prior at DSEI 2021; then previously described as subsonic and hypersonic solutions, it was reported by Naval News that the British were favouring the subsonic munition whilst the French were favouring the hypersonic option.[35][36]

On 22 July 2022, Naval News reported that the UK's Rolls-Royce and France's Safran had jointly signed an assessment phase contract with MBDA to collaborate in producing the propulsion systems for the FC/ASW program, predominantly around the subsonic missile design.[36]

Italian membership

[edit]

On 20 June 2023, during the Paris Air Show, Italy signed a letter of intent to join the French and British on the FC/ASW programme,[7][37] likely as a means of fielding future replacements both for Italy's Storm Shadow/SCALP stockpiles and for its indigenous Teseo anti-ship missiles. This also came with an announcement that FC/ASW was expected to leave the concept phase and launch the primary design phase starting in 2024 with the finished product(s) entering service around 2028–2030.[7]

On 17 November 2023, Shepard News reported that Italy had confirmed its initial funding of €10 million out of €150 million for the development of FC/ASW between 2023 and 2028.[8][38]

On 13 March 2024, during an annual review press conference, MBDA's CEO, Eric Béranger, explained that France and the UK were still in discussions regarding the adjusted workshare following Italy's letter of intent.[39]

Early design characteristics

[edit]

The Italian funding announcement on 17 November 2023 also came with another timeline update stating that a deep-strike, land-attack variant would be delivered in 2028 and an anti-ship variant delivered in 2034, confirming that the programme would now produce two role-specific missile variants of as of yet unspecified designs.[8][38]

Despite the earlier announcement in 2022 of complementary subsonic and supersonic concepts, there was still confusion as to whether this was in fact confirmation of the programme actually producing two missiles or merely examining which of the two concepts best fit the requirements of all parties (potentially with some parties choosing to field one concept over the other).[40] Some commentators such as Navy Lookout still continued to report at the time that a single weapon (including a hypersonic solution) was being sought.[22][41][42] Others outlets such as Naval News saw it likely that a family of weapons were under development and that a predominantly French-designed supersonic missile and a predominantly British-designed subsonic missile would be fielded together as two distinct but complementary weapons.[36][43] Others still were curious as to how the programme would meet the diverse surface-launched requirements of all parties, with the British seemingly requiring a vertically launched solution whilst the French and Italian navies with fewer strike-length vertical launch cells available likely requiring a canister-launched capability.[40] It was still not known if the program was eventually to develop a missile also capable of being launched from submarines to replace existing submarine-launched missile variants such as the Exocet SM39 and MdCN.[40][42]

In January 2024, in response to a written question from the Shadow Secretary of Defence John Healey on the in-service date of the air-launched variant, The Minister of State for Defence James Cartlidge said that "The planning assumption for service entry for the maritime-launched Future Cruise / Anti-Ship Weapon is 2028; a decision around which options, including off the shelf choices, should fulfil this requirement is ongoing, and will be confirmed in due course in the Full Business Case".[44][45] On 14 May 2024, during the First Sea Lord’s Sea Power Conference, Admiral Ben Key told journalists that three missile options were being explored as part of plans to equip the Type 26 and Type 31 frigates with land-attack missiles: Tomahawk, NSM, and FC/ASW, with the former two options aligning with the "off the shelf" comments from James Cartlidge months earlier.[46]

On 15 May 2024, in response to a programme update from former Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace, James Cartlidge confirmed that "Significant progress has been made on suitable candidate weapon systems to fulfil the Naval and Air requirements" and that the programme was currently focused on "reducing schedule risk, prior to the potential Demonstration and Manufacturing phases, and preparations are underway to prepare towards Full Business Case". He also confirmed that Italy had still yet to be brought into the programme.[47]

In November 2024, at the Euronaval defence exhibition in Paris, MBDA revealed that the development of two prototype missile designs had been progressing over the last twelve months; thus confirming the earlier reports of two distinct but complementary solutions for the programme:

  • A turbojet-powered, ultra-low observable, subsonic missile, designated "TP15" ("TP" standing for Turbo Prop whilst being the fifteenth version of the subsonic solution chosen after examining a wide range of different configurations and test scenarios), which is designed and optimised to overcome enemy defensive systems by avoiding detection like the SCALP and Exocet. The TP15, whose development is led by the UK, will feature a next-generation imaging infrared seeker and is expected to primarily focus on engaging ground targets such as military depots, headquarters, and reinforced concrete facilities, whilst maintaining a secondary anti-ship capability.[48][49] The company stated that the first prototype of the TP15, approximately measuring just over 5 metres (16 ft) long, has already been manufactured and that weapon assessment phase tasks saw the missile subjected to "extreme" radio-frequency (RF) trials in a dedicated RF signature testing facility.[49][1] It was also confirmed that Rolls Royce and Safran were jointly responsible for the design and development of the missile's turbojet engine.[10]
  • A ramjet-powered, highly-manoeuverable, supersonic missile, designated "RJ10" ("RJ" standing for Ramjet and "10" presumably for the tenth version of the supersonic solution), which will use speed and agility to overcome enemy defenses. The RJ10, whose development is led by France, is more akin to designs MBDA had, until now, reserved for strategic deterrence (i.e. the ASMP and its modernized variants). It will feature a next-generation radiofrequency seeker and will be optimised to engage naval targets, perform SEAD/DEAD duties and is also expected to feature an anti-air capability for use against High Value Airborne Assets (HVAAs) such as AWACS and tanker aircraft at long ranges.[49] The RJ10's propulsion system was stated to have undergone "exhaustive" supersonic wind-tunnel testing at MBDA France's facility in Bourges, where the ramjets for the ASMP family were developed and produced.[48][1] It was also revealed French defence electronics specialist, Thales, and MBDA UK had jointly begun testing of the missile's RF seeker.[10]

France and the UK have, so far, each been responsible for 90% of the workload pertaining to the RJ10 and TP15 respectively; French involvement in the British-led TP15 being primarily centered around its propulsion system, whilst British involvement in the French-led RJ10 mainly revolves around its seeker.[50][51][52] Trials completed so far across both missiles include tests on their advanced seekers, tests of their warheads and fuzing systems, as well as aerodynamic trials and other propulsion-related tests.[48][1] Italy's membership within the programme is due to be finalised at the start of 2025, likely prompting a restructuring of the workshare. All three nations intend to acquire both missiles.[10][49] The launch platforms for the FC/ASW are expected to include the FREMM and Type 26 frigates, Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale fighter jets, and possibly the products of the GCAP and FCAS 6th generation fighter programmes.[10]

The FC/ASW programme is reportedly not expected to produce any missile capable of being launched from submarines as the TP15 and RJ10's dimensions will not be compatible with torpedo tubes. MBDA is therefore pitching its Exocet SM40 under development as a successor to France's Exocet SM39 submarine-launched anti-ship missile post-2030.[48][51]

Operators

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Future operators

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France France
Italy Italy

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Similar missiles

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  • AGM-158 JASSM - an American subsonic, low-observable, land attack cruise missile.
  • AGM-158C LRASM - an American subsonic, low-observable, anti-ship cruise missile derived from the AGM-158 JASSM.
  • ASM-3 – a Japanese supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • BrahMos – an Indo-Russian supersonic anti-ship missile derived from the P-800 Oniks.
  • Hsiung Feng III - a Taiwanese supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • P-800 Oniks – a Russian supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • YJ-12 – a Chinese supersonic anti-ship missile.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "FC/ASW: deep strike critical to Europe's sovereignty". MBDA. 6 November 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  2. ^ "SPEAR Missile - Think Defence". www.thinkdefence.co.uk. 2022-11-06. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  3. ^ a b Vavasseur, Xavier (February 18, 2022). "Future Cruise and Anti-Ship Weapon FC/ASW Program Reaches New Milestone".
  4. ^ a b c Smaldore, Yannick (July 31, 2019). "Will the French-British FC/ASW Missile Program Survive a Hard Brexit ?".
  5. ^ "A guide to the Type 26 Frigate | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  6. ^ "France & UK Launch Next-Gen Missile Project with MBDA to Replace Harpoon/Scalp/Exocet by 2030". Navy Recognition. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Vavasseur, Xavier (June 26, 2023). "Italy Joins France and the UK for FC/ASW Program".
  8. ^ a b c d "Italy finally funds naval missile projects | Shephard". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  9. ^ a b c d "UK and France advance future cruise / anti-ship weapon project". MBDA.
  10. ^ a b c d e Martin, Tim (2024-11-05). "MBDA reveals Anglo-French future cruise/anti-ship missile stealth and wind tunnel testing". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  11. ^ "Rapport d'information déposé en application de l'article 145 du règlement, par la commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées, en conclusion des travaux d'une mission d'information conjointe sur la prochaine génération de missiles anti-navires (Mme Natalia Pouzyreff et M. Charles de la Verpillière)". Assemblée nationale.
  12. ^ a b c d "Perseus: MBDA's missile of the future?". ihsmarkit.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014.
  13. ^ "IISS Experts' Commentary - From the Paris Air Show: Enter Perseus". Archived from the original on June 28, 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Defence Committee, Commission de la Défense Nationale et des Forces Armées, Oral evidence: Future Anti-ship Missile System – Joint Inquiry, HC 1071, Q118". UK House of Commons Defence Select Committee. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  15. ^ Harding, Thomas (21 June 2011). "New British missile three times as fast as current weapons". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  16. ^ MBDA CVS401 Perseus Missile Concept, retrieved 2023-10-13
  17. ^ a b Natalia Pouzyreff; Charles de La Verpillière; Julian Lewis (12 December 2018). Rapport d’information conjoint déposé par la Commission de la Défense nationale et des Forces Armées et la Commission de la Défense de la Chambre des Communes sur la prochaine génération de missiles anti-navires.
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  19. ^ "2018 United Kingdom-France Summit Security and Defence" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  20. ^ House of Commons (11 July 2018). "Defence Committee - Commission de la Défense Nationale et des Forces Armées - Oral evidence: Future Anti-ship Missile System - Joint Inquiry, HC 1071". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
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  22. ^ a b "More details emerge about plan to replace Royal Navy Harpoon anti-ship missile | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  23. ^ Allison, George (2021-11-06). "UK stops interim anti-ship missile project". Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  24. ^ a b "Royal Navy changes course on interim anti-ship missile for a second time | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  25. ^ "Solving the Royal Navy's lethality problems | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  26. ^ "Royal Navy rows back on plans to acquire new anti-ship missiles before 2030s | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. November 4, 2021.
  27. ^ "Royal Navy to buy the Naval Strike Missile | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  28. ^ Thomas, Richard (2022-11-23). "New missile selection ends UK's anti-ship dilemma, for now". Naval Technology. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  29. ^ Vavasseur, Xavier (2023-12-19). "UK Royal Navy Declares IOC with Naval Strike Missile". Naval News. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  30. ^ "Snapshot: The Royal Navy escort fleet in April 2024 | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2024-04-20. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  31. ^ Cabirol, Michel (4 October 2021). "Sous-marins australiens : le programme franco-britannique de missiles de croisière en suspens". La Tribune (in French). Retrieved 2021-10-05.
  32. ^ Chuter, Andrew (2021-09-21). "Decisions on new British-French cruise missile are left hanging after submarine row". Defense News. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
  33. ^ "MBDA unveils its vision of Future Air Systems | Press Release". MBDA. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  34. ^ "Tempest | Team Tempest | Royal Air Force". www.raf.mod.uk. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  35. ^ Naval News (24 September 2021). "DSEI 2021 day 4: MBDA missiles, TKMS XLUUV, MSI Defence Seahawk, IAI Sea Serpent anti-ship missile". Youtube. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  36. ^ a b c Vavasseur, Xavier (2022-07-22). "Rolls-Royce and Safran Team Up for FC/ASW Next Gen Missile". Naval News. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
  37. ^ "MBDA welcomes Italy's intent to join the FC/ASW programme". mbda-systems.com. 27 June 2023.
  38. ^ a b Peruzzi, Luca (2023-11-20). "Italian MoD's Defence Planning Document 2023-2025: New naval and joint programs". Naval News. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  39. ^ Hoyle, Craig (2024-03-13). "MBDA boosted by European spike in air-defence system demand". Flight Global. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  40. ^ a b c gosnold (2020-11-23). "Options for the Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon". The restless technophile. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  41. ^ a b "Royal Navy's Type 31 frigates to be fitted with Mk41 vertical launch system | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  42. ^ a b "Royal Navy's Type 26 Frigates to be equipped with cruise missiles by 2028 | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  43. ^ Allison, George (2023-07-02). "UK's new cruise & anti-ship missile ready by 2028". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  44. ^ Allison, George (2024-01-20). "MOD confirm new cruise missile to enter service in 2028". Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  45. ^ "(Written Question) Guided Weapons: Procurement". TheyWorkForYou. 19 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  46. ^ Allison, George (2024-05-14). "Britain to arm frigates with land attack missiles". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  47. ^ Cartlidge, James (13 May 2024). "UIN 24431". Uk Parliament. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  48. ^ a b c d Tanguy, Jean-Marc (5 November 2024). "Missiles : MBDA détaille les avancées du programme franco-britannique FMAN-FMC". Air & Cosmos (in French). Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  49. ^ a b c d Valpolini, Paolo (2024-11-07). "Euronaval 2024 - MBDA details its deep strike current and future capabilities". EDR Magazine. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  50. ^ Groizeleau, Vincent (27 June 2023). "Missiles : l'Italie demande à rejoindre le programme franco-britannique FMAN/FMC". Mer et Marine (in French). Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  51. ^ a b Lamigeon, Vincent (13 November 2024). "FMAN-FMC : menace sur les futurs missiles de MBDA ?". Challenges (in French). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  52. ^ "Meeting No. 15 - Committee on National Defense and Armed Forces: Hearing of Mr. Joël Barre, Delegate General for Armaments, on the 2022 Finance Bill, submitted on Monday, November 8, 2021". Assemblée Nationale (French Parliament) (in French). 8 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
Notes
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