Paifang

Paifang
Paifang in Shunfengshan Park in Foshan
Chinese	牌坊
Literal meaning	memorial archway gate
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin páifāng Bopomofo ㄆㄞˊ ㄈㄤ IPA [pʰǎɪfáŋ] Wu Romanization [ba平 faon平] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 8) (help) Hakka Romanization pai2 fong1 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping paai4 fong1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ pâi-hông
Pailou
Simplified Chinese	牌楼
Traditional Chinese	牌樓
Literal meaning	memorial archway edifice
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin páilóu Bopomofo ㄆㄞˊ ㄌㄡˊ Wu Romanization [ba平 leu平] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 8) (help) Hakka Romanization pai2 leu2 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping paai4 lau4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ pâi-lâu

A decorated paifang in Shanghai

A paifang, also known as a pailou, is a traditional style of Chinese architecture, often used in arch or gateway structures.

Etymology

The word paifang (Chinese: 牌坊; pinyin: páifāng) was originally a collective term for the top two levels of administrative division and subdivisions of ancient Chinese cities. The largest division within a city in ancient China was a fang (坊; fāng), equivalent to a current day ward. Each fang was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night. Each fang was further divided into several pai (牌; pái; 'placard'), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community. Each pai, in turn, contained an area including several hutongs (alleyways).

This system of urban administrative division and subdivision reached an elaborate level during the Tang dynasty, and continued in the following dynasties. For example, during the Ming dynasty, Beijing was divided into a total of 36 fangs. Originally, the word paifang referred to the gate of a fang and the marker for an entrance of a building complex or a town; but by the Song dynasty, a paifang had evolved into a purely decorative monument.

History

During the Tang dynasty, it was called a wutoumen (烏頭門; wūtóumén; 'black top gate'), because the top of the two posts were painted black. A wutoumen was reserved for officials of rank 6 or higher.

The construction of wutomen was standardized in the Yingzao Fashi of the mid Song dynasty. It consisted of two posts and a horizontal beam forming a frame and two doors. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was called a pailou or paifang, and evolved into a more elaborate structure with more posts and gates, with a superstructural gable on top; the highest rank was a five gate-six post-eleven gable pailou.

It has been theorized that the paifang gate architecture was influenced by Buddhist torana temple gates. Paifang have traditional Chinese architectural characteristics such as multi-tiered roofs, various supporting posts, and archway-shapes of traditional gates and towers.

Style

Paifang come in a number of forms. One form involves placing wooden pillars onto stone bases, which are bound together with wooden beams. This type of paifang is always beautifully decorated, with the pillars usually painted in red, the beams decorated with intricate designs and Chinese calligraphy, and the roof covered with coloured tiles, complete with mythical beasts—just like a Chinese palace. Another form of paifang is in the form of true archways made of stone or bricks; the walls may be painted, or decorated with coloured tiles; the top of the archways is decorated like their wooden counterparts. Yet another form of paifang, built mainly on religious and burial grounds, consists of plain white stone pillars and beams, with neither roof tiles nor any coloured decoration, but feature elaborate carvings created by master masons. Another form is in the Han dynasty style, and is two matching towers, such as in Beihai.

Outside of China, the paifang has long been the symbol of Chinatowns. The largest outside of China is in the United States: Friendship Archway at 14.50 m (47 ft 7 in) tall and 23 m (75 ft) wide, completed in 1986 at H and 7th in Washington D.C.'s Chinatown. In Europe, the largest paifang spans Nelson Street in Liverpool, completed in 2000 and standing 13.5 m (44 ft) tall. The first paifang in the United States was raised in 1915 as a temporary installation for the Chinese pavilion of the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, and the oldest still standing was erected in 1938 for Los Angeles, Chinatown West Gate on Hill Street; it was listed as a city Historic-Cultural Monument (#825) along with its counterpart, Chinatown East Gate (1939, #826) in November 2005. The paifang at the entrance to Ottawa's Chinatown was decorated by Chinese artists using Chinese materials and techniques.

In the past, "Chastity Paifang" were given to widows who remained unmarried till death, praising what was seen as loyalty to their deceased husbands.

Gallery

Chinese-style paifang

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  Hesheng stone paifang, first built in the Song dynasty, from Zhejiang, Ningbo, China. One of the oldest preserved stone paifangs in China.
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  Miaogouhou stone paifang, first built in the Song dynasty, from Zhejiang, Ningbo, China. Located close to Hesheng stone paifang, and is also one of the oldest preserved paifangs in China.
• 
  Ornamental gateway (pailou) from the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) across a street lined with small shops. Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China (1875).
• 
  Dongsi, an intersection in Beijing, had four paifangs in the 1920s.
• 
  A paifang photographed in Gansu Province (1933).
• 
  Paifang built in the late Ming dynasty, in Wuxi Huishan Ancient Town.
• 
  Paifang of Dongling Academy.
• 
  Paifang of the Shaolin Monastery.
• 
  Paifang of Wuhan University (1920).
• 
  Paifang at the Cemetery of Confucius, tomb of Lady Yu, wife of Kong Xianpei (72nd generation) in Qufu, China.
• 
  Paifang in the Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial Square (now Liberty Square) in Taipei, Taiwan. Looking east.
• 
  Paifang at Liberty Square, in Taipei, Taiwan. Looking west.
• 
  Decorated paifang at the Summer Palace in Beijing.
• 
  Paifang at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan.
• 
  Paifang of the Wanhe Temple in Taichung, Taiwan.
• 
  Paifang at Daitian Temple, Gushan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
• 
  Colour glaze gateway at Puotuo Zongcheng temple, Chengde.
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  Paifang in Xidi.
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  Pailou at the entrance to Qiandao Lake Scenic Area.
• 
  Paifangs at the West Lake, Hangzhou, China.
• 
  Paifangs at the entrance to Yonghe Temple, Beijing, China.
• 
  Pailou at the China Martial Arts Hall, Jinshitan, Dalian, China.
• 
  Paifang at the entrance to Chinatown in Boston, Massachusetts.
• 
  Friendship Archway in the Chinatown of Washington, D.C.
• 
  Pailou at Dunedin Chinese Garden, New Zealand.

See also

• Chinatown gate
• Shanmen, gate of Chinese Buddhist temple
• Hongsalmun, in Korean architecture with both religious and other usage
• Iljumun, portal in Korean Buddhist temple architecture
• Tam quan, a Vietnamese Buddhist style of traditional gateway
• Trụ biểu, in Vietnamese temple architecture
• Torana, a Hindu-Buddhist ceremonial arched gateway
• Torii, in Japanese Shinto shrine architecture

External links

• Media related to Paifang at Wikimedia Commons