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Pando, a colony of quaking aspen, is one of the oldest-known clonal trees. Recent estimates of its age range up to 14,000 years old, and 18,000 years by the latest (2024) estimate.[1] It is located in Utah, United States.

This is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[2]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at several thousand (up to 14,000) years, although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[3][4][5][6][7] A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[8]

Trees with verified ages

[edit]
Name Age
(years) 		Year Germinated Species Location Country Notes
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		 4,900+ 2,900+ BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[9]
Methuselah 4,856[nb 1] 2,832 BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[11]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 3,653–5,484 1,630+ BCE Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides		 Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile Alive.[11][12] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[13] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[14]
CBR26 3,266 1,245 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
D-21 3,220 1,199 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
D-23 3,075 1,054 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
CMC 3 3,033 1,012 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
Scofield Juniper 2,675 654 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[15]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
BLK227 2,649 626 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [16]
CB-90-11 2,467 443 BCE Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata		 Central Colorado United States [11][17]
Panke Baobab 2,419 398 BCE African baobab
Adansonia digitata		 Matabeleland North Zimbabwe Died in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[18]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2,310 287 BCE Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa		 Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[19]
? 2,230 209 BCE Qilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii		 Delingha, Qinghai Province China [11]
? 2,200 179 BCE Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Northern California United States Dead.[11]
Bennett Juniper 2,200 179 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[15]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11]
SHP 7 2,110 89 BCE Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada California United States [11]
BLK232 2,089 68 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [16]
? 1,951 74 Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii		 Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [11][20]
CRE 175 1,889 133 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Northern New Mexico United States [11]
Miles Juniper 1,836 189 Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[citation needed]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11][21]
Jōmon Sugi 1,813 212 Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Island Japan [22]
KET 3996 1,726 298 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Ketchum, Idaho United States [11][23]
BFR-46 1,697 325 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Wasatch Mountains, Utah United States [11]
FL117 1,686 339 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [11][24]
ERE 1,670 352 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Northern New Mexico United States [11]
RCR 1 1,666 356 Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11]
? 1,661 361 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 South Park (Park County, Colorado) United States [11]
BBL 2 1,649 373 Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11]
BCK 69 1,658 376 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Bladen County, North Carolina United States [11][25]
? 1,636 386 Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		 Vancouver Island Canada [11]
FL101 1,567 455 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [11]
? 1,542 480 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Central Colorado United States [11]
Italus 1,236 788 Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		 Pollino National Park Italy Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[26]

Trees with estimated ages

[edit]

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Old Tjikko 9,565
(years) 		Norway spruce
Picea abies 		Fulufjället, Dalarna Sweden
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah" 6,000[27] Olive
Olea europaea 		Bchaaleh, North Governorate Lebanon Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[28][29][30] The trees still produce olives.
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 5,484 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides } 		Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of 3,653.[13][14]
?[nb 2] 5,076 Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[11][31]
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Llangernyw, Conwy United Kingdom Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[32][33]
Gümeli Porsuğu 4,115 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[34][35]
The Ancient Yew 4,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Tisbury, Wiltshire United Kingdom 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[36]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		 Longwood, Florida United States Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[37][38]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[39][40]
S'Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Luras, Sardinia Italy [41]
The President 3,200 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.
Fortingall Yew 3,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Fortingall, Perthshire United Kingdom Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[42][43][clarification needed]
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		 Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[44]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt] 3,020 Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo Brazil Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[45]
Great Camphor of Takeo 3,000+ Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree"		 Takeo, Saga Japan A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[46] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[47] Alive.
Raintree 3,000+ Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia [Wikidata] 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Iria de Azóia [pt], Loures, Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[48]
Mother of the Forest 2,520 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
Sarv Zibad 2,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Sarv Zibad, Khorasan Iran Also called "holly Sarv".[32][33]
General Sherman 2,300–2,700 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California United States Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[49][50]
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia 2,210 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve Portugal Alive.[51]
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[52][53][54]
Ballyconnell Yew 2,000–5,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Ballyconnell, Annagh Ireland Oldest tree in Ireland.[citation needed]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[55]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		 Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis		 Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branches was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Stara Maslina 2,249 (2,016-2482)[56] Olive
Olea europaea		 Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
Tnjri 2,040+ Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		 Martuni Region Azerbaijan Oldest tree in a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Koca Katran 2,030 Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani		 Antalya Turkey Alive.[57]
? 2,010 Olive
Olea europaea		 Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [58]
? 2,010 Yew
Taxus		 Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[59]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa Japan
Lady Liberty 2,000+ Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tejo Milenario 2,000+ Yew
Taxus baccata		 Cazorla, Jaén Spain Oldest tree in Spain.[60]
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 1,000[61]-2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		 Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Woodside, California United States [62]
Araucaria Madre 1,810 Araucaria araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[63]
Granit oak 1,679 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [64]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew 1,500–2,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Vilémovice Czech Republic 345 cm (136 in) in circumference.[65]
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		 Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France Oldest tree in France.[66]
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Logan Canyon, Utah United States [67]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		 Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine 1,300 Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		 Pirin Mountains Bulgaria Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis		 Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Cis Henrykowski 1270 Common Yew
Taxus Baccata		 Henryków Lubański, Lower Silesia, Poland Oldest tree in Poland. The age of the tree was estimated based on the trunk circumference and growth rate assessed by taking a core from an undamaged part of the trunk. If the trunk is the result of the fusion of two or three trunks, its age may be younger.[68]
Algarrobo Abuelo 1,200+ Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis		 Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province Argentina Possibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.[citation needed]

Clonal trees

[edit]

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Antarctic Beech 2000 Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei 		Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland Australia Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[69]
Wollemi Pines 60+ million years Wollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis 		Wollemi National Park, New South Wales Australia According to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute “winner” for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[70]
Unknown 43,600–130,000 King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica		 Southwest National Park, Tasmania Australia Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[71]
Pando less than 14,000[4]–80,000[72] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides		 Fishlake National Forest, Utah United States Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[73] 13,000[74] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri		 Jurupa Mountains, California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[74]
Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[75][76] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[77] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[78]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [79]
Mongarlowe mallee 3,000–13,000 Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva		 Mongarlowe, New South Wales Australia Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[80]
unknown 3,000[81]–10,000[82] Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii		 Mount Read, Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[8]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[10] The age given here is based on this reference point.
  2. ^ Not named yet

References

[edit]
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