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Oggy and the Cockroaches
French: Oggy et les Cafards
GenreComedy-adventure
Slapstick[1]
Created byJean-Yves Raimbaud
Directed byOlivier Jean-Marie
Voices ofHugues Le Bars (seasons 1–3)[2]
Michel Elias ("Chatter Box")
Music byHervé Lavandier (seasons 1–2)
Hugues Le Bars (seasons 1–4)
Vincent Artaud (season 5–7)
Country of originFrance
No. of seasons7
No. of episodes169 (501 segments) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producerMarc du Pontavice
ProducerMarc du Pontavice
EditorsFlorence Poli (seasons 1 and 2 only)
Rodolphe Ploquin (seasons 1 and 2 only)
Laure Charossuett
Lou Bouniol
Patrick Ducruet
Running time21 minutes (6–14 minutes per segment)
Production companiesGaumont Multimedia (seasons 1–2)
Xilam Animation (seasons 3–7)
Original release
NetworkFrance 3 (seasons 1–2)
Canal+ Family (seasons 3–4)
Gulli (season 5–7)
Release6 September 1998 (1998-09-06) –
30 January 2019 (2019-01-30)
Related
Oggy Oggy
Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation

Oggy and the Cockroaches (French: Oggy et les Cafards) is a French animated television series created by Jean-Yves Raimbaud and produced by Gaumont Multimedia for seasons 1–2 and Xilam Animation for seasons 3–7. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of Oggy, a blue cat whose life is constantly interrupted by three cockroaches – Dee Dee, Marky, and Joey respectively – who love to cause mischief within his home. The show employs silent comedy: characters either do not speak or use unintelligible vocalizations and gestures. The show premiered in September 1998 on France 3, and later expanded internationally. The series ended in January 2019, having released seven seasons in over two decades.[citation needed] The cartoon also relies on slapstick humour much like its inspiration and spiritual predecessor "Tom and Jerry".[3] only amplifying the level of extremities up a notch; while "traditional" slapstick cartoon characters prefer dropping anvils and pianos on each other, this show sometimes uses atomic bombs or submarines.

In September 2020, a reboot series was announced, entitled Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation, in which Oggy takes care of Piya, a young elephant from India.[4][5] It was released worldwide on Netflix on 28 July 2022. Although it differs noticeably from the original in terms of its visuals and tone, Gulli labels it as Oggy's eighth season.[citation needed]

Synopsis

Oggy, an anthropomorphic cat, would prefer to spend his days watching television and eating but is continually pestered by three roaches: Joey, Marky and Dee Dee. The cockroaches' slapstick mischief ranges from plundering Oggy's refrigerator to hijacking the train he just boarded. In many situations, Oggy is also helped by Jack, who is more violent and short-tempered than him and is also annoyed by the cockroaches. Bob, a short-tempered bulldog, also appears in the show and is Oggy's neighbor.

Episodes

SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast airedNetwork
17826September 6, 1998 (1998-09-06)February 11, 1999 (1999-02-11)France 3
27826September 4, 2000 (2000-09-04)April 5, 2003 (2003-04-05)
33913October 18, 2008 (2008-10-18)December 24, 2008 (2008-12-24)Canal+ Family
47426January 2, 2012 (2012-01-02)December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)
57626June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30)July 30, 2018 (2018-07-30)Gulli
67826May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)August 3, 2018 (2018-08-03)
77826March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)January 30, 2019 (2019-01-30)

Characters

Artwork depicting all main characters

Some of the characters make a cameo in Xilam's other shows, such as Zig & Sharko and The Daltons and in the film, Go West! A Lucky Luke Adventure. The eponymous characters make a debut in the Space Goofs episode "Venus Junior", where they are seen on the aliens' television (before the pilot episode was officially posted online, in 2016). In the second season, "Space Sailors" has a gag where the cockroaches greet Etno (in the aliens' now-flooded house), as they row by. Oggy, the cockroaches and Jack appear as drawings in "Doodle", and Oggy and Monica make a cameo in the episode "The Alien Show".[citation needed]

Main

  • Oggy is a cat with a light blue body, green eyes, red nose, grey tummy and white feet. Oggy also has a black "cap" (shaped to include his ears) over the top of his head. Oggy usually spends his time either watching TV or doing housework, when he's not chasing the cockroaches. Despite the constant mayhem caused by the cockroaches, Oggy has developed a sort of love–hate relationship with them, having lived with them for a long time. Whenever he finds himself alone in his house, he will eventually begin to miss the cockroaches along with their pranks (as seen in the episode "Priceless Roaches" and "So Lonely"/"Alone at last") followed by nothing interesting happening in his life. According to executive producer Marc du Pontavice and France Info, Oggy was named after punk rock musician Iggy Pop[6] and the rock album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.[7][8] In the first three seasons, Oggy, like his Tom and Jerry counterpart was the main punching bag in the series, though that was phased out in the fourth and fifth seasons. He also has a fear of heights, as shown in "The Rise & the Fall"/"Vertigo" – however, it only applied for Jack's construction site.
  • The Cockroaches are a trio of cockroaches named Dee Dee, Marky and Joey (who are implied to be named after members of the rock band The Ramones), who love playing tricks on Oggy and the other characters, like Jack. However, if the cats left, they would miss each other, as seen in "Moving Out". The cockroaches have wide heads, vibrantly-colored sclerae with long, pointy black noses and black feet. They also have black "caps" with their antennae, like Oggy.
    • Dee Dee is the youngest cockroach with a dark blue body, orange head and green eyes. Always hungry, his appetite sometimes reaches insane proportions, often resulting in the consumption of larger animals or other things that would otherwise be inedible (such as hyenas in one case and, due to the effects of a poisonous mushroom in another case, an insect; other instances include the fish on the wallpaper in "Oggy's Clone"/"Oggy's Costume" and a clownfish in "Scuba Diving"). He is known to like opera in "Night at the Opera", wanting to publicly perform on-stage. Sometimes it is shown that his feet are so foul-smelling that the juice they produce is toxic and can melt objects, as seen in "Caught in a Trap"/"High Security Fridge". He is named after bassist Dee Dee Ramone.
    • Marky is the tallest cockroach with a silver body, green head and pink eyes (originally red). Although Marky originally used to love causing mischief just like Dee Dee and Joey, he has grown to be more laid-back as the series progressed and has a generic role. In most episodes, he is shown with Dee Dee as his partner-in-crime. He sometimes is a hopeless romantic (as seen in "Jealousy" and "Baby Doll"), and his hobbies consist of dating puppets and reading books (which are never shown). He also has bad breath as revealed in "It's a Small World"/"Itsy-Bitsy Oggy". While his eye color changed, they turn red again at one point in "Teleportation". He is named after drummer Marky Ramone.
    • Joey is the smallest cockroach with a purple-pink body, pink right eye (originally red), a yellow left eye, and a lavender head. Even though he is the shortest roach in the group, he is the most intelligent, always being the brain for their plans – but is sometimes forced to go alone, because Marky and Dee Dee often think that his ideas are stupid. He also loves money (which is shown in several episodes), but his efforts always fall short, usually ending with him getting swatted or beaten up. He is named after lead singer Joey Ramone.

Recurring

  • Jack is a cat with an olive green body, yellow eyes, red nose, pale pink stomach, and white feet. In contrast to Oggy, he is more short-tempered, violent, and arrogant than him. He can be seen as greedy, as shown in a few episodes where he goes against Oggy or teams up with him (such as Tour De France) for money. He often finds himself building huge machinery, such as roach-catching contraptions, and is very interested in physics and chemistry (that is, the more explosive parts of it), though this has been phased out in later seasons. Jack has an excellent relationship with Oggy, as he cares about him a lot, especially in the episode "Happy Birthday" where he tries to stop Oggy from committing suicide. Jack mostly visits and sleeps at Oggy's house, and owns a green jeep; in which he and Oggy go for a variety of journeys and in mundane cases, for trips to the beach or going fishing. He is sometimes seen trying to propose to Monica, but the cockroaches' pranks always stop it. In one episode ("Don't Rock the Cradle"/"Oggy the Babysitter"), Jack and Monica seem to have a baby together and ask Oggy to babysit their child. In "Just Married", Jack plans to marry a poodle, but it got cancelled at the end due to the cockroaches sneaking in and causing trouble.
  • Bob is a fierce brown bulldog and Oggy's neighbor, who has severe anger issues with him – especially when Oggy, Jack or the roaches do something that accidentally crushes Bob, shaves his fur or destroys his house, with him proceeding to pummel Oggy or Jack off-screen. Despite this, he has some sort of friendship with them, as notably seen in some episodes like "Olivia", "Steamed Out", "Oggy Splits Hairs", "Back To The Past", etc. Even though Bob is tough, he also has a comically sensitive side, as shown in "Oggy's Teddy Bear", where it's also revealed he's a toy collector. In addition, Bob also works as a police officer in several episodes. However, in one episode ("Back To School"), he was presented as a teacher to Oggy and Jack.
  • Olivia is a white cat with a yellow bow on her head who debuts in the fourth season's first episode, and becomes Oggy's girlfriend. She is happy-go-lucky and polite, being fond of nature and finding any sort of opportunity for fun. In spite of her optimistic outlooks, though she is aware of the cockroaches' mischief; so she stops them when they are around by using some aggressive methods (however, in "Oggy and the Not-So-Smart Bracelet", she outright retaliates at Marky). Olivia also cares a lot about her appearance, as seen in the episode "Olivia's Pimple", where she refuses to leave her house when she saw a pimple on her face. In "Oggy Is Getting Married!", as the episode title implies, Olivia and Oggy marry after a trip to Venice, Italy and she currently is Oggy's wife. However, their life after said marriage is not shown later in the series.

Other

  • Oggy's grandma is the least known member of Oggy's family who appears in several episodes, including "Granny's Day" and "Oggy's Grandma" (where she appears to be very strict with Oggy's mannerisms). She also makes a cameo in "Deep Trouble" where she supports Oggy and Jack, along with Monica. In "Granny's Day", she decides to attack the cockroaches, but eventually spared the cockroaches at the end. She is then actually attacked by them in "Oggy's Grandma", once getting her head flattened by the lid of Oggy's toilet. She also gets frequent, short-lasting bursts of energy from coffee, which aids her in defeating the cockroaches. In "Granny's Day", she successfully captures Joey and Marky – but later feels sympathy for them when Dee Dee cries on a picture of the trio, with the other two crossed out.
  • Monica is Oggy's twin sister and Jack's love interest, the latter of whom she has a child within "Don't Rock the Cradle"/"Oggy the Babysitter". A sporty tomboy compared to Oggy, she's known for being active and taking on physical challenges such as sky diving and bungee jumping. She sometimes is seen rollerskating, and wears a pair of them casually. Out of all the characters, Monica appears the least – however, she makes a brief cameo in "Oggy Is Getting Married!", where she sits next to Bob. She later plays a major role as Olivia's rival in the episode, "Sharing Oggy", although they later become friends.
  • Lady K is a light yellow female cockroach who debuted in the episode of the same name (also in the fourth season), as the cockroaches' new love interest (mainly Joey's) – to which she takes advantage of. She lives in Olivia's house which Olivia is not aware of, and hates her for unknown reasons. She frequently attempts to use the cockroaches as her pawns to get what she wants or her job done.
  • Pit is a gray dog living in the same neighborhood as Oggy, who debuted in the fourth season. Like Bob, he is also strong.
  • Bobette is Bob's daughter who debuted in the fifth season. She is Jack's love interest, as seen in the episodes "Marky's Tournament" (where Marky also had a crush on her) and "Jackromeo and Bobette". She is seen in the episode "Emperor for a Day" as Napoleon's love interest.
  • The Policeman is an unnamed human policeman who is normally seen in traffic, or sometimes wherever Oggy has traveled to. Sometimes Oggy or Jack accidentally annoy him, due to the cockroaches' mischief. He appears in every season, except for the fifth.
  • The Doctor is an unnamed human doctor who sometimes visits Oggy's house when Oggy gets sick, or in other cases, when another character (like Jack) assumes Oggy has gone mad. He sometimes wears a nurse's outfit. In the episodes "A Dog Day's Afternoon"/"Cute Little Puppy", it is revealed that he has a pet puppy (which Oggy took care of). He is also shown in "Missing In Action"/"Where is the Exit?" as an artist (specifically, a painter). The Doctor is later absent in season 5.

Production

The project dates back to 1997, shortly after the success of Space Goofs, when Marc du Pontavice asked Jean-Yves Raimbaud to create an animated series in order to "counter the surge of superheroes, manga and Franco-Belgian comic book heroes. After his death, Olivier Jean-Marie, director of the series, decided not to modify the design of Oggy, in particular his blue color. The first name of each of the three cockroaches, Joey, Dee-Dee and Marky, refers to three of the members of the punk rock group called the Ramones. Oggy, for his part, owes his first name to the famous singer Iggy Pop as well as the character of Ziggy Stardust created by David Bowie. Iggy Pop also sang for the theme song of Space Goofs.

After a four-year gap in production, season 5 was released in late 2017 with two more seasons coming later.[9][10] Season 6 episodes began airing on K2[11] while Season 5 was previewed on Gulli.[12]

Broadcast

Oggy and the Cockroaches originated from France, and the series originally aired on France 3 (seasons 1 and 2 with reruns of seasons 3 and 4), Canal+ Family (seasons 3 and 4), Gulli (seasons 5 to 7, who also reran older episodes from November 2005 to May 2009 on the GRRR!!!, GulliGulli, GulliGang and GulliGood blocks), with reruns airing on other French networks like Canal J, Canal+, Télétoon+, France 4, and Tiji.

In the Philippines, the series aired on TV5 in 2010. In late 2011, it was welcomed on Cartoon Network line-up and adored by the channel, and still airs due to the said show being one of the network's top-viewed programs. It also aired on Disney Channel from 2009 to 31 December 2013. It moved on GMA Network on 3 September 2022, under the network's Astig Authority Saturday morning block.

In Arab countries, it aired on Ajyal TV,[13] MBC3,[14] and Basma Channel. It also airs on 2M in Morocco and local Tunisian channels. (i.e. Tunis 7)

In Italy, it was broadcast on Italia 1, Hiro, Boing, K2, and Frisbee.

It also aired in India from 2009 to 2012 on Nickelodeon. In 2012, the series was taken by Cartoon Network which broadcast the show until its fourth season. In 2015, Nickelodeon started rebroadcasting the show's older episodes, from seasons 1 to 3.[15] Later, the series was also picked up by Sonic Nickelodeon which broadcast the same seasons as Nick. Season 5 started airing on Cartoon Network from 14 August 2017.[16] Seasons 3 and 6, 7 aired later, during 2018–19 in Cartoon Network India. In 2020, Sonic Nickelodeon started airing season 4 again. Cartoon Network aired seasons 5 to 7 until March 2022. From 2021, Sony YAY! took over the rights of all seven seasons.[17]

In the United States, Nickelodeon began airing the series on January 31, 2015. The series' run on the network was short lived, as the series entered a brief controversy when the network aired an episode in which a framed picture of a topless woman was seen in the background of a shot. The episode was quickly removed from rotation, and both the network and Xilam declined to comment. Beginning in April, the series moved to Nicktoons and was quietly removed from the schedule by the end of that year.[18][19]

Media

Home media

Five DVDs came out in 2003 in the United States, with 12 episodes each. In 2005, several VHSs were released in New York City.

On 8 October 2008, a French DVD box-set of the complete first season, plus the pilot and the episode "Working Cat", was released. On 6 September 2010, three French DVD box sets of the complete first, second, and third seasons were made available. In July 2011, a French DVD box-set containing all episodes from seasons 1, 2 and 3 became available. Seasons 4 to 7 are yet to be available. Multiple VHSs were sold in Italy.

# DVD name Release date
1 Volume 1 4 November 2003
2 Volume 2 4 November 2003
3 Volume 3 25 November 2003
4 Volume 4 25 November 2003
5 Volume 5 25 November 2003

Magazine

A magazine called Oggy et les Cafards, le mag came out in France in 2009 (two issues),[20] then again in 2011.

  • n°1: 11 July 2009
  • n°2: 21 October 2009[21]
  • n°3:[22] 14 January 2011[23]

Music

A music album titled Oggy et les Cafards: Le Show du Chat was released in France[24] on CD and for digital download on 6 September 2010.[25]

2010 : Oggy et les Cafards : Le Show du Chat (Sony Music Entertainment)
No.TitleLength
1."Générique Oggy et les Cafards"0:39
2."Gaga des Gags d'Oggy"2:48
3."Interlude « Le Réveil d'Oggy »"0:19
4."Matez le Matou"2:19
5."Interlude « Un Chat Bien Botté »"0:21
6."Love Cats"3:20
7."Interlude « Jack, un Ami qui vous Veut du Bien »"0:22
8."Jack le Pote"2:11
9."Interlude « Cafard-naüm »"0:19
10."Oggy Rossini"3:45
11."Interlude « Le Chat Volant »"0:20
12."Dans l'Œil du Chat"4:58
13."Interlude « Cat's Woman »"0:20
14."Pussycat"3:31
15."Interlude « Blues Cat »"0:24
16."Oggy le Chat Chou"1:53
17."Interlude « Cafards à la Playa »"0:52
18."Le Ragga d'Oggy"2:54
19."Générique Oggy et les Cafards"0:42
20."Oggy Never Falls in Love (Bonus in dematerialised version)"3:36

Comics

A French comic series was adapted from the series, which first started out in 2010. It is published by Dargaud, written by Diego Aranega, and drawn and colourised by Frévin, also known as Sylvain Frécon.[26]

  • 16 April 2010: Plouf, prouf, vrooo !
  • 5 November 2010: Crac, boum, miaouuuuu !
  • 23 September 2011: Bip...bip...bip...

An American comic was planned to be released in summer 2019. The first issue was released on 11 December 2019, after being delayed two times.[27] It is published by American Mythology Productions.[28][29] The comic was released on a bi-monthly schedule, but was on a hiatus for four months after two issues were published due to the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on the comic book industry. Issue #3 was published on 24 June 2020. It is currently on hiatus as of 23 October 2020.

CD drama

A CD drama, Oggy et les Cafards Volume 1, was released in France on CD and for digital download in October 2012. It contains narrations of five episodes by Anthony Kavanagh.[30]

2012 : Oggy et les Cafards Volume 1 (Sony Music Entertainment)
No.TitleLength
1."Oggywood"5:15
2."Tribulations en Chine"10:26
3."Le Train Complètement Fou"7:51
4."Papa Poule"8:41
5."37°2 Toute la Journée"5:45

Film

The film Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie (originally Oggy et les Cafards, Le Film) was released to theatres on 7 August 2013.

Video game

A video game for the Game Boy Advance based on the television show was planned and developed by Xilam, but was cancelled.[31]

Spin-off

Oggy Oggy which centers on a kitten version of Oggy released on 24 August 2021.[32] It is CG-animated. The series was released on Netflix and is the first French Netflix Original series.[33]

Reboot

It focuses on the wacky antics of Oggy and the trio of mischievous cockroaches that inhabit his house.

Controversy

In 2015, a young viewer had pointed out a brief image of a poster in the background with a woman's exposed breasts, which was broadcast on Nickelodeon in the United States on the same day, with some parents complaining about the incident to the network.[34]

Oggy and the Cockroaches' slapstick would also get criticized as being too violent for younger audiences, though the violence has lessened in the new adaptations.

Reception

As of November 2023, the show holds a 7.5/10 rating on IMDb. The show holds a cult classic status in India as well as in many Southeast Asian countries. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show 2/5 stars, saying that the show "lays up slapstick comedy and physical violence among its mutually contentious characters to get laughs".

See also

References

  1. ^ "Oggy and the Cockroaches". Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Oggy and the Cockroaches credits". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Remembering Oggy and the Cockroache". Indian Express. 7 May 2016. ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  4. ^ "10 Shows to Catch at MIP Junior 2020". Animation Magazine. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  5. ^ "Xilam Animation Positions 'Oggy and the Cockroaches' Franchise for Long-Term Growth" (Press release). 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Interview with Marc du Pontavice" (in French). Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  7. ^ "Article on Oggy and the Cockroaches" (in French). 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  8. ^ "La Dépêche interview" (in French). Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  9. ^ "Xilam makes debut appearance at BLE 2016" (PDF). 23 August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  10. ^ "Xilam steers international growth with debut at BLE 2016 and PR agency appointment" (PDF). 13 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  11. ^ "Oggy Forever" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  12. ^ "Saison 5 inédite d'Oggy et les cafards : avant-première le 30 juin sur Gulli" (in French). 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  13. ^ "أوجي والمزعجون على قناة أجيال للأطفال". YouTube. 7 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  14. ^ "MBC3 Website". Archived from the original on 15 July 2017.
  15. ^ "Oggy and the Cockroaches to be back on Nickelodeon". afaqs.com. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  16. ^ "Asli Hero with Asli Fun, Asli Oggy returns to Cartoon Network – AnimationXpressAnimationXpress". animationxpress.com. 12 August 2017. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  17. ^ "Xilam Animation Strikes Deal with Sony Pictures Network India for the Oggy and the Cockroaches Franchise - all 7 seasons to be on Sony YAY Kids" (PDF). xilam.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  18. ^ "Nickelodeon's Reputation Tarnished Again By Nude Cartoon Scandal (NSFW) | Decider". 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  19. ^ Gajewski, Ryan (14 March 2015). "Nickelodeon Series Airs Image of Topless Woman (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  20. ^ "NoOok – L'Atelier graphique des éditeurs". NoOok.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  21. ^ "1 – Magazine Oggy et les Cafards en commande sur ZePresse.fr" (in French). ZePresse.fr. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  22. ^ "Picture of the n°1 of 2011 of the magazine Oggy et les Cafards, le mag". sc.turbopige.com (in French). Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  23. ^ "2 – Magazine Oggy et les Cafards en commande sur ZePresse.fr" (in French). ZePresse.fr. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  24. ^ Jeansanteuil (29 December 2010). "Oggy et ses cafards, le dessin animé culte enfin en cd et dvd !" (in French). Le HuffPost [fr]. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  25. ^ "Nouveau en DVD et CD : Oggy et les cafards !" (in French). Fémin Actu. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
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  33. ^ "Netflix Adopts Xilam's 'Oggy Oggy' as First French Animation Original". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  34. ^ "Topless Female Cartoon Character on the Boob Tube". TMZ. EHM Productions, Inc. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.