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Night owl

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Nocturnal person)
For other uses, see Night Owl (disambiguation).
"B-person" redirects here. For personality type, see Type B personality.
A Young Man Reading by Candlelight, Matthias Stom (ca. 1630)

A night owl, evening person or simply owl, is a person who tends or prefers to be active late at night and into the early morning, and to sleep and wake up later than is considered normal; night owls often work or engage in recreational activities late into the night (in some cases, until around dawn), and sleep until relatively late in the day. People with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome are often described as night owls.

The opposite of a night owl is an early bird — a lark as opposed to an owl — which is someone who tends to begin sleeping at a time that is considered early and also wakes early. Researchers traditionally use the terms morningness and eveningness[1] for the two chronotypes or diurnality and nocturnality in animal behavior. In several countries, especially in Scandinavia, one who stays up late is called a B-person, in contrast to an early riser being called an A-person.[2][3]

History

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While staying up after dark was considered a negative trait, this changed in 17th and 18th century Europe (and subsequently spread beyond) due to the development and implementation of artificial lighting: more domestic lights, added street lighting, and adaptation by the royal and upper social classes.[4] The introduction of chocolate, coffee and tea, and cafes that stayed open through dawn, became part of the new culture.[4]

Etymology

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Owls, like this long-eared owl in Poland, are often nocturnal.

The term is derived from nocturnal habits of owls.[5] Most owls sleep during the day and hunt for food at night.

Characteristics

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Usually, people who are night owls stay awake past midnight, and extreme night owls may stay awake until just before or even after dawn.[6]

Some night owls have a preference or habit for staying up late, or stay up to work the night shift. Night owls who work the day shift often have difficulties adapting to standard daytime working hours.

Night owls have often been blamed for unpunctuality or attitude problems.[7] Employers, however, have begun to learn to increase productivity by respecting body clocks through flexible working hours,[8] while the Danish "B-Society" of night owls[7] and the American Start School Later movement advocate more school and workplace flexibility for the post-agricultural world.[7]

Some research has found that night owls are more intelligent and creative and more likely to get high-paying jobs than larks, or morning persons. A study among 1,000 adolescents by the University of Madrid found that night owls scored higher than early birds on inductive reasoning tests, which often serve as a proxy for intelligence.[9] However, they lag behind larks in academic performance,[10] and they tend to have unhealthier eating habits, as well as higher rates of smoking.[11] Some research suggests that night owls have a higher risk for bipolar disorder.[12]

Some night owls who have great difficulty adopting desired sleeping and waking times may have delayed sleep phase disorder. Morning light therapy may help to shift sleep rhythms for the night owl.[13]

Several studies have found that night owls may respond differently to some treatments for medical and mental health conditions compared to morning types. For example, a study of adults with depression found that higher eveningness was associated with more side effects and lower efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.[14]

Psychology

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The night-owl pattern is more prevalent in men than in women.[15] Night-owls are more likely to be single than in long-term relationships.[15] A study done in 2013 suggests that they also more commonly possess dark triad traits.[16]

Factors

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The tendency to be a night owl exists on a spectrum, with most people being typical, some people having a small or moderate tendency to be a night owl, and a few having an extreme tendency to be a night owl.[17] An individual's own tendency can change over time and is influenced by multiple factors, including:

  • a genetic predisposition, which can cause the tendency to run in families,
  • the person's age, with teenagers and young adults tending to be night owls more than young children or elderly people, and
  • the environment the person lives in, except for the patterns of light they are exposed to through seasonal changes as well as through lifestyle (such as spending the day indoors and using electric lights in the evening).[17]

The genetic make-up of the circadian timing system underpins the difference between early and late chronotypes, or early birds and night owls.[18] While it has been suggested that circadian rhythms may change over time, including dramatic changes that turn a morning lark to a night owl or vice versa,[19][20] evidence for familial patterns of early or late waking would seem to contradict this, and individual changes are likely on a smaller scale.[21]

Prevalence

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A 2007 survey of over 55,000 people found that chronotypes tend to follow a normal distribution, with extreme morning and evening types on the far ends.[22]

Career options

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Night owls tend to thrive in careers that do not require working in the early morning. People who want to work in the evening are often employed at restaurants, hotels, entertainment venues, retail stores, and some personal care businesses.[23] Night owls who work the night shift may work in emergency services, in transportation, or at round-the-clock facilities, such as hospitals and some manufacturing plants.[23]

Many businesses that operate in the evening or at night need employees at all levels, from entry-level employees to managers to skilled staff, whenever they are open. For example, most hospitals employ many types of workers around the clock:

Industries that tend to be less favorable to night owls include farming, construction, education, and public utilities. Many employees in these industries start work before 7:00 a.m.[23]

Notable people

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A list of famous night owls includes:

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  • In the Lord Byron poem (and Leonard Cohen adaptation) So, we'll go no more a roving:

    So we'll go no more a roving
    So late into the night
    Though the heart be still as loving
    And the moon be still as bright.

  • In Pliny the Elder's Natural History, he states Vita vigila est, "to be alive is to be watchful", a military metaphor for keeping watch in the night.[49]
  • For Robert Louis Stevenson, "There is a romance about all those who are abroad in the black hours."[50]
  • In Jayne Ann Krentz's Truth or Dare, "Arcadia and Harry were both creatures of the night. They managed to appear oddly stylish at one-thirty in the morning."[51]
  • British author Hilary Rubinstein wrote: "Blessed are the owls, for they shall inherit the mystery and magic of the night."[52]
  • In the Little River Band song "The Night Owls": "Be strong, find the heart of a night owl falling/Stay up till dawn until the night is gone"[53]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Horne JA, Östberg O (1976). "A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms". Int J Chronobiol. 4 (2): 97–110. PMID 1027738.
  2. ^ James, Kyle (1 March 2007). "Late Sleepers in Denmark Rally for Societal Change". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  3. ^ Morris, Chris (14 June 2007). "Late risers unite in Denmark". BBC News Channel. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  4. ^ a b Benjamin Schwarz (April 2012). "Night Owls". Atlantic Magazine. pp. 82–83.
  5. ^ "Night owl". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  6. ^ Stefan Klein, Time (2008) p. 20
  7. ^ a b c Greene, Gayle (2008). Insomniac. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 345. ISBN 9780520259966. OCLC 85817911.
  8. ^ Klein, p. 33
  9. ^ Nuwer, Rachel. "Night Owl and Early Bird Teens Think Differently". Smithsonian. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  10. ^ "IF YOU WANT TO GET AHEAD, BE A NIGHT OWL" by Roger Dobson; THE INDEPENDENT March 24, 2013
  11. ^ Walker, R. J., Christopher, A. N., Wieth, M. B., & Buchanan, J. (2015). Personality, time-of-day preference, and eating behavior: The mediational role of morning-eveningness. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 13–17.
  12. ^ Scott, Jan; Etain, Bruno; Miklowitz, David; Crouse, Jacob J.; Carpenter, Joanne; Marwaha, Steven; Smith, Daniel; Merikangas, Kathleen; Hickie, Ian (April 2022). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep and circadian rhythms disturbances in individuals at high-risk of developing or with early onset of bipolar disorders". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 135: 104585. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104585. PMC 8957543. PMID 35182537.
  13. ^ Laura H. Smith/Charles H. Elliott, Seasonal Affective Disorder for Dummies (2007) p. 73
  14. ^ Crouse, Jacob J.; Park, Shin Ho; Byrne, Enda M.; Mitchell, Brittany L.; Chan, Karina; Scott, Jan; Medland, Sarah E.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Wray, Naomi R.; Hickie, Ian B. (July 2024). "Evening Chronotypes With Depression Report Poorer Outcomes of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Survey-Based Study of Self-Ratings". Biological Psychiatry. 96 (1): 4–14. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.023. PMID 38185236.
  15. ^ a b Maestripieri, Dario (2014-01-01). "Night Owl Women are Similar to Men in Their Relationship Orientation, Risk-taking Propensities, and Cortisol Levels: Implications for the Adaptive Significance and Evolution of Eveningness". Evolutionary Psychology. 12 (1): 130–147. doi:10.1177/147470491401200111. ISSN 1474-7049. PMC 10481026. PMID 24566433.
  16. ^ "New Study Suggests Night Owls Have Psychopathic Traits". ScienceAlert. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  17. ^ a b Roenneberg, Till; Merrow, Martha (23 May 2016). "The Circadian Clock and Human Health". Current Biology. 26 (10): R432–R443. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.R432R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.011. PMID 27218855.
  18. ^ Philip Lee Williams, On the Morning (2006) p. 41
  19. ^ Jeff Belanger/Kirsten Dalley, The Nightmare Encyclopedia (2005) p. 83
  20. ^ Walker, R. J., Kribs, Z. D., Christopher, A. N., Shewach, O. R., & Wieth, M. B. (2014). Age, the Big Five, and time-of-day preference: A mediational model. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 170–174.
  21. ^ Klein, p. 21
  22. ^ Roenneberg, Till; Kuehnle, Tim; Juda, Myriam; Kantermann, Thomas; Allebrandt, Karla; Gordijn, Marijke; Merrow, Martha (December 2007). "Epidemiology of the human circadian clock". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 11 (6): 429–438. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.005. hdl:11370/65d6f03a-88cd-405c-a067-4afbc1b9ba9d. ISSN 1087-0792. PMID 17936039. S2CID 11628329.
  23. ^ a b c Torpey, Elka (October 2015). "Career Outlook: Careers for night owls and early birds". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Daily Rituals: Marcel Proust, Franz Kafka, and other artists who did great work in the wee hours". Slate. 18 April 2013.
  25. ^ "11 Bizarre Sleeping Habits Of Highly Successful People". SF Gate. 2013-11-23.
  26. ^ "Authors' sleep patterns & productivity". shortList. 2014-01-28.
  27. ^ Williams, Alex (25 August 2018). "Maybe your sleep problem isn't a problem". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  28. ^ "I studied the sleep habits of some of the world's greatest writers". Insider. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  29. ^ "New Files Show Adolf Hitler's Daily Routine". CBS News. Associated Press. 2010-10-29.
  30. ^ "At Night".
  31. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (2014-03-04). J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547524429.
  32. ^ Harrison Salisbury (1992). The New Emperors. HarperCollins. p. 103.
  33. ^ Buckley, William F. (2004). Miles Gone Bye: A Literary Autobiography. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0895260895.
  34. ^ "Authors' sleep patterns & productivity". ShortList. 2014-01-28.
  35. ^ Rothbard, JoAnn (2000). The Irrepressible Rothbard (PDF). Burlington, CA: Centre for Libertarian Studies. p. xi. ISBN 1-883959-02-0. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Castro: his last battle". the Guardian. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  37. ^ Rogers, Mary (May 18, 1997). "A Midnight Conversation with Van Cliburn" (PDF). Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
  38. ^ McKeen, William (2008). Outlaw Journalist: The Life and Times of Hunter S. Thompson. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-393-06192-5. Sandy maintained the house, tiptoeing around until three o'clock in the afternoon, Hunter's usual waking hour.
  39. ^ "FZ: Drowning in the News Bath".
  40. ^ Cahill, Tim (1993) [1986]. Buried Dreams: Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-1-857-02084-7. OCLC 12421532.
  41. ^ Harold C. Schonberg (June 4, 1973). "Fischer's Friends Wonder if He'll Play Chess Again". New York Times. A night owl who sleeps Most of the day and comes to life in the late afternoon, Fischer often tele phones his friends at 4 A.M. wanting to talk.
  42. ^ "The Vulture Transcript: Fran Lebowitz on Sarah Palin, Keith Richards, Her Side Career As a Law & Order Judge, and Much More". Vulture. 23 November 2010.
  43. ^ Cain, Áine (2018-07-16). "Vladimir Putin's hard-core daily routine includes hours of swimming, late nights, and no alcohol". Business Insider.
  44. ^ Elsworth, Catherine (2007-06-13). "Travolta turns night owl to protect privacy". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  45. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Inside Prince's Secret Midnight Outings". Antoinette Bueno.
  46. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (2 July 2016). "Barack Obama: The nocturnal habits of America's 'night guy' president revealed". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  47. ^ "On the Cover: Marilyn Manson". Spin. 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
  48. ^ West, Kanye (2016-01-09). "KANYE WEST Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 2016-01-28.
  49. ^ Elder, Pliny the (2015-08-29). Delphi Complete Works of Pliny the Elder (Illustrated). Delphi Classics.
  50. ^ Quoted in Rubinstein p. 211
  51. ^ Jayne Ann Krentz, Truth and Dare (Penguin 2004) p. 258
  52. ^ Hilary Rubinstein, The Complete Insomniac (London 1974) p. 19
  53. ^ The Little River Band All-Time Greatest Hits 1990 CEMA Special Markets

Further reading

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