Jump to content

Nawabs of Bengal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Nawab of Bengal)
This article is about the last viceroys/semi-independent/puppet rulers of Bengal (1717–1880). For the titular aristocrat family of Murshidabad (1882–present), see Nawabs of Murshidabad.

Nawab of Bengal
Coat of arms of the Nawabs of Bengal
First to reign
Murshid Quli Khan
1717 – 30 June 1727
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchMurshid Quli Khan
Last monarchSiraj ud-Daulah (Independent)
Mansur Ali Khan (Under British)
Formation1717; 307 years ago (1717)
Abolition1884; 140 years ago (1884)
ResidenceHazarduari Palace
Appointer

The Nawab of Bengal[1][2][3][4] (Bengali: বাংলার নবাব, bāṅglār nôbāb) was the hereditary ruler of Bengal Subah in Mughal India. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the de facto independent ruler of the three regions of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa which constitute the modern-day sovereign country of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. The Bengal Subah reached its peak during the reign of Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.[5][6][7] They are often referred to as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (Bengali: বাংলা, বিহার ও উড়িষ্যার নবাব).[8] The Nawabs were based in Murshidabad which was centrally located within Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. Their chief, a former prime minister, became the first Nawab. The Nawabs continued to issue coins in the name of the Mughal Emperor, but for all practical purposes, the Nawabs governed as independent monarchs. Bengal continued to contribute the largest share of funds to the imperial treasury in Delhi. The Nawabs, backed by bankers such as the Jagat Seth, became the financial backbone of the Mughal court.

The Nawabs, especially under the rule of Alivardi Khan of 16 years, were heavily engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.[9]

The Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of proto-industrialization. The Bengal-Bihar-Orissa triangle was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. Factories were set up in Murshidabad, Dhaka, Patna, Sonargaon, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Cossimbazar, Balasore, Pipeli, and Hugli among other cities, towns, and ports. The region became a base for the British East India Company, the French East India Company, the Danish East India Company, the Austrian East India Company, the Ostend Company, and the Dutch East India Company.

The British company eventually rivaled the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor Mir Qasim attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India. The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the Anglo-Mysore War. The British then turned their sights on defeating the Marathas and Sikhs.

In 1772, Governor-General Warren Hastings shifted administrative and judicial offices from Murshidabad to Calcutta, the capital of the newly formed Bengal Presidency, and the de facto capital of British India.[10] The Nawabs had lost all independent authority since 1757. In 1858, the British government abolished the symbolic authority of the Mughal court. After 1880, the descendants of the Nawabs of Bengal were recognised simply as Nawabs of Murshidabad with the mere status of a peerage.[11]

History

[edit]

Independent nawabs

[edit]
The Nawabs of Bengal in 1733, almost a decade before the Maratha invasions of Bengal[12]

The Bengal Subah was the wealthiest subah of the Mughal Empire.[13] There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system of Bengal since Akbar's conquest in the 1500s. Nizamat (governornership) and diwani (premiership) were the two main branches of provincial government under the Mughals.[14] The Subahdar was in-charge of the nizamat and had a chain of subordinate officials on the executive side, including diwans (prime ministers) responsible for revenue and legal affairs.[14] The regional decentralization of the Mughal Empire led to the creation of numerous semi-independent strongholds in the Mughal provinces. As the Mughal Empire began to decline, the Nawabs rose in power.[14][15] By the early 1700s, the Nawabs were practically independent, despite a nominal tribute to the Mughal court.[15]

The Mughal court heavily relied on Bengal for revenue. Azim-us-Shan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, had a bitter power struggle with his prime minister (diwan) Murshid Quli Khan. Emperor Aurangzeb transferred Azim-us-Shan out of Bengal as a result of the disputes. After the viceroy's exit, the provincial premier Murshid Quli Khan emerged as the de facto ruler of Bengal. His administrative coup merged the offices of the diwan (prime minister) and subedar (viceroy). In 1716, Khan shifted Bengal's capital from Dhaka to a new city named after himself. In 1717, Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar recognized Khan as the hereditary Nawab Nazim. The Nawab's jurisdiction covered districts in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.[16] The Nawab's territory stretched from the border with Oudh in the west to the border with Arakan in the east.

The chief deputy of the Nawab was the Naib Nazim of Dhaka, the mayor of the former provincial capital whose own wealth was considerable; the Naib Nazim of Dhaka also governed much of eastern Bengal. Other important officials were stationed in Patna, Cuttack, and Chittagong. The aristocracy was composed of the Zamindars of Bengal.[citation needed] The Nawab was backed up by the powerful Jagat Seth family of bankers and money lenders. The Jagat Seth controlled the flow of Bengali revenue into the imperial treasury in Delhi.[17] They served as financiers to both the Nawabs and European companies operating in the region.

Sketch of the main caravanserai and mosque in Murshidabad

The Nawabs profited from the revenue generated by the worldwide demand of muslin trade in Bengal, which was centered in Dhaka and Sonargaon. Murshidabad was a major center of silk production.[18] Shipbuilding in Chittagong enjoyed Ottoman and European demand. Patna was a center of metalworks and the military-industrial complex. The Bengal-Bihar region was a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpetre.[19][20] The Nawabs presided over an era of growing organization in banking, handicrafts, and other trades.

Bengal attracted traders from across Eurasia. Traders were lodged at caravanserais, including the Katra Masjid in Murshidabad; and the Bara Katra and Choto Katra in Dhaka. Dutch Bengali trading posts included the main Dutch port of Pipeli in Orissa; the Dutch settlement in Rajshahi; and the towns of Cossimbazar and Hugli. The Danes built trading posts in Bankipur and on islands of the Bay of Bengal. Balasore in Orissa was a prominent Austrian trading post. Bengali cities were full of brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.[21]

Dutch East India Company ships in Chittagong harbor, early 18th-century

The Nawabs were patrons of the arts, including the Murshidabad style of Mughal painting, Hindustani classical music, the Baul tradition, and local craftsmanship. The second Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan developed Murshidabad's royal palace, military base, city gates, revenue office, public audience hall (durbar), and mosques in an extensive compound called Farrabagh (Garden of Joy) which included canals, fountains, flowers, and fruit trees. The second Nawab's reign saw a period of economic and political consolidation.[21]

The third Nawab Sarfaraz Khan was preoccupied with military engagements, including Nader Shah's invasion of India. Sarfaraz Khan was killed at the Battle of Giria by his deputy Alivardi Khan.[citation needed] The coup by Alivardi Khan led to the creation of a new dynasty. Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was notorious for his repressive tax collection tactics, including torture for non-payment.[22] However he was also known as Shuja ul-Mulk (hero of the country) mostly due to him repelling all Maratha invasions of Bengal. [citation needed]

Maratha invasions of Bengal

[edit]
Main article: Maratha invasions of Bengal

The resurgent Maratha Confederacy after their victories against the Mughals were at the doorsteps of Bengal and conducted an almost a decade long episode of mass destruction and chaos, pillaging and looting the countryside of Bengal reaching up to the capital, Murshidabad. These invasions took place almost every year between 1742-1751 The Bengali armies were led by Nawab Alivardi Khan and the Marathas were led by Raghuji I.

Nawab Alivardi Khan endured brutal raids by the Maratha Empire. The Marathas undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741 to 1748. The Maratha general Raghoji I of Nagpur conquered large parts of Orissa.[23] Nawab Alivardi Khan made peace with Raghoji in 1751, ceding large parts of Orissa up to the river Subarnarekha. The Marathas demanded an annual tribute payment.[24] The Marathas also promised to never to cross the boundary of the Nawab's territory.[25][26] European trading companies also grew more influential in Bengal.

British influence and succession

[edit]

Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was notorious for his repressive tax collection tactics, including torture for non-payment.[22] Nawab Alivardi Khan's successor was Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah grew increasingly wary of the British presence in Bengal. He also feared invasions by the Durrani Empire from the north and Marathas from the west. On 20 June 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah launched the siege of Calcutta, in which he won a decisive victory. The British were briefly expelled from Fort William, which came under the occupation of the Nawab's forces. The East India Company dispatched a naval fleet led by Robert Clive to regain control of Fort William. By January 1757, the British retook Fort William. The stalemate with the Nawab continued into June. The Nawab also began cooperating with the French East India Company, raising the ire of the British further. Britain and France were at the time pitted against each other in the Seven Years' War.

Robert Clive meets Mir Jafar at the Battle of Plassey in 1757

On 23 June 1757, the Battle of Plassey brought an end to the independence of the Nawabs of Bengal.[27][28] Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and his French allies were caught off guard by the defection of the Nawab's Commander-in-Chief Mir Jafar to the British side. The British, under the leadership of Robert Clive, gained enormous influence over Bengal Subah as a result of the battle. The last independent Nawab was arrested by his former officers and killed in revenge for the brutality against his courtiers.

Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab by the British. However, Jafar entered into a secret treaty with the Dutch East India Company. This caused the British to replace Mir Jafar with his son-in-law Mir Qasim in October 1760. In one of his first acts, Mir Qasim ceded Chittagong,[29] Burdwan and Midnapore to the East India Company. Mir Qasim also proved to be a popular ruler. But Mir Qasim's independent spirit eventually raised British suspicions. Mir Jafar was reinstalled as Nawab in 1763. Mir Qasim continued opposing the British and his father-in-law. He set up his capital in Munger and raised an independent army. Mir Qasim attacked British positions in Patna, overrunning the company's offices and killing its Resident. Mir Qasim also attacked the British-allied Gorkha Kingdom. Mir Qasim allied with Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. However, the Mughal allies were defeated at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, which was the last real chance of resisting British expansion across the northern Indian subcontinent.

The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan briefly eclipsed the dominant position of Bengal in the subcontinent. Tipu Sultan pursued aggressive military modernization; and set up a company to trade with communities around the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Mysore's military technology at one point rivaled European technology. However, the Anglo-Mysore War ended Tipu Sultan's ascendancy.[30][31]

In 1765, Robert Clive, as the representative of the East India Company, was given the Diwani of Bengal by the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.[32] With this a system of dual governance was established, with the Nawabs responsible for the Nizamat of Bengal and the Company responsible for the Diwani of Bengal. In 1772, this arrangement came to be abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, the Mughal emperor also ceded the Nizamat of Bengal to the Company and the Nawab of Bengal was reduced to a mere titular position and pensioners of the Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended, and the British Crown, in 1858, took over the territories which were under direct rule of the company. This marked the beginning of Crown rule in India, and the Nawabs had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.[33][34] Mir Jafar's descendants continued to live in Murshidabad. The Hazarduari Palace (Palace of a Thousand Doors) was built as the residence of the Nawabs in the 1830s. The palace was also used by British colonial officials.[35]

Hazarduari Palace (Palace of a Thousand Doors) was home to the titular Nawabs of Bengal

Nawab Mansur Ali Khan was the last titular Nawab Nazim of Bengal. During his reign the nizamat at Murshidabad came to be debt-ridden. The Nawab left Murshidabad in February 1869, and had started living in England. The title of the Nawab of Bengal stood abolished in 1880.[35] He returned to Bombay in October 1880 and pleaded his case against the orders of the government, but as it stood unresolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles, abdicating in favour of his eldest son on 1 November 1880.[35]

The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nazims following Nawab Mansur Ali Khan's abdication, The Nawab Bahadurs had ceased to exercise any significant power.[14] but were relegated to the status of a zamindar and continued to be a wealthy family, producing bureaucrats and army officers.[14][35][36]

Relations with the Zamindars of Bihar

[edit]

The Zamindars of Bihar maintained a tenuous loyalty to the Nawabs of Bengal.[37] Rebellion and the withholding of revenue was a common feature of the Nawab period in Bihar.[38][39] Although Bihar had the potential to provide a large amount of revenue and tax, records show that the Nawabs were unable to extract any money from the chiefs of Bihar until 1748. And even following this, the amount gained was very low. This was again due to the rebellious nature of the zamindars who were "continually in arms".[40] Eventually when tax revenue started being collected the nawab Alivardi Khan promised Balaji Baji Rao a portion of the revenue of Bihar in return for his support in the Battle of Birbhum. Alivardi Khan went on to win the battle.[41]

List of Nawabs

[edit]

The following is a list of the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Jafar were the only two to become Nawab Nazim twice.[42] The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1880 with Mansur Ali Khan.[14][35][42]

Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Nasiri dynasty
Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri Murshid Quli Khan 1665 1717–1727 June 1727[43][44][45]
Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung Sarfaraz Khan After 1700 1727–1727 (for few days) 29 April 1740[46]
Shuja ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan circa 1670 1 July 1727 – 26 August 1739 26 August 1739[47][48]
Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung Sarfaraz Khan After 1700 13 March 1739 – 29 April 1740 29 April 1740[46]
Afshar dynasty
Hashim ud-Daula Alivardi Khan Before 10 May 1671 29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756 9 April 1756[49][50]
Siraj ud-Daulah Siraj ud-Daulah 1733 9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757 2 July 1757[51][52]

Puppet rulers under British influence

[edit]
Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Najafi dynasty
Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Jafar 1691 2 June 1757 – 20 October 1760 17 January 1765[53][54][55]
Itimad ud-Daulah Mir Qasim 1720 20 October 1760 – 7 July 1763 8 May 1777[56]
Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Jafar 1691 25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765 17 January 1765[56][57]
Najm ud-Daulah Najmuddin Ali Khan 1750 5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766 8 May 1766[58]
Saif ud-Daulah Najabut Ali Khan 1749 22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770 10 March 1770[59]
Ashraf Ali Khan 1740 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1770 24 March 1770
Mubarak ud-Daulah Mubarak Ali Khan 1759 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793 6 September 1793[60]
Azud ud-Daulah Baber Ali Khan 1760 1793 – 28 April 1810 28 April 1810[61]
Ali Jah Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan 1785 5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821 6 August 1821[62][63]
Walla Jah Ahmad Ali Khan 1760 1821 – 30 October 1824 30 October 1824[64][65]
Humayun Jah Mubarak Ali Khan II 29 September 1810 1824 – 3 October 1838 3 October 1838[66][67][68]
Feradun Jah Mansur Ali Khan 29 October 1830 29 October 1838 – 1 November 1880 (abdicated) 5 November 1884[35]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 366–. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
  2. ^ Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. pp. 237–. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.
  3. ^ "Bengal, nawabs of (act. 1756–1793), rulers in India". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63552. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ "ʿAlī Vardī Khān | nawab of Bengal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  5. ^ "Bengal | region, Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  6. ^ "Odisha – History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  7. ^ Silliman, Jael (28 December 2017). "Murshidabad can teach the rest of India how to restore heritage and market the past". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  8. ^ A Comprehensive History of India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1 December 2003. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-207-2506-5.
  9. ^ Datta, Kalikinkar (1948). The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740–1825 A.D. University of Patna. p. 12.
  10. ^ "Kolkata – Capital of British India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  11. ^ Sir George Watt (1987). Indian Art at Delhi 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902–1903. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-208-0278-0.
  12. ^ https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=091
  13. ^ "Bengal subah was one of the richest subahs of the Mughal empire". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Murshidabad History - The Nawabs and Nazims". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  15. ^ a b Sen, S. N. (2006). History Modern India – S. N. Sen – Google Books. New Age International. ISBN 9788122417746. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  16. ^ "Nawab". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  17. ^ Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-63557-395-4.
  18. ^ "Murshidabad: The forgotten capital of Bengal - Asian Art Newspaper". 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Gunpowder plots | Dhaka Tribune". archive.dhakatribune.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  20. ^ "Saltpetre". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  21. ^ a b "Murshidabad". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  22. ^ a b Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-63557-395-4.
  23. ^ Government of Maharashtra (1974). Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Wardha District (2nd ed.). Bombay: Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 63. OCLC 77864804.
  24. ^ Wernham, R. B. (1 November 1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559–1610 (Maratha invasion of Bengal). CUP Archive. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  25. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1 January 1991). Fall of the Mughal Empire- Vol. I (4Th Edn.) (Maratha Chauth from Bihar). Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125011491. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  26. ^ George Michell and Mark Zebrowski (10 June 1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, Volumes 1-7 (Maratha raids in Bihar). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563215. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  27. ^ "Battle of Plassey | National Army Museum". nam.ac.uk.
  28. ^ "In battle for Bengal, a Plassey redux (IANS Exclusive)". outlookindia.com/. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  29. ^ "Chittagong | History, Population, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  30. ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
  31. ^ Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-63557-395-4.
  32. ^ Chaudhury, Sushil; Mohsin, KM (2012). "Sirajuddaula". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015.
  33. ^ Singh, Vipul (1 September 2009). Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal). Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131728888. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  34. ^ Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government). Upkar Prakashan. 1 January 2009. ISBN 9788174827449.
  35. ^ a b c d e f "Murshidabad History - Feradun Jah". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  36. ^ "Hassan Ali Mirza's succession". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  37. ^ P. J. Marshall (2006) [First published 1987]. Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740-1828. New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II, 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-02822-6.
  38. ^ Kumkum Chatterjee (1996). Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820. BRILL. pp. 35–36. ISBN 90-04-10303-1. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  39. ^ J. Albert Rorabacher (13 September 2016). Bihar and Mithila: The Historical Roots of Backwardness. Taylor & Francis. pp. 265–266. ISBN 978-1-351-99758-4.
  40. ^ P. J. Marshall (2 November 2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–60. ISBN 978-0-521-02822-6.
  41. ^ Ivermee, Robert (2020). Hooghly: The Global History of a River. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-78738-325-8.
  42. ^ a b "The Nawabs of Bengal (chronologically)". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  43. ^ "Murshidabad History - Murshid Quli Khan". Murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  44. ^ "Murshid Quli Khan | Indian nawab". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  45. ^ Karim, Abdul (2012). "Murshid Quli Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017.
  46. ^ a b "Murshidabad History - Sarfaraz Khan". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  47. ^ Karim, KM (2012). "Shujauddin Muhammad Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015.
  48. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Suja-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  49. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Alivardi Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  50. ^ Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society. The Society. 1962. pp. 34–36. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  51. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Siraj-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  52. ^ "Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah". Story of Pakistan. 3 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  53. ^ Zaidpūrī, Ghulām Ḥusain (called Salīm) (1902). The Riyaz̤u-s-salāt̤īn: A History of Bengal. Asiatic Society. p. 384. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  54. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  55. ^ "Portrait of an accidental Nawab". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  56. ^ a b Shah, Mohammad (2012). "Mir Jafar Ali Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  57. ^ Bibliotheca Indica. Baptist Mission Press. 1902. p. 397. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  58. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Najam-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  59. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Saif-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  60. ^ Khan, Abdul Majed (3 December 2007). The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521049825. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  61. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Babar Ali Delair Jang". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  62. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Ali Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  63. ^ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. pp. 49. Ali Jah Murshidabad.
  64. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Wala Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  65. ^ Indian Records: With a Commercial View of the Relations Between the British Government and the Nawabs Nazim of Bengal, Behar and Orissa. G. Bubb. 1870. pp. 75. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  66. ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Humayun Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  67. ^ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. pp. 50. Humayun Jah.
  68. ^ Ray, Aniruddha (13 September 2016). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Routledge. ISBN 9781351997300.
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Nawabs of Bengal.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawabs_of_Bengal&oldid=1264164298"