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N. T. Rama Rao

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N. T. Rama Rao
Rao on a Commemorative Stamp dated 2001.
10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
In office
12 December 1994 – 1 September 1995
GovernorKrishan Kant
CabinetNTR IV
Preceded byKotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
Succeeded byN. Chandrababu Naidu
In office
16 September 1984 – 2 December 1989
Governor
CabinetNTR II & III
Preceded byNadendla Bhaskara Rao
Succeeded byMarri Chenna Reddy
In office
9 January 1983 – 16 August 1984
Governor
CabinetNTR I
Preceded byKotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
Succeeded byNadendla Bhaskara Rao
10th Leader of the Opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
In office
1989–1994
Governor
Chief Minister
Preceded byMogaligundla Baga Reddy
Succeeded byP. Janardhan Reddy
Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh
In office
1985–1996
Preceded byPamishetty Ranganayakulu
Succeeded byNandamuri Harikrishna
ConstituencyHindupuram
In office
1983–1985
Preceded byKatari Satyanarayana Rao
Succeeded byRaavi Sobhanadri Chowdary
ConstituencyGudivada
1st President of Telugu Desam Party
In office
29 March 1982 – 1 September 1995
General SecretaryN. Chandrababu Naidu
(1983-1995)
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byN. Chandrababu Naidu
Personal details
Born
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao

(1923-05-28)28 May 1923
Nimmakuru, Madras Presidency, British India
(now in Andhra Pradesh, India)
Died18 January 1996(1996-01-18) (aged 72)
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Cause of deathCardiac arrest
Political partyTelugu Desam Party
Spouses
  • Nandamuri Basavatarakam
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1943; died 1985)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1993)​
RelationsN. Chandrababu Naidu (son-in-law), Daggubati Venkateswara Rao (son-in-law) N. T. Rama Rao Jr. (grandson), Nara Lokesh (grandson), Nandamuri Kalyan Ram (grandson), Taraka Ratna (grandson)
Children12 (including Nandamuri Harikrishna, Nandamuri Balakrishna, Daggubati Purandeswari and Nandamuri Mohana Krishna)
Parents
  • Nandamuri Lakshmayya (father)
  • Nandamuri Venkata Ramamma (mother)
Occupation
AwardsPadma Shri (1968)
SignatureNTR's signature

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (28 May 1923 – 18 January 1996),[1] often referred to by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, film director, film producer, screenwriter, film editor, philanthropist and politician who served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for seven years over four terms. He is regarded as one of the most influential actors of Indian cinema.[2] He starred in over 300 films, predominantly in Telugu cinema, and was referred to as "Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma" (transl. Universally-renowned star of acting).[3] Rao received three National Film Awards for co-producing Thodu Dongalu (1954) and Seetharama Kalyanam (1960) under National Art Theater, Madras,[4] and for directing Varakatnam (1970).[5] In 1968, The Government of India honoured him with Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to Indian cinema. In 2013, Rao was voted as "Greatest Indian Actor of All Time" in a CNN-IBN national poll conducted on the occasion of the Centenary of Indian Cinema.[6][7]

Known for his breakthrough performances in Raju Peda (1954) and Lava Kusa (1963),[8][9][10] Rao garnered the Nandi Award for Best Actor for Kodalu Diddina Kapuram in 1970, and the Inaugural Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu in 1972 for Badi Panthulu.[8][10]

Rama Rao made his debut as an actor in a Telugu social film Mana Desam, directed by L. V. Prasad in 1949. He gained popularity in the 1960s when he became well known for his portrayals of Hindu deities, especially Krishna, Shiva and Rama,[11] roles which have made him a "messiah of the masses" and a prominent figure in the history of cinema.[11][12] He later became known for portraying antagonistic characters and Robin Hood-esque hero characters in films.[13][14][15][16] He starred in such films as Pathala Bhairavi (1951), the only south Indian film screened at the first International Film Festival of India,[17][18] Malliswari (1951), featured at Peking Film Festival, Beijing, China,[19] the enduring classics Mayabazar (1957) and Nartanasala (1963), featured at the Afro-Asian Film Festival that was held in Jakarta, Indonesia.[20] All the four films were included in CNN-IBN's list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".[21] He co-produced Ummadi Kutumbam, nominated by Film Federation of India as one of its entries to the 1968 Moscow Film Festival.[13][22] Besides Telugu, he has also acted in a few Tamil films.[23] Widely recognised for his portrayal of mythological characters, Rao was also one of the earliest method actors of Indian cinema.[11]

He founded the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in 1982 and served three tumultuous terms as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh between 1983 and 1995. He was known as an advocate of Andhra Pradesh's distinct cultural identity, distinguishing it from the erstwhile Madras State with which it was often associated. At the national level, he was instrumental in the formation of the National Front, a coalition of non-Congress parties which governed India in 1989 and 1990.[24]

Early life

[edit]

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao was born on 28 May 1923 in a Telugu Hindu agrarian family[1] in Nimmakuru, a small village in Gudivada taluk of Krishna district, which was a part of the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. He was given in adoption to his paternal uncle because his uncle and aunt were childless.[25] He was first educated by a teacher who came from a nearby village, whom he would attribute his command of Telugu to, as well as his father, an aspiring thespian and patron of the arts. Although children were normally pulled out of school after completing their primary education, on account of being the first male child in the family, his father sent him to Vijayawada, where he continued his education, matriculating in 1940 before studying at SRR & CVR College and completed a bachelor's degree from Andhra Christian College in Guntur. [26]

After qualifying for the civil service in what was then the Madras Presidency under British India, he took a job as a sub-registrar in Madras Service Commission at Mangalagiri, northeast of Guntur, a much-coveted job that he nevertheless quit within three weeks to pursue a career in acting.[27][28] He developed a baritone singing voice as a young man.[11]

Personal life

[edit]

In May 1943, at the age of 20, while still pursuing his Intermediate, Rao married Basava Rama Tarakam, the daughter of his maternal uncle. The marriage resulted in twelve children; including eight sons and four daughters, namely: Ramakrishna Sr., Jayakrishna, Saikrishna, Harikrishna, Nandamuri Mohana Krishna, Balakrishna, Ramakrishna Jr., Jayashankarakrishna, Garapati Lokeswari (daughter), Daggubati Purandeswari (daughter), Nara Bhuvaneswari (daughter), and Kantamaneni Umamaheswari (daughter).[29]

Tarakam died of cancer in 1985.[30] In her memory, Rao established the Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital in Hyderabad, in 1986.[31] In 1993, NTR married Lakshmi Parvathi, a Telugu writer.[32] The marriage was childless and lasted until NTR's death less than three years later. Parvati was the author of NTR's two-volume biography published in 2004. The first volume, Eduruleni Manishi (transl. Unstoppable person), covers his childhood and his entry into films. The second volume, Telugu Tejam (transl. The radiance of Telugu), deals with his political career.[33][34]

NTR's eldest son, Nandamuri Ramakrishna Sr., died in 1962, soon after Rao completed shooting of the film Irugu Porugu.[35] Rao founded the film studios Ramakrishna Studios in Nacharam in his memory. NTR's second son, Nandamuri Jayakrishna is a film exhibitor and producer, his son Nandamuri Chaitanya Krishna is also a film producer.[36][37] NTR's third son, Nandamuri Saikrishna, who was a theatre owner, died in 2004 following diabetic complications.[38] His fourth son, Nandamuri Harikrishna, who died in a car accident on 29 August 2018, was a child actor-turned-politician elected to the Rajya Sabha, representing the TDP. Harikrishna's sons Nandamuri Kalyan Ram and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. are also actors in the Telugu cinema, with the latter being one of the leading actors in Tollywood since the early-2000s.[39] NTR's fifth son Nandamuri Mohana Krishna is a cinematographer, and his son Taraka Ratna was also an actor who died in 2023.[40][41] NTR's sixth son, Nandamuri Balakrishna, has been one of the leading actors in Tollywood since the mid-1980s. He also started his career as a child artist. Balakrishna contested 2014 assembly elections as a TDP candidate.[42] He won the Hindupur Assembly Constituency. His seventh son, Nandamuri Ramakrishna Jr. is a film producer.

NTR's third daughter, Bhuvaneswari, is married to chief minister Nara Chandrababu Naidu. NTR's second daughter, Daggubati Purandeswari, is a politician, who has represented the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha and served as a Union Minister. She later shifted her allegiance to the Bharatiya Janata Party.[43][44] NTR's fourth and youngest daughter, Uma Maheswari, was found dead at her home in Hyderabad's Jubilee Hills on 1 August 2022. According to Police, her death appears to be an instance of suicide, but no suicide note was found.

Film career

[edit]
Further information: N. T. Rama Rao filmography
Nandamuri Taraka Ramarao in Pathala Bhairavi (1951)

Rama Rao started his film career with a walk-on role as a policeman in Mana Desam (1949).[11] Following this, he appeared in Palletoori Pilla (1950), directed by B. A. Subba Rao.[45] His first religious film was in 1957, where he portrayed the Hindu god Krishna in the blockbuster film Maya Bazaar.[46] He played Krishna in 17 films,[46] including some landmark films such as Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham (1962), the Tamil film Karnan (1964) and Daana Veera Soora Karna (1977). He was also known for his portrayal of the god Rama, essaying that role in films such as Lava Kusa (1963) and Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham (1974) to name a few. He has also portrayed other characters from the Ramayana, such as Ravana in Bhookailas (1958) and Seetharama Kalyanam (1961) among others. He portrayed the god Vishnu in films such as Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam (1960) among others and the god Shiva in Dakshayagnam (1962). He has also enacted the roles of Mahabharata characters, such as Bheeshma, Arjuna, Karna and Duryodhana.

Rao portraying Girisam character in Kanyasulkam (1955)

Later in his career, he stopped playing a prince in his commercial films and began to play roles of a poor yet heroic young man fighting against the existing system. These films appealed to the sentiments of the common man. Some of these films are Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973), Adavi Ramudu (1977), Driver Ramudu (1979), Vetagadu (1979), Sardar Papa Rayudu (1980), Kondaveeti Simham (1981), Justice Chowdary (1982) and Bobbili Puli (1982). He also portrayed fantasy roles, his notable film in that genre being Yamagola (1977).[citation needed] His film Lava Kusa, in which he starred as Rama, collected ₹1 crore in 1963. He directed and acted in the hagiographical film Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra (1984). He also acted in films such as Brahmashi Viswamitra (1991) and Major Chandrakanth (1993). His last film was Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu, a biopic on the Telugu poet Srinatha, which released in 1993.

In the later half of his career, Rao became a screenwriter. Despite having no formal training in scriptwriting, he authored several screenplays for his own movies as well as for other producers. He also produced many of his films as well as other actor's films through his film production house National Art Theater Private Limited, Madras and later Ramakrishna Studios, Hyderabad. He actively campaigned for the construction of a large number of cinemas through this production house.[47] He was influential in designing and implementing a financial system that funded the production and distribution of movies.[48] He was so dedicated to his profession that he would often learn new things in order to portray a particular character on-screen perfectly and realistically. At the age of 40, he learnt dance from the renowned Kuchipudi dancer Vempati Chinna Satyam for his role in the film Nartanasala (1963).[49]

Political career

[edit]

Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, a veteran politician joined Telugu Desam Party (TDP) founded by Rama Rao, on 29 March 1982 in Hyderabad. He said that this decision was based on a historic need to rid Andhra Pradesh of the corrupt and inept rule of the Indian National Congress, which had governed the state since its formation in 1956.[50]

First term as Chief Minister, 1983

[edit]
Main article: Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao

In the elections, the TDP allied with the Sanjaya Vichara Manch party and decided to field educated candidates who had a good name in the society[citation needed] and were not indulging in corruption, which was an innovative political concept at the time. Rao himself decided to contest from two assembly constituencies, Gudivada and Tirupati. He used many innovative ways of campaigning, such as being the first politician in India to use rath yatras for campaigning. For this, he used a modified Chevrolet van which was given the name of Chaitanya Ratham. In this, Rao travelled across the state of Andhra Pradesh, crisscrossing all the districts. With his son Nandamuri Harikrishna, also a film actor, driving the van, Rao notched up over 75,000 kilometers during his campaign, a distinctive sight with the van's yellow party flags and banners and Rao sitting on top of the vehicle hailing the crowds.[51] He campaigned for restoring the dignity of the Telugu people and advocated forming a closer bond between the government and the common people, going into the elections with the slogan, Telugu Vari Atma Gauravam (lit. Telugu people's self-respect).[52]

In the 1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, TDP won by an absolute majority winning 202 out of the 294 seats in the state assembly, with Rao himself winning both the seats he contested.[53] Their alliance with the Sanjaya Vichara Manch fetched 202 seats.[54] Rao was sworn in as the 10th and the first non-Congress Chief Minister of the state on 9 January 1983 with ten cabinet ministers and five ministers of State.[55]

Loss of power, 1984

[edit]

On 15 August 1984, Rao was removed from office by the then Governor of Andhra Pradesh Thakur Ram Lal, while Rao was in the US to undergo open heart surgery.[56] His finance minister, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, a former Congressman, was made the Chief Minister by the Governor Thakur Ram Lal. Bhaskar Rao purportedly had the support of majority of the TDP MLAs.[citation needed]

Return to power, 1984

[edit]

Rama Rao returned to India immediately after his surgery, disputed the claims by Bhaskara Rao and demonstrated his strength by bringing all the MLAs supporting him, which was a majority in the 294-member assembly, to the Raj Bhavan (Governor's Office).[56] Ramlal did not relent, as a result of which Rama Rao relaunched his Chaitanya Ratham campaign, this time campaigning for the restoration of democracy by mobilizing the support of people and various anti-Congress political parties in the country including the Janata Party (JP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the National Conference (NC). During the one-month crisis, the MLAs supporting Rama Rao were secured in a secret place to avoid horse-trading. This was achieved with the support of Ramakrishna Hegde, Chief Minister of Karnataka. Ramakrishna Hegde moved all the TDP MLAs to a Budget Hotel, Das Prakash, in Mysuru (Mysore), as Congress was known for poaching MLAs regularly and was felt necessitated. This was the first time in Indian Politics that MLAs were secured at a safe place from poaching. Also, due to mobilization of several political parties and the people and due to press, the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unwillingly removed Governor Ramlal and appointed a Congress veteran, Shankar Dayal Sharma, as the governor of Andhra Pradesh to pave the way for restoring Rao.[56]

Campaigning in Tamil Nadu, 1984

[edit]

In 1984, when the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and fellow senior actor M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) was unable to campaign in the state assembly election due to him being hospitalized in the US, N.T.R., who was a close friend of M.G.R.,[57] and R. M. Veerappan who was handling the party affairs, campaigned for the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).[citation needed] As leader of the National Front, he campaigned extensively for the constituent parties when they faced elections, again using his Chaitanya Ratham campaigning concept.[58]

General elections, 1984

[edit]
Main article: 1984 Indian general election

A month later, Indira Gandhi was assassinated and was succeeded as prime minister by her son, Rajiv Gandhi. In the ensuing national elections to the Lok Sabha, the Congress, riding on the sympathy wave caused by Gandhi's assassination, won convincingly all over the country except in Andhra Pradesh where the TDP secured a landslide victory. TDP became the first regional party to serve as the main opposition party in the Lok Sabha.[59]

Second term as Chief Minister, 1985

[edit]
Main article: 1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

Meanwhile, in the state, Rao recommended dissolution of the Assembly and called for fresh elections the following year in the state to ensure that the people had a fresh choice to elect their representatives. The TDP again won with a massive majority in those elections, with Rao winning from 3 seats: Hindupur,[60] Nalgonda[61] and Gudivada,[62] thus marking the beginning of his second term as Chief Minister. Senior Leaders of the Congress in the state including former Chief Ministers Kasu Brahmananda Reddy and Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy lost in their constituencies of Narasaraopet and Kurnool respectively to the TDP. Rao completed his five-year term as Chief Minister.[63]

Years as opposition, 1989

[edit]

In the December 1989 assembly elections however, he was voted out of power due to a wave of anti-incumbency sweeping the state as a result of which the Congress returned to power. During this time, he suffered a mild stroke, as a result of which he was unable to campaign, which, according to some political analysts and TDP supporters, was the reason for the TDP's loss.[citation needed]

National politics, 1989

[edit]
Main article: 1989 Indian general election

During 1989, he established himself in national politics, forming a coalition of non-Congress parties opposed to the Congress known as the National Front. It included parties, besides the TDP, such as the Janata Dal and the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP). This alliance governed India between 1989 and 1990 with support from the BJP. Meanwhile, Rao assumed the position as the Leader of Opposition in the state. His National Front government at the national level led by V. P. Singh was at the forefront of social justice by implementing the provisions in the Mandal Commission for providing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBC's).[citation needed]

Third term as Chief Minister, 1994

[edit]
Main article: 1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

Rao returned to power for a third and final time in the December 1994 state assembly elections with his party in alliance with the Left Front. This alliance won 269 seats in the 294 seat Assembly, with the TDP alone winning 226. The Congress, which once again had multiple Chief Ministers in the state during its five-year rule between 1989 and 1994, won only 26 seats. Rao contested again from Hindupur and won the seat for the third consecutive time,[60] achieving a rare hat-trick of wins from the same assembly constituency. He also won from another assembly constituency, Tekkali.[64] In 1995, TDP leaders unhappy with Lakshmi Parvati NTR wife interring in politics, led a revolt in the party against Rao, which led to N. Chandrababu Naidu becoming the CM on 1 September 1995 replacing Rao.[65] The internal rebellion was triggered by the controversial role of Lakshmi Parvathi, NTR's second wife, in the party and the government.[66] Naidu was able to secure the support of the majority of the legislators. Following this, NTR vowed to take revenge against Naidu in an interview with Reuters.[67] However, NTR died in 1996. His second wife, Lakshmi Parvathi led NTR Telugu Desam Party which was eventually closed and joined INC, later YSRCP.

Awards and honors

[edit]

Civilian honours

[edit]
Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref
1968 Padma Shri Government of India Won

Other honours

[edit]
Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref
1978 Honorary Doctorate Andhra University Won

Filmfare Awards South

[edit]
Year Category Film Outcome Ref
1972 Best Actor – Telugu Badi Panthulu Won

Nandi Awards

[edit]
Year Category Film Outcome Ref
1974 Best Story Writer Tatamma Kala Won [68]

National Film Awards

[edit]
Year Category Film Outcome Ref
1954 Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu (producer — National Art Theater) Thodu Dongalu Won [5]
1960 Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu (producer — National Art Theater) Sita Rama Kalyanam Won
1968 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu (director — National Art Theater) Varakatnam Won [69]

Legacy

[edit]
Rao's memorial at NTR Gardens, Hyderabad
N. T. Rama Rao commemorative stamp

The NTR National Award is a national award in honour of Rao. It was instituted in 1996 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise notable film personalities for their lifetime achievements and contributions to the Indian film industry.[70] The NTR National Literary Award was instituted by the NTR Vignan Trust, as an annual award to recognise people for their lifetime achievements and contributions to Indian literature.[71] Dr. N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada was established as University of Health Sciences by the Government of Andhra Pradesh and was inaugurated on 9 April by N. T. Rama Rao, the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It started functioning on 1 November 1986.[72] After the death of Rama Rao, it was decided to rename the university after him, and this was carried out on 2 February 1998.[73] The university celebrated its silver jubilee from 1–3 November 2011.

Institutions and other establishments founded by Rama Rao:

Electoral history

[edit]
Election results
Year Office Constituency Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes % Result Ref
1983 MLA Tirupati Telugu Desam Party 64,688 77.01 Agarala Eswara Reddy Indian National Congress 17,809 21.2 Won [74]
Gudivada 53906 64.94 Katari Satyanarayan Rao 27368 32.97 Won [75]
1985 49,600 53.64 Uppalapati Suryanarayana Babu 42,003 45.42 Won
Hindupur 56,599 75.64 E. Adimurty 16,070 21.48 Won [76]
Nalgonda 49,788 66.54 Mandadi Ramchandra Reddy 18,201 24.32 Won [77]
1989 Kalwakurthy 50,786 47.59 Chittaranjan Dass 54,354 50.94 Lost [78]
Hindupur 63,715 61.6 G. Soma Sekhar 39,720 38.4 Won [79]
1994 88,058 74.04 J. C. Prabhakar Reddy 28,008 23.55 Won
Tekkali 66,200 70.9 Vajja Babu Rao 25,310 27.1 Won [80]

Death

[edit]

Rama Rao died of a heart attack on 18 January 1996 at his residence in Hyderabad, aged 72.[81] He was cremated, and his ashes were immersed at Srirangapatna by his second wife Lakshmi Parvathi, eight years later, in May 2004.[82]

Portrayals

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline". The Hindu. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  2. ^ "NTR, India's greatest ever actor, says survey". 29 August 2018.
  3. ^ "Remembering Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao on his 24th death anniversary: The life and legacy of Doctor Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma". The Times of India. 18 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  4. ^ Eenadu Daily, Eenadu cinema – 17 July 2013, National art theater, Page 10
  5. ^ a b "2nd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  6. ^ "NTR greatest actor in India". CNN-IBN. 9 March 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  7. ^ "NTR is the greatest Indian actor – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b The Times of India directory and year book including who's who. Times of India Press. 1984.
  9. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (16 May 2014). "RAJU-PEDA (1954)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  10. ^ a b Ramachandran, T.M. (1973). Film world. Vol. 9.
  11. ^ a b c d e McGirk, Tim (19 January 1996). "Obituary: N. T. Rama Rao". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  12. ^ Burns, John F. (19 January 1996). "N. T. Rama Rao, 72, Is Dead; Star Status Infused His Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  13. ^ a b Eenadu Daily, Eenadu cinema – 17 July 2013, National art theater, Page 10
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  24. ^ "Regionalism and sub-regionalism". frontline.thehindu.com. 22 April 2004. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  25. ^ Narayan 1983, pp. 54–55.
  26. ^ Narayan 1983, pp. 55–57.
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  28. ^ "Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao". 17 February 2024.
  29. ^ "Cities / Vijayawada : Rich tributes paid to N.T. Rama Rao". The Hindu. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  30. ^ "About Us". Induscancer. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  31. ^ "I need people's blessings: Balayya". Andhraheadlines.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  32. ^ Ch (21 July 2003). "Lakshmi Parvathi to don greasepaint". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  33. ^ "NTR biography release tomorrow". The Hindu. 25 February 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2013.[dead link‍]
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  35. ^ "Vidya Balan Says She Is 'Very Excited' About NTR Biopic". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  36. ^ Desk, Tollywood (19 December 2020). "Nandamuri family youngster Chaitanya Krishna ties the knot with Reka Rani". Tollywood. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
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Bibliography

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Political offices
Preceded by Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1983–1984 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1984–1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1994–1995 		Succeeded by
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