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Nagapattinam district

Coordinates: 10°46′1.2″N 79°49′58.8″E / 10.767000°N 79.833000°E / 10.767000; 79.833000
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This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see nagapattinam.

Nagapattinam district
District of Tamil Nadu
Clockwise from top-left: Sri Soundararajaperumal temple in Nagapattinam, Nagore Dargah, Agnipureeswarar Temple, Thirupugalur, Salt pans in Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni
Location in Tamil Nadu
Location in Tamil Nadu
Coordinates: 10°46′1.2″N 79°49′58.8″E / 10.767000°N 79.833000°E / 10.767000; 79.833000
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
Established18 October 1991
Founded byJ. Jayalalithaa
TaluksKilvelur, Nagapattinam, Thirukkuvalai, Vedaranyam
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • District CollectorA. Arun Thamburaj, IAS
 • Superintendent of PoliceG. Jawahar, IPS
Area
 • Total
1,397 km2 (539 sq mi)
 • Rank36
Elevation
9 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
697,069
 • Rank37
 • Density498/km2 (1,290/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code04365
ISO 3166 codeISO 3166-2:IN
Vehicle registrationTN-51[1]
Lok Sabha constituency1
Vidhan Sabha constituency5
Websitenagapattinam.nic.in

Nagapattinam district is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. Nagapattinam district was carved out by bifurcating the erstwhile composite Thanjavur district on 19 October 1991. The town of Nagapattinam is the district headquarters.

Until Mayiladuthurai district was created out of it on 24 March 2020, Nagapattinam was the only discontiguous district in Tamil Nadu.

Etymology

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Nagapattinam is derived from Nagar, referring to people, and pattinam referring to town. In Tamil Pattinam and paakkam depicts coastal towns.[2][3] The town was also called Cholakula Vallipattinam during the Chola period, when it was one of the important ports. Ptolemy refers to Nagapattinam as Nikam and mentions it as one of the most important trade centres of the ancient Tamil country.[2] This view is doubtful as there is no contemporary evidence to prove the existence of the town as a metropolis in the name of "Nikama" or "Nikam".[4] Nagapattinam was referred to by early writers and the Portuguese as "the city of Coromandel".[2] The place is revered in Nalayira Divya Prabandham as Nagai in the 5th to 9th century CE[5] Vaishnava canon, by Alvars.[citation needed] It is considered one of the important temples visited by Thirumangai Alvar.[6] Appar and Tirugnanasambandar, the 7th-century saint poets refer to the city as Nagai in their verses in Tevaram. The town was originally called "Nagai"; the word Pattinam was attached during the Chola era when the town emerged as an important port.[7]

History

[edit]

Nagapattinam district was an important region of the Chola kingdom. There are urn burials in and around the city from the Sangam period indicating some level of human habitation.[4] The neighbouring port, Kaveripoompattinam (modern day Poompuhar), was the capital of the Chola kingdom of the Sangam Age, referred to widely in Tamil scriptures like Paṭṭiṉappālai.[4]

The early works of Tevaram by the 7th-century poets Appar and Sambandar mention that the town had fortified walls, busy roads, buildings and a busy port.[8] The inscriptions from the Kayarohanswami temple indicate the construction was initiated during the reign of the Pallava king, Narasimha Pallava II (691 – 729 CE).[9] A Buddhist pagoda was built under Chinese influence by the Pallava king and town was frequented by Buddhist travellers.[9] In the 11th century CE, Chudamani Vihara, a Buddhist monastery was built by Javanese king Sri Vijaya Soolamanivarman with the patronage of Raja Raja Chola.[10] Nagapattinam was the prominent port of Cholas for trade and conquering gateway to the east.[citation needed]

In the early 16th century the Portuguese made commercial contacts with the town and established a commercial centre in 1554 CE. The Portuguese also conducted missionary enterprise in the town.[11] In 1658, the Dutch established an agreement with King Vijaya Nayakkar of Thanjavur on 5 January 1662. Ten villages were transferred from the Portuguese to the Dutch – Nagappattinam Port, Puthur, Muttam, Poruvalancheri, Anthanappettai, Karureppankadu, AzhingiMangalam, Sangamangalam, Thiruthinamangalam, Manjakollai, Nariyankudi. Ten Christian churches and a hospital were built by the Dutch. They also released coins with the name Nagappattinam engraved in Tamil letters. Under an agreement between the first Maratta King Egoji of Thanjavur and the Dutch, Naagappattinam and surrounding villages were handed over to the Dutch on 30 December 1676. In 1690, the capital of Dutch Coromandel moved from Pulicat to Nagapattinam.[11]

This town fell into the hands of the British in 1781 after the two naval battles between British and French fleets were fought off the coast of Negapatam, as it was then known: the first in 1758 as part of the Seven Years' War and the second in 1782 as part of the American Revolutionary War. The town was taken by the British from the Dutch in 1781 (who had been formally brought into the war in 1780).[12] When the Dutch and British reached a peace agreement in 1784, Nagapattinam was formally ceded to the British. 277 villages, with Nagore as the headquarters, were handed over to the East India Company.[citation needed]

From 1799 to 1845 CE Nagapttinam was the headquarters of Tanjore district.[2] Nagapattinam and Nagore were incorporated as a single municipality in 1866 CE.[2] The town remained one of the chief ports to the Madras Presidency. The port suffered decline after the inclusion of Tranquebar and Tuticorin.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred on 26 December 2004, with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.[13] Nagapattinam was one of the regions severely affected in Tamil Nadu, accounting for 6,064 of the 8,009 casualties in the state,[14] predominantly from the fishing community who resided close to the seashore. The damage impacted the fishing industry, as most of the boats were damaged by the inundation.[15] The immediate aftermath created a lull in tourism.[16]

Geography

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The district shares borders with Tiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu and Karaikal district of the union territory Puducherry. The district of Nagapattinam lies on the shores of the Bay of Bengal between latitude 10.7906°N and Longitude 79.8428°E an area of 1,397 square kilometres (539 sq mi).[17] The District capital, Nagapattinam lies on the eastern coast, 350 kilometers down south of the State capital Chennai and of Tiruchirappalli. It has an average elevation of 9 metres (30 ft) above the mean sea level.[17] The district has a coastline of 187 kilometres (116 mi).[17]

Climate data for Nagapattinam, India
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.85
(87.53) 		32.67
(90.81) 		36.83
(98.29) 		38.72
(101.70) 		40.2
(104.4) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.07
(98.73) 		36.54
(97.77) 		37.02
(98.64) 		33.67
(92.61) 		29.66
(85.39) 		29.13
(84.43) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.72
(71.10) 		22.15
(71.87) 		23.37
(74.07) 		26.68
(80.02) 		27.48
(81.46) 		27.17
(80.91) 		26.36
(79.45) 		25.44
(77.79) 		25.17
(77.31) 		24.43
(75.97) 		29.66
(85.39) 		29.13
(84.43) 		29.13
(84.43)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 12.2
(0.48) 		12.4
(0.49) 		— 2
(0.1) 		26.5
(1.04) 		— 39.5
(1.56) 		39
(1.5) 		25
(1.0) 		85
(3.3) 		32.15
(1.27) 		46
(1.8) 		319.75
(12.59)
Source: [18]

Economy

[edit]

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Nagapattinam one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).[19] It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[19]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901652,643—    
1911688,101+0.53%
1921674,234−0.20%
1931693,484+0.28%
1941745,006+0.72%
1951863,674+1.49%
1961954,318+1.00%
19711,087,429+1.31%
19811,234,441+1.28%
19911,377,601+1.10%
20011,488,839+0.78%
20111,616,450+0.83%
source:[20]

According to the 2011 census, Nagapattinam district had a population of 698,094 with a sex-ratio of 1,025 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 26.94% of the population lived in urban areas.[21] A total of 165,245 were under the age of six, constituting 84,335 males and 80,910 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 30.51% and 0.23% of the population respectively.[22] The average literacy of the district was 75.04%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[21] The district had a total of 413,837 households. There were a total of 671,994 workers, comprising 54,329 cultivators, 216,353 main agricultural labourers, 7,925 in household industries, 207,721 other workers, 185,666 marginal workers, 13,153 marginal cultivators, 128,704 marginal agricultural labourers, 3,630 marginal workers in household industries and 40,179 other marginal workers.[23] The birth rate on a scale of one thousand in rural areas of the district is 19.9, urban is 17.8 and the combined birth rate is 18.85.[17] The death rate on a scale of one thousand in rural areas of the district is 8.2, urban is 6.7 and the combined rate is 7.45.[17] Tamil is the predominant language, spoken by 99.56% of the population.[24]

Religions in Nagapattinam district (2011)[25]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 88.13%
Islam
 
 8.95%
Christianity
 
 2.70%
Other or not stated
 
 0.22%

Politics

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This section is transcluded from 16th Tamil Nadu Assembly. (edit | history)
Source:[26][27]
District No. Constituency Name Party Alliance Remarks
Nagapattinam 163 Nagapattinam Aloor Shanavas Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi SPA
164 Kilvelur (SC) Nagai Maali (A) P. Mahalingam Communist Party of India (Marxist) SPA
165 Vedaranyam O. S. Manian All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam None

Education

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There are a total of 891 elementary schools, 185 middle schools, 83 high schools and 79 higher secondary schools in the district.[17]

Administration

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The Collector is the administrative head of each district and is the principle representative of the government for the district. The Collector's main responsibilities include revenue administration, Executive Magistracy, maintaining law and order, licensing and regulatory functions, disaster management, civil supplies, public distribution, social welfare, excise, transport, mining, labour laws, elections, legal affairs, census, general administration, treasury management and co-ordination with various departments of the state and central governments. The Collector is also the head of various committees formed at the district level for the various central and state government schemes.[28]

There are 32 districts in Tamil Nadu, each divided for revenue administration purposes into revenue divisions, which are further divided into Talukas. Each of these Talukas has a list of revenue villages and is headed by a Tahsildar.[29] Developmental administration of the district is carried out by Panchayat Unions (or Town Panchayats) in rural areas. These panchayat unions have a set of panchayat villages under them. In urban areas, the governance is done by municipal corporations, municipalities or town panchayats based on the size of the town; each of these has a set of wards.[29] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town Planning, and Information Technology (IT).[30] The municipalities are administered by a Municipal Commissioner, who is the executive head.[30] The legislative powers are vested in a body of elected members from each ward of the municipality. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[31]

Nagapattinam District was formerly a part of Thanjavur District. The district boundary is shared by Tiruvarur, Karaikal, Tanjore and Cuddalore districts. Its population at the 2001 Census was nearly 1.5 million. The district has seven taluks, eleven administrative blocks, eight town panchayats, and four municipalities.[29] Five of the talukas are coastal, and all are named after their main towns, which are their administrative centres. From north to south, they are Nagapattinam, Kilvelur, Thirukkuvalai (non-coastal), and Vedaranyam. It is bordered on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the south by the Palk Strait. On the coast between Tharamgambadi and Nagapattinam lies the small district of Karaikal, an enclave belonging administratively to the Puducherry Union Territory. This is the only district in Tamil Nadu to be formed out of two disjoint regions. The district headquarters, Nagapattinam, is located in the southern part which is less populated than the northern one.[citation needed]

Politics

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Member of Parliament
Nagapattinam M. Selvarasu [32]
Members of Legislative Assembly
Nagapattinam Aloor Shanavas[33]
Kilvelur (SC) P. Mahalingam[34]
Vedaranyam O. S. Maniyan

The district has two Lok Sabha constituencies, namely Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency. The current Member of Parliament from the Nagapattinam constituency is M. Selvarasu from the CPI.[32]

There are a total of three legislative assembly constituencies in the district, namely, Kilvelur, Nagapattinam and Vedaranyam.[35] Out of these Kilvelu constituencies is reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC).[35]

Culture and tourism

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Tourism plays a key economic role for the town even though fishing is the major occupation.

Kayarohanaswami Temple, a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, is located in Nagapattinam. The temple has been in existence from the 6th century CE and has been revered by the verses of Tevaram, the 7th–8th century Saiva canonical work by Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar.[36] The temple is one of the seven temples of the Thyagaraja cult, classified as Saptha Vidangam, where the deity Thyagaraja is believed to portray different dance styles.[37] The temple is also known for the shrine of Neelayadakshi, the consort of Kayarohanaswami.[36]

courtyard of a temple with towers in the background
Kayarohanaswami Temple – one of the oldest temples in the town

Soundararajaperumal Temple is a Hindu temple in Nagapattinam dedicated to Vishnu. It is one of the Divya Desams, the 108 temples of Vishnu revered in Nalayira Divya Prabandham by the Tirumangai Alvar, one of the 12 poet saints called Alwars of the 6th–9th century.[36] The other prominent Hindu temples in the district are Sikkal Singaravelan Temple at Sikkal, Vedaranyeswarar Temple at Vedaranyam, Ettukudi Murugan Temple and Koothanur Maha Saraswathi Temple.[38]

twin minarets with two minarets in the background
Nagore Durgah, built in the 16th century is one of the major landmarks of the town

Nagore Durgha, a 16th-century minaret located in Nagore, is an important pilgrimage centre of the town. The Kanduri festival is a 14-day event celebrated for the annual urs(anniversary) of the saint Hajrath Shahul Hamid (1490–1579 CE), for whom the minaret was built.[39] The festival is celebrated in commemoration of the anniversary of the saint's death, and pilgrims from various religions participate in the rituals and rites. The festival is also seen as a sacred exchange between Hindus and Muslims expressing solidarity of mixed faith in the region.[40] It is believed that 60 percent of the shrines were built by Hindus and historically the minaret has many domestic and international visitors.[41] There are three other prominent mosques; one near Nagai Pudhur Road, one near the new bus stand and another at Moolakadai Street.[36]

Velankanni is a pilgrimage centre located 10 km (6.2 mi) from Nagapattinam. The town is known for the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health, a Roman Catholic church built during the 17th century. Pilgrimage to the basilica is common during September when people of many faiths, especially Hindus, Muslims and Christians of all denominations visit the basilica.[38]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ www.tn.gov.in
  2. ^ a b c d e W. 2002, p. 161.
  3. ^ Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited 2008, p. 5.
  4. ^ a b c Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009, pp. 102–104.
  5. ^ Srinivasa Chari, S. M. (25 September 1997). Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120813427.
  6. ^ Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 534. ISBN 9788120601512.
  7. ^ Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009, pp. 104–107.
  8. ^ Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009, pp. 107–108.
  9. ^ a b Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009, pp. 108–119.
  10. ^ Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009, p. 67.
  11. ^ a b W. 2002, p. 139.
  12. ^ W. 2002, p. 136.
  13. ^ Karan & Subbiah 2011, p. 70.
  14. ^ Karan & Subbiah 2011, p. 77.
  15. ^ Karan & Subbiah 2011, p. 227.
  16. ^ Karan & Subbiah 2011, p. 231.
  17. ^ a b c d e f District profile 2011.
  18. ^ Dr. R.K. 2007, p. 19.
  19. ^ a b Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  20. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  21. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  22. ^ District census 2011 - Nagapattinam
  23. ^ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Nagapattinam district". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  24. ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  25. ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  26. ^ "Tamil Nadu Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners". CNBCTV18. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  27. ^ "Tamil Nadu Election Results 2021: Full list of winners". www.indiatvnews.com. 2 May 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  28. ^ Second Administrative Reforms Commission Fifteenth report (PDF) (Report). State and District administration, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India. April 2009. pp. 68–71.
  29. ^ a b c Districts of Tamil Nadu 2012.
  30. ^ a b Commissionerate of Municipal Administration 2006.
  31. ^ Economic and political weekly 1995.
  32. ^ a b MP of Nagapattinam 2009.
  33. ^ List of MLAs 2021.
  34. ^ List of MLAs 2011.
  35. ^ a b List of Assembly constituencies 2010.
  36. ^ a b c d Various 2007, p. 61.
  37. ^ The Hindu & 16 July 2010.
  38. ^ a b Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited 2008, pp. 14–15.
  39. ^ Hunter 1908, p. 3.
  40. ^ Werbner & Basu 1998, pp. 61–62.
  41. ^ Visweswaran 2011, pp. 33–34.
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