Jump to content

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz)

In this Mauritanian name, Ould Abdel Aziz is a patronymic surname.
General
Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
محمد ولد عبد العزيز
Mohamed in 2014
8th President of Mauritania
In office
5 August 2009 – 1 August 2019
Prime Minister
Preceded bySidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi
Succeeded byMohamed Ould Ghazouani
12th Chairperson of the African Union
In office
30 January 2014 – 30 January 2015
Preceded byHailemariam Desalegn
Succeeded byRobert Mugabe
President of the High Council of State
In office
6 August 2008 – 15 April 2009
Prime MinisterMoulaye Laghdaf
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Personal details
Born (1956-12-20) 20 December 1956 (age 68)
Akjoujt, Mauritania, French West Africa
NationalityMauritanian
Political partyUnion for the Republic (UPR)
SpouseMariam Mint Ahmed Aicha
Occupation
  • Politician
  • military officer
Military service
AllegianceMauritania
Branch/serviceMauritanian Army
Years of service1977 – 2009
RankGeneral

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (Arabic: محمد ولد عبد العزيز, romanized: Muḥammad Wald 'Abd al-'Azīz; born 20 December 1956)[1] is a retired Mauritanian military officer and politician who served as the 8th President of Mauritania from 2009 to 2019.[2]

A career soldier and high-ranking officer, he was a leading figure in the August 2005 coup that ousted President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, and later in August 2008, he led another coup, that removed President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi. After the 2008 coup, Mohamed became president of the High Council of State as part of what was described as a political transition leading to a new election.[3] He resigned from that post in April 2009 in order to stand as a candidate in the July 2009 presidential election, which he won.[4] He took office in August 2009.[5] He was subsequently re-elected in 2014, then did not seek re-election in 2019. He was succeeded by Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, who assumed office in August 2019.

Mohamed also held the role of chairman of the African Union from 2014 to 2015.[6]

In June 2021, Mohamed was arrested and detained on charges of corruption.[7] He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment in December 2023.

Early life

[edit]

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in Akjoujt on 20 December 1956. He joined the Meknes Royal Military Academy in Morocco in 1977,[8] and, after a string of promotions, established the elite BASEP (Presidential Security Battalion). He played a key role in suppressing an attempted coup in June 2003 and a military uprising in August 2004.

He received Mauritania's highest military award for his role in stopping the 2004 uprising.[9]

2005 coup leader

[edit]
Main article: 2005 Mauritanian coup d'état

A military coup on 3 August 2005, led by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, Director-General of the Sûreté Nationale, and Colonel Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, who was commander of the Presidential Guard (BASEP), overthrew President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya. Colonel Mohamed was one of the main actors in the actual carrying out of this coup.[10]

At the time, Mohamed was described by a Western academic as a leader of a Mauritanian Nasserist group, pan-Arab secular nationalists.[11] Western sources, citing Mohamed's background in coming from a traditionally favored Oulad Bou Sbaa Chorfa tribe,[12][13] questioned the general's commitment to democracy and reversing the history of ethnic and class inequities in the nation.[14]

Contrary to this, the Mauritanian press credited Mohamed for pushing to reduce military rule from 24 to 19 months and for attempting to limit voter fraud in the coming election.[9]

Under President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi

[edit]

On 30 August 2007, President Sidi named Mohamed his Presidential Chief of Staff (Chef d'Etat-major particulier du Président de la République).[15] Mohamed, now a General, continued to work closely with the President:[16] at the end of February 2008 he served as a personal envoy of the President to King Mohammed VI of Morocco.[17] General Mohamed was also commander of the forces sent to apprehend Group for Preaching and Combat militants who had killed four French tourists at Aleg in December 2007.[9]

A May 2008 article contrasted Mohamed's continuing involvement at the center of political power with Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, who had left public life. Mohamed remained both Advisor to the President and General, and was described as being at the nexus of "a small galaxy of other colonels, businessmen and politicians, in an uneasy balance."[18]

A conflict with the President was clearly growing in June 2008. At the end of June, the left-wing UFP party reported that they believed Mohamed and Ghazouani were planning for a coup, but were attempting a strategy of political change by hiving "independent" parliamentarians off from the government, which would replace the President peacefully.[19]

A mass defection in the ranks of the ruling PNDD-ADIL party on 4 August 2008 (two days before the coup) with 25 Parliamentary deputies and 23 senators was reported to have been inspired by military leaders,[20] and would have left the president unable to govern.[21]

2008 coup leader

[edit]
Main article: 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état

6 August coup d'état

[edit]
Mauritanian soldiers after coup.

On 6 August 2008, Mohamed was ordered removed by Abdallahi from his command, along with several senior officers including General Muhammad Ould Al-Ghazwani, General Felix Negri, and Brigadier-General (Aqid) Ahmed Ould Bakri.[22] The first announcement of the State Council was to annul this decree.[20]

By 9:20 local time, BASEP troops seized the President, Prime Minister, and Interior Minister in the capital, Nouakchott. Mauritania television was taken off the air earlier, but Arabia-based al-Arabiya television played an announcement said to be from the new military junta.[23] According to an official statement released on 7 August Sidi's powers were terminated and Mauritania would be governed on a transitional basis by an 11-member High Council of State, with Mohamed as the president of the council, until a new presidential election was held "as soon as possible".[3]

Transition

[edit]

Public reaction to the 2008 coup by western governments in the days after 6 August were hostile,[24] with particularly harsh condemnation coming from former colonial power and past economic supporter France.[25] In the two weeks following the coup, Mohamed met with a number of foreign delegations, made personal phone calls to foreign leaders, and gave a number of press interviews to the international media.[26] In these he stated that his actions were legal, a response to "anti-constitutional" oppression by the previous government, and that although "forced to take power" he had no desire for power. He did not rule out running in the promised elections, however.[27] A Saudi-based newspaper claimed that the General was motivated by a combination of disgust at the corruption of those close to Abdallahi, but also over legal threats against Mohamed and others by the president regarding the behavior of the Mauritanian military during the mass expulsion of black Africans in 1989.[28]

Mohamed during transitional presidency January 2009.

Mohamed's initial list of names for the High Council of State included five civilians, released on 7 August along with a statement that former government ministers could retain their jobs.[29][30] By the end of the same day, this list had been revised, without public explanation, to include all military figures.[31][32][33][34] Two small demonstrations were held on the day following the coup: one opposing the seizure of power, which was dispersed by the police with tear gas, and one march supporting the military, at which Mohamed spoke. At that demonstration, marchers already carried life size photographs of Mohamed in military uniform.[35][36] Within a week, a majority of the Mauritanian Parliament voted to authorize the coup, and on the 13th, Mohamed signed a decree appointing Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf as Prime Minister of Mauritania.[37][38] The Council stated that Mohamed had the power to appoint the prime minister, military officials and civil servants in Mauritania.[39]

Stabilization

[edit]

Neighboring support was somewhat forthcoming, with Morocco's government press calling Mohamed a patriot,[40] an advisor of the Moroccan king coming to Nouakchott to meet with Mohamed,[41] and Libya and Senegal eventually pronounced their support for the new government. In contrast, the Algerian government has stridently opposed the coup, even while quietly receiving a visit from Mohamed's close ally and the new Mauritanian Chief of Armed Forces, Muhammad Ould Al-Ghazwani,[42] and has attempted to rally the African Union and Arab states against Abdelaziz.

The United States has consistently issued press releases from the Department of State condemning the coup d'état as illegal and unconstitutional. The African Union has issued condemnation of General Aziz as well as travel bans and the freezing of assets of Aziz and those connected with the coup and the illegal seizure of the Mauritanian government.[43]

The BBC has pointed out that the General, who was previously seen as a supporting player in the 2005 coup, is now seen as having been the power behind the previous junta. It was also noted that the General, never seen without his military uniform, is already addressed by government staff as "president". An ally of Mohamed was quoted saying "He's a simple man, who likes order."[44] Apart from deriding corruption and government inaction, Mohamed stressed his opposition to Islamic fundamentalism. An internet threat, released on 12 August, alleged to be from Al-Qaeda threatened the coup leaders, and General Mohamed took the opportunity to stress his fidelity to the anti-terrorist operation which the United States government had funded in Mauritania since 2003 but suspended following the 6 August coup.[45][46][47][48]

2009 presidential election

[edit]
Main article: 2009 Mauritanian presidential election

The coup government of General Mohamed promised that it would hold a free and fair election for president on 6 June 2009. On 5 February 2009, Mauritanian state media reported that the General would stand as a candidate for president in that election.[49]

Despite this attempt to legitimize the post-coup government, the African Union carried out a sanctions regime first agreed on 22 December 2008, and continued to recognize Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi as the Mauritanian Head of State. The largest opposition parties initially refused to take part in the election, calling it "predetermined" and a "farce".[50] Ould Mohamed headed a list of sanctions targets by the African Union which was put into effect on 6 February 2009. The sanctions against government and military officials who backed the August coup prevent travel to AU nations, the issuing of visas or travel documents to these individuals, and the seizure of bank assets within AU nations.[51]

Ba Mamadou his interim successor.

In order to stand as a candidate in the presidential election, Mohamed was required to step down as Head of State. He did so on 15 April, as expected, and the President of the Senate, Ba Mamadou Mbare, succeeded him in an interim capacity.[52] Members of the opposition decried the move, saying the General was retaining real power. Mohamed Ould Maouloud, a leader in the National Front for the Defence of Democracy [fr] (FNDD) opposition coalition, was quoted in the foreign press as saying: "It's a false resignation, a pretend resignation that the general is doing to trick public opinion and have people accept the putsch."[53]

The Union for the Republic political party elected Mohamed as its president at the party's constituent assembly on 5 May 2009.[54] In the presidential election held on 18 July 2009, Mohamed won a first-round majority of 52.58%. He then resigned as party leader on 2 August 2009, as the President of Mauritania cannot be a member of any party.[55]

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was sworn in as President at a ceremony held in Nouakchott on 5 August 2009.[5]

2012 shooting

[edit]
Mohamed speaks at a popular festival in Nouadhibou on 13 March the year he was shot.

Mohamed was non-fatally shot on 13 October 2012.[56][57] Reports are conflicting as to where on his body Mohamed was shot and whether the incident was an accident or an assassination attempt.[56] The country's Communications Minister, Hamdi Ould Mahjoub, reported that the president was shot in the arm, while Reuters medical sources said it was in the abdomen.[57][58] Initially, Mauritanian radio reported that Mohamed survived an assassination attempt, but Mohamed subsequently said that he was accidentally shot by an army unit and was successfully operated on for minor injuries.[56][57] Witnesses claim Mohamed was directly targeted by men who ran away after the shooting.[56]

Mohamed received an initial operation at a military hospital in the Mauritanian capital of Nouakchott, and then, according to the French defense ministry, would be transferred to Percy-Clamart military hospital in Paris for additional treatment.[58]

Presidency

[edit]

In April 2010 Aziz and the leaders of Mali, Niger, and Algeria meet to tackle against terrorism.[59]

In November 2012, the Government of Mauritania began to allow privately owned TV stations for the first time. A draft bill had been created in 2010 by the Senate of Mauritania.[60]

As for that in his party won the 2013 Mauritanian parliamentary election with 21% of the vote and they gained 15 seats in parliament. The cause for this was because Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamed Lemine who was Union for the Republic's president told Mauritanians a majority in parliament would so that they could support the program of President.[61]

Aziz with India's Minister of State for Mines and Steel Vishnudeo Sai in 2015.

Mohamed stood for re-election in 2014, which he won over Biram Dah Abeid, with nearly 82% of the popular vote. After winning the election many opposition parties boycotted the election results. But even though the election was boycotted the African Union praised the elections for taking place relatively peacefully.[62]

A referendum took place in 2017 in which it was split into two questions on different proposed reforms. One covered abolition of the indirectly-elected Senate and its replacement with Regional Councils, as well as merging the Islamic High Council and the national Ombudsman into a 'Supreme Council of the Fatwa'.[63] The other one covered national symbols, including a proposal to change the national flag by adding a red band at the top and bottom to symbolize "the efforts and sacrifices that the people of Mauritania will keep consenting, to the price of their blood, to defend their territory", as well as modifying the national anthem.[64]

Mohamed Ould Mohamed called for Mauritania to root out hate speech as he headed a rally aimed at ending ethnic tensions. He said that he adopted a law in which he cracked down on "hateful, racist or violent speech".[65]

Anti-slavery movement

[edit]

Since 2015 many protests were held against slavery in Mauritania, with protestors accusing the government of not implementing anti-slavery law.[66] Aziz and the Government of Mauritania stated that slavery had not existed in the country since 1981, when it was the last nation to abolish it.

In March 2013, Aziz established an agency to stop slavery, known as the "National Agency to Fight against the Vestiges of Slavery, Integration, and Fight against Poverty".[67]

2019 election

[edit]
Main article: 2019 Mauritanian presidential election

Mohamed did not stand for re-election in 2019, and was peacefully succeeded by the winner of the election, at that time his confidant Mohamed Ould Ghazouani.[68]

Corruption

[edit]

In March 2021, a judge charged Mohamed and 10 other people in his inner circle, including one of his sons-in-law, several former prime ministers, and businessmen, with corruption. One of his lawyers then revealed that Mohamed refused to answer any questions from the judge.[69][70] On 23 June 2021, a prosecutor speaking on condition of anonymity and the spokesman of the former president's party Djibril Ould Bilal confirmed that a judge transferred Mohamed from house arrest to jail after he refused to cooperate with police.[7]

On 29 December 2021, Mohamed was admitted to Nouakchott Military Hospital where he successfully underwent heart surgery.[71] According to his lawyer, Mohamed had fallen ill and suffered nose bleeds.[72] In a statement, Mohamed's family claimed that the former president's poor health came as a result of the corruption scandal, stating that they "fear for his physical liquidation" by the regime which "failed in its attempts to liquidate him politically."[73] When Mohamed was discharged from the hospital, he was allowed to return on 7 January 2022 to house arrest instead of jail due to his health issues.[74]

On 1 June 2022, the prosecutor ordered the referral of Mohamed to the Criminal Court on charges of corruption, money laundering, and illicit enrichment. The court file estimated the sums embezzled by Mohamed at US$90 million; these assets consisted of 17 houses, 468 plots of land, several herds of sheep, and ougiya banknotes.[75][76]

In October 2023, a prosecution requested 20 years in prison with confiscation of the property of Mohamed.[77] On 4 December, he was convicted of illicit enrichment and laundering and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment, with his lawyer saying that they would appeal the verdict.[78]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ (in Spanish) Biografías de Líderes Políticos es un servicio de la Fundació CIDOB Archived 27 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Cidob.org (8 January 2009). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  2. ^ "Mauritania's new leader takes oath in 1st peaceful transfer". AP NEWS. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Le Haut Conseil d'Etat rend public un nouveau communiqué" Archived 12 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, AMI, 7 August 2008 (in French).
  4. ^ "MAURITANIE. La victoire d'un "serial putschiste"". Courrier international (in French). 22 July 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Mauritarian coup leader sworn in as president" Archived 8 December 2012 at archive.today, AFP, 5 August 2009.
  6. ^ Common Africa Position (CAP) on the Post 2015 Development Agenda. African Union. 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Former Mauritanian president Aziz in jail over corruption charges". France 24. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  8. ^ "سقوط الدكتاتور ضمن النظام الطبيعي للأشياء/ اعل ولد اصنيبه". Taqadoumy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  9. ^ a b c Biographie du nouveau Président mauritanien Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Taqadoumy – 6 August 2008
  10. ^ Ethan Zuckerman (3 August 2005) Mauritanians report on today's coup Archived 13 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Global Voices Online
  11. ^ Boubacar N'Diaye (2006). "Mauritania, August 2005: Justice and democracy, or just another coup?". African Affairs. 105 (420): 421–441. doi:10.1093/afraf/adi126.
  12. ^ The Tribes and their ministries Archived 3 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, themoornextdoor.wordpress.com (26 May 2008)
  13. ^ Mohammed ould Abdelaziz: Curriculum Vitae Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. w-sahara.blogspot.com (6 August 2008).
  14. ^ Political transition in Mauritania: Assessment and horizons: Middle East/North Africa Report N°53 (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY). International Crisis Group, 24 April 2005.

    "That Ould Mohamed Vall and Ould Abdel Aziz belong to the same tribal group, one which was highly privileged under the old regime, raises the question whether they truly intend to change its clientelist patterns and could fuel political tensions before long."
  15. ^ Ould Abdel Aziz Chef d'état major particulier et Ould Mbarek médiateur de la république Archived 14 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Al Akhbar, 30 August 2007
  16. ^ L'ère des généraux après celle des colonels... Archived 13 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Ahmed Ould Soueidi, Le journal Challenge, 2007.
  17. ^ Revue de Presse des Quotidiens Remarque: La revue de presse de lundi intègre celles de samedi et de dimanche. Celles des jours fériés sont inclues dans la Revue du jour ouvré suivant. Archived 2 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine 27 February 2008
  18. ^ Why Jihadis Heart Mauritania (Bled l-Moops) Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, aqoul.com, 25 May 2008
  19. ^ Chantage au coup d'Etat Archived 15 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Union des Forces de Progrès – Mauritanie, Mohamed Baba 28 June 2008
  20. ^ a b Fertey, Vincent; Sylla, Ibrahima (6 August 2008). "Mauritania forces stage coup after officers sacked". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  21. ^ Conférence de Presse des démissionnaires de Adil (avec la Liste) Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Taqadoumy, (via w-sahara.blogspot.com). 4 August 2008
  22. ^ "Generals Seize Power in Mauritanian Coup" Archived 10 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Media Line, 6 August 2008.
  23. ^ Mohamed, Ahmed (6 August 2008). "Mauritania army stages coup; junta takes charge". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  24. ^ What next for Mauritania coup leaders? Archived 12 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, James Copnall, BBC, 6 August 2008.
  25. ^ Communiqué relatif à la situation en Mauritanie Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, President of France, Publié le 8 August 2007
    Mauritania: the European Union warns the military junta of the serious risk of isolation in the international arena Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, French Foreign Ministry (13 August 2008)
  26. ^ L'UE met en garde la junte en Mauritanie contre un risque d'"isolement", 13 August 2008 – AFP
    Mauritania coup commander leads march in capital By AHMED MOHAMED and TODD PITMAN Associated Press Writers, 8 August 2008
    Mauritanian general defends coup Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Age, 11 August 2008
    Early Mauritania poll promised Archived 15 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Interview, Al Jazeera, 10 August 2008
  27. ^ Mohamed Ould Abdelaziz: « Nous avons été contraints de prendre le pouvoir ».10 August 2008 interviewed by Marianne Meunier. The General has given interviews to the BBC, French press, a number of North African publications, Senegalese publications, and even released candid photos of him speaking on the telephone with President of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade.
  28. ^ Coup in Mauritanian: The Final Moments, Asharq Al-Awsat, 9 August 2008.
  29. ^ Le "Conseil d'Etat" laisse les ministres mauritaniens en place [permanent dead link‍]. apanews.net [dead link‍]
  30. ^ Mauritanie : Accueil Actualité à la Une Archived 24 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Cridem.org. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  31. ^ Ould Daddah pose des conditions; M'baré et Ould Boulkheir sur la réserve. taqadoumy.com (7 August 2008)
  32. ^ Un nouveau membre du HCE. taqadoumy.com (11 August 2008)
  33. ^ Caricature du jour. Liste des membres du Haut Conseil d'Etat. taqadoumy.com (7 August 2008)
  34. ^ Caricature du jour. Ould Boulkheir refuse de reconnaitre le Haut Conseil d'Etat. taqadoumy.com (11 August 2008)
  35. ^ Ahmed Mohammed (7 August 2008) Mauritania coup chief leads march through capital Archived 9 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Mail & Guardian. mg.co.za
  36. ^ Supporters carry a poster of coup-leader Abdelaziz in Mauritania's capital Nouakchott Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters wire photos (2008).
  37. ^ Mauritanie: la junte nomme un diplomate Premier ministre, 8 jours après le putsch Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 14 August 2008– NOUAKCHOTT (AFP).
  38. ^ Une majorité de parlementaires et de maires soutiennent le coup d'Etat. 13 août 2008 – AFP
  39. ^ Dangerous flirtations Archived 18 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Gamal Nkrumah, Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No. 910, 14–20 August 2008.
    junta issues decree specifying powers [permanent dead link‍], Kuwait Times, 13 August 2008
  40. ^ Editorial, Préserver la stabilité mauritanienne Archived 15 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Le Matin, Morocco 6 August 2008.
  41. ^ Le Maroc, vers la reconnaissance des Généraux? Archived 16 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Bladi & Aujourd'hui le Maroc, 13 August.
  42. ^ Bouteflika n'a jamais refusé de voir les émissaires mauritaniens Archived 16 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine 13 August 2008
  43. ^ U.S. Welcomes African Union's Call to Action on Mauritania Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Gordon Duguid. Acting Deputy Department Spokesman, Office of the Spokesman. Bureau of Public Affairs. Washington, DC. 26 March 2009
  44. ^ Mauritania strongman steps forward Archived 15 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, James Copnall BBC, 14 August 2008.
  45. ^ "Al-Qaeda 'warning' for Mauritania". BBC News. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  46. ^ Donna Miles (16 May 2005). "New Counterterrorism Initiative to Focus on Saharan Africa". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  47. ^ Phillip Ulmer (8 March 2004). "Special Forces Support Pan Sahel Initiative in Africa". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  48. ^ David Gollust (7 August 2008). "US Cuts Non-Humanitarian Aid to Mauritania After Coup". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  49. ^ "Mauritanie: Le général Ould Abdel Aziz candidat aux élections présidentielles prochaines". Agence Nouakchott d'Information. 5 February 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  50. ^ Opposition slam Mauritania poll [permanent dead link‍]. AFP. 14 April 2009.
  51. ^ "L'Union africaine décide de sanctions contre les membres de la junte". Agence France-Presse. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  52. ^ Ahmed Mohamed, "Mauritania coup leader cedes power to seek office" [dead link‍], Associated Press, 15 April 2009.
  53. ^ 'It's a pretend resignation'. AFP. 16 April 2009.
  54. ^ "Le parti de l'Union pour la République procède à l'élection de M. Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz au poste de président" [permanent dead link‍], AMI, 5 May 2009 (in French).
  55. ^ "Mauritania's president-elect resigns as party leader" Archived 15 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Xinhua, 3 August 2009.
  56. ^ a b c d Amir, Ahmed (14 October 2012). "Mauritania's president heads to France for treatment after shooting". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  57. ^ a b c "Mauritania President Abdelaziz shot". BBC News. 13 October 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  58. ^ a b Prieur, Laurent (14 October 2012). "Mauritanian leader flown to France after shooting". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  59. ^ "Mauritania profile". BBC News. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  60. ^ "Mauritania to Set Up Private TV Stations – The North Africa Post". Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  61. ^ Africa, All (11 November 2013). "Mauritania – Campaign for 147 Legislative Seats Underway". Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  62. ^ "Mauritanian President Abdel Aziz easily re-elected in boycotted vote". Reuters. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  63. ^ "Mauritanie : le référendum sur la révision constitutionnelle à l'épreuve de l'abstention – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  64. ^ "Mauritania vows referendum to abolish Senate, change flag". News24. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  65. ^ "Mauritanian president marches to fight hate speech". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  66. ^ "Mauritania upholds conviction of anti-slave activists". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  67. ^ "CNDH – Création d'une Agence Nationale de Lutte contre les Séquelles de l'Esclavage". 24 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  68. ^ "Mauritanie: défis et promesses du nouveau président Mohamed Ould Ghazouani". rfi.fr (in French). 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  69. ^ "Mauritanian ex-president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz charged with corruption". France 24. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Mauritanian ex-president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz charged with corruption". uk.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  71. ^ AfricaNews (2 January 2022). "Mauritania's former president undergoes heart surgery". Africanews. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  72. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Mauritania's Detained Ex-president Has 'Successful' Heart Op". www.barrons.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  73. ^ "Detained ex-Mauritania president hospitalised". Middle East Monitor. 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  74. ^ Spiegel, Justine (10 January 2022). "Mauritanie : Mohamed Ould Abdelaziz de nouveau assigné à résidence". Jeune Afrique (in French). Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  75. ^ "Mauritanie: une fuite dans la presse révèle l'ampleur de la fortune de Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz". rfi.fr (in French). 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  76. ^ Cridem (1 June 2022). "Corruption : jugement requis pour Aziz et ses co-accusés, à l'exception de Ould Ndjay et Hassena Ould Ely". MauriWeb (in French). Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  77. ^ Mauritanie : vingt ans de prison ferme requis contre l'ex-président Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Archived 3 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 25 November 2023.
  78. ^ ""We intend to appeal": lawyer for Mauritania's ex-president". Africanews. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz&oldid=1263746346"