Jump to content

Mirtazapine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mirtazepine)

Mirtazapine
Clinical data
Trade namesRemeron, Mirataz, Avanza, others
Other namesMepirzapine; 6-Azamianserin; ORG-3770[1][2]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa697009
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth, topical
Drug classNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability50%[8][6][9][10]
Protein binding85%[8][6][9][10]
MetabolismLiver (CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4)[8][6][9][10][11]
MetabolitesDesmethylmirtazapine (contributes 3–10% of activity)[11][8]
Elimination half-life20–40 hours[8][6][9][10]
ExcretionUrine: 75%[8]
Feces: 15%[8][6][9][10]
Identifiers
  • (±)-5-methyl-2,5,19-triazatetracyclo[13.4.0.02,7.08,13]nonadeca-1(15),8,10,12,16,18-hexaene
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.080.027 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H19N3
Molar mass265.360 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
Density1.22 g/cm3
Melting point114 to 116 °C (237 to 241 °F)
Boiling point432 °C (810 °F)
Solubility in waterSoluble in methanol and chloroform mg/mL (20 °C)
  • n1cccc3c1N4C(c2ccccc2C3)CN(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-19-9-10-20-16(12-19)15-7-3-2-5-13(15)11-14-6-4-8-18-17(14)20/h2-8,16H,9-12H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:RONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Mirtazapine, sold under the brand name Remeron among others, is an atypical tetracyclic antidepressant, and as such is used primarily to treat depression.[11][12] Its effects may take up to four weeks but can also manifest as early as one to two weeks.[12][13] It is often used in cases of depression complicated by anxiety or insomnia.[11][14] The effectiveness of mirtazapine is comparable to other commonly prescribed antidepressants.[15] It is taken by mouth.[12]

Common side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, increased appetite and weight gain.[12] Serious side effects may include mania, low white blood cell count, and increased suicide among children.[12] Withdrawal symptoms may occur with stopping.[16] It is not recommended together with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor,[12] although evidence supporting the danger of this combination has been challenged.[17] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe.[12] How it works is not clear, but it may involve blocking certain adrenergic and serotonin receptors.[11][12] Chemically, it is a tetracyclic antidepressant,[12] and is closely related to mianserin. It also has strong antihistaminergic effects.[11][12]

Mirtazapine came into medical use in the United States in 1996.[12] The patent expired in 2004, and generic versions are available.[12][18] In 2022, it was the 105th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6 million prescriptions.[19][20]

Medical uses

[edit]

Mirtazapine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults.[21]

Depression

[edit]

Mirtazapine is primarily used for major depressive disorder and other mood disorders.[22][23] Onset of action appears faster than some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and similar to tricyclic antidepressants.[13][24]

In 2010, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended generic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as first-line choices, as they are "equally effective as other antidepressants and have a favourable risk–benefit ratio."[25] For mirtazapine, it found "no difference between mirtazapine and other antidepressants on any efficacy measure, although in terms of achieving remission mirtazapine appears to have a statistical though not clinical advantage. In addition, mirtazapine has a statistical advantage over selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in terms of reducing symptoms of depression, but the difference is not clinically significant. However, there is strong evidence that patients taking mirtazapine are less likely to leave treatment early because of side effects, although this is not the case for patients reporting side effects or leaving treatment early for any reason."[26]

A 2011 Cochrane review comparing mirtazapine to other antidepressants found that while it appeared to have a faster onset in people for whom it worked (measured at two weeks), its efficacy was about the same as other antidepressants after six weeks' use.[13]

A 2012 review focused on antidepressants and sleep found that mirtazapine reduced the time it took to fall asleep and improved the quality of sleep in many people with sleep disorders caused by depression, but that it could also disturb sleep in many people, especially at higher doses, causing restless leg syndrome in 8 to 28% of people and in rare cases causes REM sleep behavior disorder.[27] This seemingly paradoxical dose–response curve of mirtazapine with respect to somnolence is owed to the exceptionally high affinity of the drug for the histamine H1, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors; exhibiting near exclusive occupation of these receptors at doses ≤15 mg. However, at higher doses, inverse agonism and constitutive activation of the α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic receptors begins to offset activity at H1 receptors leading to decreased somnolence and even a subjective sensation of "activation" in treated patients.[28]

A 2018 analysis of 21 antidepressants found them to be fairly similar overall.[29] It found tentative evidence for mirtazapine being in the more effective group and middle in tolerability.[29]

After one week of usage, mirtazapine was found to have an earlier onset of action compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[24][30]

Other

[edit]

There is also some evidence supporting its use in treating the following conditions, for which it is sometimes prescribed off-label:

Side or adverse effects

[edit]

A 2011 Cochrane review found that, compared with other antidepressants, it is more likely to cause weight gain and sleepiness, but it is less likely to cause tremors than tricyclic antidepressants, and less likely to cause nausea and sexual dysfunction than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[13]

Very common (≥10% incidence) adverse effects include constipation, dry mouth, sleepiness, increased appetite (17%) and weight gain (>7% increase in <50% of children).[6][9][10][45][46][47][48][49][50]

Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects include weakness, confusion, dizziness, fasciculations (muscle twitches), peripheral edema (swelling, usually of the lower limbs), and negative lab results like elevated transaminases, elevated serum triglycerides, and elevated total cholesterol.[10]

Mirtazapine is not considered to have a risk of many of the side effects often associated with other antidepressants like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and may improve certain ones when taken in conjunction with them.[11][51] (Those adverse effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, urinary retention, increased body temperature, excessive sweating, pupil dilation and sexual dysfunction.[11][51])

In general, some antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, can paradoxically exacerbate some peoples' depression or anxiety or cause suicidal ideation.[52] Despite its sedating action, mirtazapine is also believed to be capable of this, so in the United States and certain other countries, it carries a black box label warning of these potential effects, especially for people under the age of 25.[12]

Mirtazapine may induce arthralgia (non-inflammatory joint pain).[53]

A case report published in 2000 noted an instance in which mirtazapine counteracted the action of clonidine, causing a dangerous rise in blood pressure.[54]

In a study comparing 32 antidepressants of all pharmacological classes, mirtazapine was one of the antidepressants most likely to cause nightmare disorder, sleepwalking, restless legs syndrome, night terrors and sleep paralysis.[55]

Mirtazapine has been associated with an increased risk of death compared to other antidepressants in several studies. However, it is more likely that the residual differences between people prescribed mirtazapine rather than a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor account for the difference in risk of mortality.[56]

Withdrawal

[edit]

Stopping Mirtazapine and other antidepressants may cause withdrawal symptoms.[11][57] A gradual and slow reduction in dose is recommended to minimize such symptoms.[58] Effects of sudden cessation of treatment with mirtazapine may include depression, anxiety, tinnitus, panic attacks, vertigo, restlessness, irritability, decreased appetite, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, allergy-like symptoms such as pruritus, headaches, and sometimes mania or hypomania.[59][60][61]

Overdose

[edit]

Mirtazapine is considered to be relatively safe in the event of an overdose,[30] although it is considered slightly more toxic in overdose than most of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (except citalopram).[62] Unlike the tricyclic antidepressants, mirtazapine showed no significant cardiovascular adverse effects at 7 to 22 times the maximum recommended dose.[51]

Twelve reported fatalities have been attributed to mirtazapine overdose.[63][64] The fatal toxicity index (deaths per million prescriptions) for mirtazapine is 3.1 (95% CI: 0.1 to 17.2).[21] This is similar to that observed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[65][unreliable medical source?]

Interactions

[edit]

Concurrent use with inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and/or CYP3A4 can result in altered concentrations of mirtazapine, as these are the main enzymes responsible for its metabolism.[8][11] As examples, fluoxetine and paroxetine, inhibitors of these enzymes, are known to modestly increase mirtazapine levels, while carbamazepine, an inducer, considerably decreases them.[8] Liver impairment and moderate chronic kidney disease have been reported to decrease the oral clearance of mirtazapine by about 30%; severe kidney disease decreases it by 50%.[8]

Mirtazapine in combination with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, or tricyclic antidepressant as an augmentation strategy is considered to be relatively safe and is often employed therapeutically but caution should be given when combined with fluvoxamine. There is a combination of venlafaxine and mirtazapine, sometimes referred to as "California rocket fuel".[66][67] Several case reports document serotonin syndrome induced by the combination of mirtazapine with other agents (olanzapine,[68] quetiapine,[69] tramadol and venlafaxine[70]). Adding fluvoxamine to treatment with mirtazapine may cause a significant increase in mirtazapine concentration. This interaction may necessitate an adjustment of the mirtazapine dosage.[71][72]

According to information from the manufacturers, mirtazapine should not be started within two weeks of any monoamine oxidase inhibitor usage; likewise, monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not be administered within two weeks of discontinuing mirtazapine.[12]

The addition of mirtazapine to a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, while potentially having typical or idiosyncratic (unique to the individual) reactions not herein described, does not appear to cause serotonin syndrome.[73] This is per the fact that the 5-HT2A receptor is the predominant serotonin receptor thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of serotonin syndrome (with the 5-HT1A receptor seeming to be protective).[73][17] Mirtazapine is a potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, and cyproheptadine, a medication that shares this property, mediates recovery from serotonin syndrome and is an antidote against it.[17][74]

There is a possible interaction that results in a hypertensive crisis when mirtazapine is given to a patient who has already been on steady doses of clonidine. This involves a subtle consideration, when patients have been on chronic therapy with clonidine and suddenly stop the dosing, a rapid hypertensive rebound sometimes (20%) occurs from increased sympathetic outflow. Clonidine's blood pressure lowering effects are due to stimulation of presynaptic α2 autoreceptors in the CNS which suppress sympathetic outflow. Mirtazapine itself blocks these same α2 autoreceptors, so the effect of adding mirtazapine to a patient stabilized on clonidine may precipitate withdrawal symptoms.[75]

Mirtazapine has been used as a hallucinogen antidote to block the effects of serotonergic psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).[76][77]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
See also: Pharmacology of antidepressants and Tetracyclic antidepressant § Pharmacology
Mirtazapine[78]
Ki (nM) Species Ref
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 10000+ Human [79][80]
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 4600+ Human [81][79]
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter 10000+ Human [79][80]
5-HT1A 3330–5010 Human [11][80]
5-HT1B 3534–12600 Human [11][80]
5-HT1D 794–5,010 Human [11][80]
5-HT1E 728 Human [80]
5-HT1F 583 Human [80]
5-HT2A 6.3–69 Human [11][80]
5-HT2B 200 Human [11]
5-HT2C 8.9–39 Human [11][80]
5-HT3 8.1 Human [82]
5-HT4L 10000+ Human [80]
5-HT5A 670 Human [80]
5-HT6 ND ND ND[80]
5-HT7 265 Human [80]
α1A 1815 Human [80]
α2A 20 Human [80]
α2B 88 Human [80]
α2C 18 Human [80]
β 10000+ Human [80]
D1 4167 Rat
D2 5454+ Human [80]
D3 5,723 Human [80]
D4 2,518 Human [80]
H1 0.14–1.6 Human [83][11][80]
H2 10000+ Rat [84][83]
H3 83200 Human [83]
H4 100000+ Human [83]
mAChTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 670 Human [11][81]
VGSCTooltip Voltage-gated sodium channel 6905 Rat [80]
VDCCTooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channel 10000+ Rat [80]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.

Mirtazapine is sometimes described as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA),[11] although the actual evidence in support of this label has been regarded as poor.[17] It is a tetracyclic piperazine-azepine.[85]

Mirtazapine has antihistamine, α2-blocker, and antiserotonergic activity.[11][86] It is specifically a potent antagonist or inverse agonist of the α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic receptors, the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and the histamine H1 receptor.[11][86] Unlike many other antidepressants, it does not inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine,[11][86] nor does it inhibit monoamine oxidase.[87] Similarly, mirtazapine has weak or no activity as an anticholinergic or blocker of sodium or calcium channels, in contrast to most tricyclic antidepressants.[11][80][86] In accordance, it has better tolerability and low toxicity in overdose.[11][88] As an H1 receptor antagonist, mirtazapine is extremely potent, and is in fact one of the most potent H1 receptor inverse agonists among tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants and most antihistamines in general.[81][89][90] Antagonism of the H1 receptor is by far the strongest activity of mirtazapine, with the drug acting as a selective H1 receptor antagonist at low concentrations.[11][80]

The (S)-(+) enantiomer of mirtazapine is responsible for antagonism of the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors,[91] while the (R)-(–) enantiomer is responsible for antagonism of the 5-HT3 receptor.[91] Both enantiomers are involved in antagonism of the H1 and α2-adrenergic receptors,[9][91] although the (S)-(+) enantiomer is the stronger antihistamine.[92]

Although not clinically relevant, mirtazapine has been found to act as a partial agonist of the κ-opioid receptor at high concentrations (EC50 = 7.2 μM).[93]

α2-Adrenergic receptor

[edit]

Antagonism of the α2-adrenergic receptors, which function largely as inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, enhances adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, notably central 5-HT1A receptor mediated transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus; hence, mirtazapine's classification as a NaSSA. Indirect α1 adrenoceptor-mediated enhancement of serotonin cell firing and direct blockade of inhibitory α2 heteroreceptors located on serotonin terminals are held responsible for the increase in extracellular serotonin.[11][22][94][unreliable medical source?][95][96][unreliable medical source?] Because of this, mirtazapine has been said to be a functional "indirect agonist" of the 5-HT1A receptor.[95] Increased activation of the central 5-HT1A receptor is thought to be a major mediator of efficacy of most antidepressant drugs.[97]

5-HT2 receptor

[edit]

Antagonism of the 5-HT2 subfamily of receptors and inverse agonism of the 5-HT2C receptor appears to be in part responsible for mirtazapine's efficacy in the treatment of depressive states.[98][99] Mirtazapine increases dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex.[100][101] Accordingly, it was shown that by blocking the α2-adrenergic receptors and 5-HT2C receptors mirtazapine disinhibited dopamine and norepinephrine activity in these areas in rats.[101] In addition, mirtazapine's antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors has beneficial effects on anxiety, sleep and appetite, as well as sexual function regarding the latter receptor.[11][51] Mirtazapine has been shown to lower drug seeking behaviour (more specifically to methamphetamine) in various human and animal studies.[102][103][104] It is also being investigated in substance abuse disorders to reduce withdrawal effects and improve remission rates.[102][105][106][107]

Mirtazapine significantly improves pre-existing symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome in affected individuals.[108] Mirtazapine may be used as an inexpensive antiemetic alternative to Ondansetron.[40] In conjunction with substance abuse counseling, mirtazapine has been investigated for the purpose of reducing methamphetamine use in dependent individuals with success.[103][105][106][107] In contrast to mirtazapine, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and some tricyclic antidepressants increase the general activity of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptors leading to a number of negative changes and side effects, the most prominent of which including anorexia, insomnia, nausea, and diarrhea, among others. Its reduced incidence of sexual dysfunction (such as loss of libido and anorgasmia) could be a product of negligible binding to the serotonin transporter (as is generally the cause of sexual dysfunction with most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptors; however, Mirtazapine's high affinity towards and inverse agonism of the 5-HT2C receptors may greatly attenuate those pro-sexual factors (as evidenced by the pro-sexual effects of drugs like m-CPP and lorcaserin which agonize 5-HT2C receptors in a reasonably selective manner). As a result, it is often combined with these drugs to reduce their side-effect profile and to produce a stronger antidepressant effect.[51][109]

Mirtazapine does not have pro-serotonergic activity and thus does not cause serotonin syndrome.[17][73] This is in accordance with the fact that it is not a serotonin reuptake inhibitor or monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nor a serotonin receptor agonist.[17][73] There are no reports of serotonin syndrome in association with mirtazapine alone, and mirtazapine has not been found to cause serotonin syndrome in overdose.[17][73][110] However, there are a handful of case reports of serotonin syndrome occurring with mirtazapine in combination with serotonergic drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, although such reports are very rare, and do not necessarily implicate mirtazapine as causative.[17][111][112][113]

5-HT3 receptor

[edit]

(R)-(–)-mirtazapine is a potent 5-HT3 blocker. It may relieve chemotherapy-related and advanced cancer-related nausea.[40]

H1 receptor

[edit]

Mirtazapine is a very strong H1 receptor antagonist and, as a result, it can cause powerful sedative and hypnotic effects.[11] A single 15 mg dose of mirtazapine to healthy volunteers has been found to result in over 80% occupancy of the H1 receptor and to induce intense sleepiness.[92] After a short period of chronic treatment, however, the H1 receptor tends to sensitize and the antihistamine effects become more tolerable. Many patients may also dose at night to avoid the effects, and this appears to be an effective strategy for combating them. Blockade of the H1 receptor may improve pre-existing allergies, pruritus, nausea, and insomnia in affected individuals. It may also contribute to weight gain, however. In contrast to the H1 receptor, mirtazapine has only low affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, although anticholinergic side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and mydriasis are still sometimes seen in clinical practice.[114]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

The oral bioavailability of mirtazapine is about 50%. It is found mostly bound to plasma proteins, about 85%. It is metabolized primarily in the liver by N-demethylation and hydroxylation via cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4.[115][82] The overall elimination half-life is 20–40 hours, and this is independent of dosage.[8] It is conjugated in the kidney for excretion in the urine, where 75% of the drug is excreted,[116] and about 15% is eliminated in feces.[117]: 430  Desmethylmirtazapine is an active metabolite of mirtazapine which is believed to contribute about 3-10% to the drug's overall effects and has a half-life of about 25 hours.[8]

Chemistry

[edit]

Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic piperazinoazepine; mianserin was developed by the same team of organic chemists and mirtazapine differs from it via the addition of a nitrogen atom in one of the rings.[117]: 429 [118][119] It is a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The (S)-(+)-enantiomer is known as esmirtazapine.

Analogues of mirtazapine include mianserin, setiptiline, and aptazapine.

Synthesis

[edit]

A chemical synthesis of mirtazapine has been published. The first step of synthesis is a condensation reaction between the molecule 2-chloro 3-cyanopyridine and the molecule 1-methyl-3-phenylpiperazine.[120]

History

[edit]

Mirtazapine was first synthesized at Organon and published in 1989, was first approved for use in major depressive disorder in the Netherlands in 1994, and was introduced in the United States in 1996 under the brand name Remeron.[117]: 429 [121][122]

Society and culture

[edit]
A 15 mg tablet of generic mirtazapine

Generic names

[edit]

Mirtazapine is the English and French generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, BANTooltip British Approved Name, DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.[1][2][123] Its generic name in Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese is mirtazapina and in German, Turkish and Swedish is mirtazapin.[1][2]

Brand names

[edit]

Mirtazapine is marketed under many brand names worldwide, including Adco-Mirteron, Afloyan, Amirel, Arintapin Smelt, Avanza, Axit, Azapin, Beron, Bilanz, Blumirtax, Calixta, Ciblex, Combar, Comenter, Depreram, Divaril, Esprital, Maz, Menelat, Mepirzapine, Merdaten, Meronin, Mi Er Ning, Milivin, Minelza, Minivane, Mirastad, Mirazep, Miro, Miron, Mirrador, Mirt, Mirta, Mirtabene, Mirtadepi, Mirtagamma, Mirtagen, Mirtalan, Mirtamor, Mirtamylan, Mirtan, Mirtaneo, Mirtanza, Mirtapax, Mirtapil, Mirtapine, Mirtaron, Mirtastad, Mirtax, Mirtaz, Mirtazap, Mirtazapin, Mirtazapina, Mirtazapine, Mirtazapinum, Mirtazelon, Mirtazon, Mirtazonal, Mirtel, Mirtimash, Mirtin, Mirtine, Mirtor, Mirzapine, Mirzaten, Mirzest, Mitaprex, Mitaxind, Mitocent, Mitrazin, Mizapin, Motofen, Mytra, Norset, Noxibel, Pharmataz, Promyrtil, Rapizapine, Ramure, Razapina, Redepra, Reflex, Remergil, Remergon, Remeron, Remirta, Rexer, Saxib, Sinmaron, Smilon, Tazepin, Tazimed, Tetrazic, Tifona, U-Mirtaron, U-zepine, Valdren, Vastat, Velorin, Yarocen, Zania, Zapex, Zestat, Zismirt, Zispin, Zuleptan, and Zulin.[2]

Research

[edit]

The use of mirtazapine has been explored in several additional conditions:

Veterinary use

[edit]

Mirtazapine also has some veterinary use in cats and dogs. Mirtazapine is sometimes prescribed as an appetite stimulant for cats or dogs experiencing loss of appetite due to medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease. It is especially useful for treating combined poor appetite and nausea in cats and dogs.[136][137]

Mirtazapine is indicated for bodyweight gain in cats experiencing poor appetite and weight loss resulting from chronic medical conditions.[138][139]

There are two options for administration: tablets given orally, and an ointment applied topically to the inner surface of the ear.[138][139]

The most common side effects include signs of local irritation or inflammation at the site where the ointment is applied and behavioural changes (increased meowing, hyperactivity, disoriented state or inability to coordinate muscle movements, lack of energy/weakness, attention-seeking, and aggression).[138][139]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 696–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  2. ^ a b c d "Mirtazapine - Drugs.com". Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Mirtazapine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  4. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  5. ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Remeron- mirtazapine tablet, film coated; Remeronsoltab- mirtazapine tablet, orally disintegrating". DailyMed. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  7. ^ "Mirataz- mirtazapine ointment". DailyMed. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Timmer CJ, Sitsen JM, Delbressine LP (June 2000). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 38 (6): 461–474. doi:10.2165/00003088-200038060-00001. PMID 10885584. S2CID 27697181.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Axit Mirtazapine PRODUCT INFORMATION". TGA eBusiness Services. alphapharm. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Mirtazapine 30 mg Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics". electronic Medicines Compendium. Sandoz Limited. 20 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Anttila SA, Leinonen EV (2001). "A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine". CNS Drug Reviews. 7 (3): 249–264. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x. PMC 6494141. PMID 11607047.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Mirtazapine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Churchill R, et al. (December 2011). "Mirtazapine versus other antidepressive agents for depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD006528. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006528.pub2. PMC 4158430. PMID 22161405.
  14. ^ a b Nutt DJ (June 2002). "Tolerability and safety aspects of mirtazapine". Human Psychopharmacology. 17 (Suppl 1): S37–S41. doi:10.1002/hup.388. PMID 12404669. S2CID 23699759.
  15. ^ "[129] Mirtazapine: Update on efficacy, safety, dose response". www.ti.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  16. ^ British national formulary: BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. p. 354. ISBN 978-0857112989.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Gillman PK (March 2006). "A systematic review of the serotonergic effects of mirtazapine in humans: implications for its dual action status". Human Psychopharmacology. 21 (2): 117–125. doi:10.1002/hup.750. PMID 16342227. S2CID 23442056.
  18. ^ Schatzberg AF, Cole JO, DeBattista C (2010). "3". Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology (7th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58562-377-8.
  19. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Mirtazapine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  21. ^ a b Jilani TN, Gibbons JR, Faizy RM, Saadabadi A (2022). "Mirtazapine". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30085601. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  22. ^ a b Gorman JM (1999). "Mirtazapine: clinical overview". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 60 (Suppl 17): 9–13, discussion 46–8. PMID 10446735.
  23. ^ Benjamin S, Doraiswamy PM (July 2011). "Review of the use of mirtazapine in the treatment of depression". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 12 (10): 1623–1632. doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.585459. PMID 21644844. S2CID 10212539.
  24. ^ a b Thompson C (June 2002). "Onset of action of antidepressants: results of different analyses". Human Psychopharmacology. 17 (Suppl 1): S27–S32. doi:10.1002/hup.386. PMID 12404667. S2CID 45925573.
  25. ^ "Pharmacological Interventions". Pharmacological Interventions: 10.14. Clinical Practice Recommendations. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health/British Psychological Society. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  26. ^ "Pharmacological Interventions". Pharmacological Interventions: Third-Generation Antidepressants: 10.8.3. Mirtazapine. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health/British Psychological Society. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  27. ^ Wichniak A, Wierzbicka A, Jernajczyk W (2012). "Sleep and antidepressant treatment". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 18 (36): 5802–5817. doi:10.2174/138161212803523608. PMID 22681161.
  28. ^ Leonard S (2015). "Dose-Dependent Sedating and Stimulating Effects of Mirtazapine" (PDF). Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  29. ^ a b Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, et al. (April 2018). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Lancet. 391 (10128): 1357–1366. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7. PMC 5889788. PMID 29477251.
  30. ^ a b c Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012). Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry (11th ed.). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-47-097948-8.
  31. ^ Goodnick PJ, Puig A, DeVane CL, Freund BV (July 1999). "Mirtazapine in major depression with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 60 (7): 446–448. doi:10.4088/JCP.v60n0705. PMID 10453798.
  32. ^ Rifkin-Zybutz R, MacNeill S, Davies SJ, Dickens C, Campbell J, Anderson IM, et al. (December 2020). "Does anxiety moderate the effectiveness of mirtazapine in patients with treatment-resistant depression? A secondary analysis of the MIR trial". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 34 (12): 1342–1349. doi:10.1177/0269881120965939. PMC 7708671. PMID 33143538.
  33. ^ a b c d Croom KF, Perry CM, Plosker GL (2009). "Mirtazapine: a review of its use in major depression and other psychiatric disorders". CNS Drugs. 23 (5): 427–452. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923050-00006. PMID 19453203. S2CID 41694941.
  34. ^ Landowski J (2002). "[Mirtazapine--an antidepressant]". Psychiatria Polska (in Polish). 36 (6 Suppl): 125–130. PMID 12647431.
  35. ^ Chinuck RS, Fortnum H, Baldwin DR (December 2007). "Appetite stimulants in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 20 (6): 526–537. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00824.x. PMID 18001374. S2CID 22500622.
  36. ^ Davis MP, Khawam E, Pozuelo L, Lagman R (August 2002). "Management of symptoms associated with advanced cancer: olanzapine and mirtazapine. A World Health Organization project". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2 (4): 365–376. doi:10.1586/14737140.2.4.365. PMID 12647979. S2CID 72195061.
  37. ^ Clark MS, Smith PO, Jamieson B (November 2011). "FPIN's clinical inquiries: Antidepressants for the treatment of insomnia in patients with depression" (PDF). American Family Physician. 84 (9): 1–2. PMID 22164891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  38. ^ Winokur A, Demartinis N (13 June 2012). "The Effects of Antidepressants on Sleep". Psychiatric Times. 29 (6). Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  39. ^ a b Li TC, Shiah IS, Sun CJ, Tzang RF, Huang KC, Lee WK (June 2011). "Mirtazapine relieves post-electroconvulsive therapy headaches and nausea: a case series and review of the literature". The Journal of ECT. 27 (2): 165–167. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181e63346. PMID 21602639.
  40. ^ a b c Kast RE, Foley KF (July 2007). "Cancer chemotherapy and cachexia: mirtazapine and olanzapine are 5-HT3 antagonists with good antinausea effects". European Journal of Cancer Care. 16 (4): 351–354. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00760.x. PMID 17587360.
  41. ^ Twycross R, Greaves MW, Handwerker H, Jones EA, Libretto SE, Szepietowski JC, et al. (January 2003). "Itch: scratching more than the surface". QJM. 96 (1): 7–26. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg002. PMID 12509645.
  42. ^ Greaves MW (2005). "Itch in systemic disease: therapeutic options". Dermatologic Therapy. 18 (4): 323–327. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00036.x. PMID 16297004. S2CID 3210356.
  43. ^ Colombo B, Annovazzi PO, Comi G (October 2004). "Therapy of primary headaches: the role of antidepressants". Neurological Sciences. 25 (Suppl 3): S171–S175. doi:10.1007/s10072-004-0280-x. PMID 15549531. S2CID 21285843.
  44. ^ Tajti J, Almási J (June 2006). "[Effects of mirtazapine in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Literature review]". Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica (in Hungarian). 8 (2): 67–72. PMID 17073214.
  45. ^ "mirtazapine (Rx) – Remeron, Remeron SolTab". Medscape. WebMD. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  46. ^ "Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  47. ^ British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2013. p. 1120. ISBN 978-0857110848.
  48. ^ "Remeron (Mirtazapine) Drug Information". RxList. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  49. ^ Hummel J, Westphal S, Weber-Hamann B, Gilles M, Lederbogen F, Angermeier T, et al. (July 2011). "Serum lipoproteins improve after successful pharmacologic antidepressant treatment: a randomized open-label prospective trial". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 72 (7): 885–891. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05853blu. PMID 21294998.
  50. ^ McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH (July 2006). "The effect of antidepressants on lipid homeostasis: a cardiac safety concern?". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 5 (4): 523–537. doi:10.1517/14740338.5.4.523. PMID 16774491. S2CID 23740352.
  51. ^ a b c d e Fawcett J, Barkin RL (December 1998). "Review of the results from clinical studies on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of mirtazapine for the treatment of patients with major depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 51 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00224-9. PMID 10333982.
  52. ^ Möller HJ (December 2006). "Is there evidence for negative effects of antidepressants on suicidality in depressive patients? A systematic review". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 256 (8): 476–496. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0689-8. PMID 17143567. S2CID 22708700.
  53. ^ Passier A, van Puijenbroek E (November 2005). "Mirtazapine-induced arthralgia". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 60 (5): 570–572. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02481.x. PMC 1884949. PMID 16236049.
  54. ^ Abo-Zena RA, Bobek MB, Dweik RA (April 2000). "Hypertensive urgency induced by an interaction of mirtazapine and clonidine". Pharmacotherapy. 20 (4): 476–478. doi:10.1592/phco.20.5.476.35061. PMID 10772378. S2CID 9959199.
  55. ^ Natter J, Yokoyama T, Michel B (December 2021). "Relative frequency of drug-induced sleep disorders for 32 antidepressants in a large set of Internet user reviews". Sleep. 44 (12): zsab174. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab174. PMID 34252190.
  56. ^ Joseph RM, Jack RH, Morriss R, Knaggs RD, Butler D, Hollis C, et al. (February 2022). "The risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in people prescribed mirtazapine: an active comparator cohort study using electronic health records". BMC Med. 20 (1): 43. doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02247-x. PMC 8809032. PMID 35105363.
  57. ^ Blier P (2001). "Pharmacology of rapid-onset antidepressant treatment strategies". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 62 (Suppl 15): 12–17. PMID 11444761.
  58. ^ Vlaminck JJ, van Vliet IM, Zitman FG (March 2005). "[Withdrawal symptoms of antidepressants]". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (in Dutch). 149 (13): 698–701. PMID 15819135.
  59. ^ Klesmer J, Sarcevic A, Fomari V (August 2000). "Panic attacks during discontinuation of mirtazepine". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 45 (6): 570–571. PMID 10986577.
  60. ^ MacCall C, Callender J (October 1999). "Mirtazapine withdrawal causing hypomania". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 175 (4): 390. doi:10.1192/bjp.175.4.390a. PMID 10789310.
  61. ^ Ali S, Milev R (May 2003). "Switch to mania upon discontinuation of antidepressants in patients with mood disorders: a review of the literature". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 48 (4): 258–264. doi:10.1177/070674370304800410. PMID 12776393.
  62. ^ White N, Litovitz T, Clancy C (December 2008). "Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 4 (4): 238–250. doi:10.1007/bf03161207. PMC 3550116. PMID 19031375.
  63. ^ Nikolaou P, Dona A, Papoutsis I, Spiliopoulou C, Maravelias C (2009). "Death Due to Mirtazapine Overdose". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (5): 436–510. doi:10.1080/15563650902952273. S2CID 218861198. Abstracts of the XXIX International Congress of the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, May 12–15, 2009, Stockholm, Sweden
  64. ^ Baselt RC (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1045–7. ISBN 978-0-9626523-7-0.
  65. ^ Buckley NA, McManus PR (December 2002). "Fatal toxicity of serotoninergic and other antidepressant drugs: analysis of United Kingdom mortality data". BMJ. 325 (7376): 1332–1333. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7376.1332. PMC 137809. PMID 12468481.
  66. ^ Stahl SM (2008). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology Online: Print and Online. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74609-0. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  67. ^ Silva J, Mota J, Azevedo P (March 2016). "California rocket fuel: And what about being a first line treatment?". European Psychiatry. 33: S551. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2033. S2CID 75595266.
  68. ^ Wu CS, Tong SH, Ong CT, Sung SF (December 2015). "Serotonin Syndrome Induced by Combined Use of Mirtazapine and Olanzapine Complicated with Rhabdomyolysis, Acute Renal Failure, and Acute Pulmonary Edema-A Case Report". Acta Neurologica Taiwanica. 24 (4): 117–121. PMID 27333965.
  69. ^ Saguin E, Keou S, Ratnam C, Mennessier C, Delacour H, Lahutte B (May 2018). "Severe rhabdomyolysis induced by quetiapine and mirtazapine in a French military soldier". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 164 (2): 127–129. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-000939. PMID 29632134. S2CID 4737517.
  70. ^ Houlihan DJ (March 2004). "Serotonin syndrome resulting from coadministration of tramadol, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (3): 411–413. doi:10.1345/aph.1D344. PMID 14970364. S2CID 33912489.
  71. ^ Anttila AK, Rasanen L, Leinonen EV (October 2001). "Fluvoxamine augmentation increases serum mirtazapine concentrations three- to fourfold". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 35 (10): 1221–1223. doi:10.1345/aph.1A014. PMID 11675851. S2CID 44807359.
  72. ^ "Fluvoxamine and mirtazapine Interactions". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  73. ^ a b c d e Gillman PK (June 2006). "A review of serotonin toxicity data: implications for the mechanisms of antidepressant drug action". Biological Psychiatry. 59 (11): 1046–1051. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.016. PMID 16460699. S2CID 12179122.
  74. ^ Iqbal MM, Basil MJ, Kaplan J, Iqbal MT (November 2012). "Overview of serotonin syndrome". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 24 (4): 310–318. PMID 23145389.
  75. ^ "Interactions Between Mirtazapine and Clonidine". Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  76. ^ Yates G, Melon E (January 2024). "Trip-killers: a concerning practice associated with psychedelic drug use". Emerg Med J. 41 (2): 112–113. doi:10.1136/emermed-2023-213377. PMID 38123961.
  77. ^ Suran M (February 2024). "Study Finds Hundreds of Reddit Posts on "Trip-Killers" for Psychedelic Drugs". JAMA. 331 (8): 632–634. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.28257. PMID 38294772.
  78. ^ Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  79. ^ a b c Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 340 (2–3): 249–258. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Van der Mey M, Windhorst AD, Klok RP, Herscheid JD, Kennis LE, Bischoff F, et al. (July 2006). "Synthesis and biodistribution of [11C]R107474, a new radiolabeled alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (13): 4526–4534. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.029. PMID 16517171.
  81. ^ a b c Gillman PK (July 2007). "Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated". British Journal of Pharmacology. 151 (6): 737–748. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707253. PMC 2014120. PMID 17471183.
  82. ^ a b Anttila SA, Leinonen EV (2001). "A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine". CNS Drug Reviews. 7 (3): 249–264. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x. PMC 6494141. PMID 11607047.
  83. ^ a b c d Appl H, Holzammer T, Dove S, Haen E, Strasser A, Seifert R (February 2012). "Interactions of recombinant human histamine H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R receptors with 34 antidepressants and antipsychotics". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 385 (2): 145–170. doi:10.1007/s00210-011-0704-0. PMID 22033803. S2CID 14274150.
  84. ^ de Boer TH, Maura G, Raiteri M, de Vos CJ, Wieringa J, Pinder RM (April 1988). "Neurochemical and autonomic pharmacological profiles of the 6-aza-analogue of mianserin, Org 3770 and its enantiomers". Neuropharmacology. 27 (4): 399–408. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(88)90149-9. PMID 3419539. S2CID 582691.
  85. ^ "Mirtazapine". Drugbank. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  86. ^ a b c d Frazer A (April 1997). "Pharmacology of antidepressants". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 17 (Suppl 1): 2S–18S. doi:10.1097/00004714-199704001-00002. PMID 9090573.
  87. ^ Fisar Z, Hroudová J, Raboch J (2010). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by antidepressants and mood stabilizers". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 645–656. PMID 21200377.
  88. ^ Richelson E (May 2001). "Pharmacology of antidepressants". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 76 (5): 511–527. doi:10.4065/76.5.511. PMID 11357798.
  89. ^ Brunton L, Chabner BA, Knollman B (14 January 2011). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-07-176939-6.
  90. ^ Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (10 May 2017). The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 322–. ISBN 978-1-61537-122-8. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  91. ^ a b c Brayfield A, ed. (30 January 2013). "Mirtazapine". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  92. ^ a b Sato H, Ito C, Tashiro M, Hiraoka K, Shibuya K, Funaki Y, et al. (November 2013). "Histamine H1 receptor occupancy by the new-generation antidepressants fluvoxamine and mirtazapine: a positron emission tomography study in healthy volunteers". Psychopharmacology. 230 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3146-1. PMID 23728612. S2CID 3052216.
  93. ^ Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P (November 2012). "The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 167 (6): 1329–1341. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x. PMC 3504997. PMID 22708686.
  94. ^ De Boer T, Nefkens F, Van Helvoirt A (February 1994). "The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist Org 3770 enhances serotonin transmission in vivo". European Journal of Pharmacology. 253 (1–2): R5–R6. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90778-1. PMID 7912194.
  95. ^ a b Berendsen HH, Broekkamp CL (October 1997). "Indirect in vivo 5-HT1A-agonistic effects of the new antidepressant mirtazapine". Psychopharmacology. 133 (3): 275–282. doi:10.1007/s002130050402. PMID 9361334. S2CID 230492.
  96. ^ Nakayama K, Sakurai T, Katsu H (April 2004). "Mirtazapine increases dopamine release in prefrontal cortex by 5-HT1A receptor activation". Brain Research Bulletin. 63 (3): 237–241. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.02.007. PMID 15145142. S2CID 14393829.
  97. ^ Blier P, Abbott FV (January 2001). "Putative mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in affective and anxiety disorders and pain" (PDF). Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 26 (1): 37–43. PMC 1408043. PMID 11212592. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  98. ^ Millan MJ (2005). "Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies". Therapie. 60 (5): 441–460. doi:10.2515/therapie:2005065. PMID 16433010.
  99. ^ Dekeyne A, Millan MJ (April 2009). "Discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antidepressant, mirtazapine, in rats: a pharmacological characterization". Psychopharmacology. 203 (2): 329–341. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1259-8. PMID 18709360.
  100. ^ Mirtazapine increases dopamine release in prefrontal cortex by 5-HT1A receptor activation.
  101. ^ a b Millan MJ, Gobert A, Rivet JM, Adhumeau-Auclair A, Cussac D, Newman-Tancredi A, et al. (March 2000). "Mirtazapine enhances frontocortical dopaminergic and corticolimbic adrenergic, but not serotonergic, transmission by blockade of alpha2-adrenergic and serotonin2C receptors: a comparison with citalopram". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (3): 1079–1095. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00982.x. PMID 10762339. S2CID 23098292.
  102. ^ a b Graves SM, Napier TC (June 2012). "SB 206553, a putative 5-HT2C inverse agonist, attenuates methamphetamine-seeking in rats". BMC Neuroscience. 13 (1): 65. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-65. PMC 3441362. PMID 22697313.
  103. ^ a b Colfax GN, Santos GM, Das M, Santos DM, Matheson T, Gasper J, et al. (November 2011). "Mirtazapine to reduce methamphetamine use: a randomized controlled trial". Archives of General Psychiatry. 68 (11): 1168–1175. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.124. PMC 3437988. PMID 22065532.
  104. ^ Herrold AA, Shen F, Graham MP, Harper LK, Specio SE, Tedford CE, et al. (January 2009). "Mirtazapine treatment after conditioning with methamphetamine alters subsequent expression of place preference". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 99 (1–3): 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.005. PMID 18945553.
  105. ^ a b Rose ME, Grant JE (2008). "Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine dependence: a review of the pathophysiology of methamphetamine addiction and the theoretical basis and efficacy of pharmacotherapeutic interventions". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 20 (3): 145–155. doi:10.1080/10401230802177656. PMID 18633741.
  106. ^ a b Brackins T, Brahm NC, Kissack JC (December 2011). "Treatments for methamphetamine abuse: a literature review for the clinician". Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 24 (6): 541–550. doi:10.1177/0897190011426557. PMID 22095579. S2CID 37335642.
  107. ^ a b Brensilver M, Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S (September 2013). "Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine-type stimulant dependence: an update". Drug and Alcohol Review. 32 (5): 449–460. doi:10.1111/dar.12048. PMC 4251965. PMID 23617468.
  108. ^ Kast RE (September 2001). "Mirtazapine may be useful in treating nausea and insomnia of cancer chemotherapy". Supportive Care in Cancer. 9 (6): 469–470. doi:10.1007/s005200000215. PMID 11585276. S2CID 24132032.
  109. ^ Caldis EV, Gair RD (October 2004). "Mirtazapine for treatment of nausea induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (10): 707. doi:10.1177/070674370404901014. PMID 15560319.
  110. ^ Berling I, Isbister GK (January 2014). "Mirtazapine overdose is unlikely to cause major toxicity". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (1): 20–24. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.859264. PMC 3894718. PMID 24228948.
  111. ^ Freijo Guerrero J, Tardón Ruiz de Gauna L, Gómez JJ, Aguilera Celorrio L (October 2009). "[Serotonin syndrome after administration of mirtazapine in a critical care unit]". Revista Espanola de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion (in Spanish). 56 (8): 515–516. doi:10.1016/s0034-9356(09)70444-x. PMID 19994622.
  112. ^ Butler MC, Di Battista M, Warden M (August 2010). "Sertraline-induced serotonin syndrome followed by mirtazapine reaction". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 34 (6): 1128–1129. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.015. PMID 20430060. S2CID 20985498.
  113. ^ Decoutere L, De Winter S, Vander Weyden L, Spriet I, Schrooten M, Tournoy J, et al. (October 2012). "A venlafaxine and mirtazapine-induced serotonin syndrome confirmed by de- and re-challenge". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 34 (5): 686–688. doi:10.1007/s11096-012-9666-7. PMID 22752315. S2CID 38692665.
  114. ^ Burrows GD, Kremer CM (April 1997). "Mirtazapine: clinical advantages in the treatment of depression". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 17 (Suppl 1): 34S–39S. doi:10.1097/00004714-199704001-00005. PMID 9090576.
  115. ^ Zhu Y, Chen G, Zhang K, Chen C, Chen W, Zhu M, et al. (November 2022). "High-Throughput Metabolic Soft-Spot Identification in Liver Microsomes by LC/UV/MS: Application of a Single Variable Incubation Time Approach". Molecules. 27 (22): 8058. doi:10.3390/molecules27228058. PMC 9693510. PMID 36432161.
  116. ^ Al-Majed A, Bakheit AH, Alharbi RM, Abdel Aziz HA (1 January 2018). Mirtazapine. Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology. Vol. 43. pp. 209–254. doi:10.1016/bs.podrm.2018.01.002. ISBN 9780128151259. PMID 29678261. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  117. ^ a b c Schatzberg AF (2009). "Chapter 21: Mirtazapine". In Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN 9781585623099.
  118. ^ "Mirtazapine label – Australia". GuildLink, a wholly owned subsidiary company of the Pharmacy Guild of Australia. 27 May 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  119. ^ Kelder J, Funke C, De Boer T, Delbressine L, Leysen D, Nickolson V (April 1997). "A comparison of the physicochemical and biological properties of mirtazapine and mianserin". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 49 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06814.x. PMID 9232538. S2CID 12270528.
  120. ^ Srinivasa Rao DV, Dandala R, Handa VK, Sivakumaran M, Raghava Reddy AV, Naidu A (2007). "Improved Synthesis of Mirtazapine". Organic Preparations and Procedures International. 39 (4): 399–402. doi:10.1080/00304940709458595. S2CID 98056931.
  121. ^ Kaspersen FM, Van Rooij FA, Sperling EG, Wieringa JH (September 1989). "The synthesis of org 3770 labelled with 3H, 13C AND 14C". Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 27 (9): 1055–1068. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580270911.
  122. ^ "Remeron New FDA Drug Approvalh". Centerwatch. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  123. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 183. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  124. ^ Kohler M, Bloch KE, Stradling JR (May 2009). "Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea" (PDF). Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 18 (5): 647–656. doi:10.1517/13543780902877674. PMID 19388881. S2CID 57089477. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  125. ^ Marshall NS, Yee BJ, Desai AV, Buchanan PR, Wong KK, Crompton R, et al. (June 2008). "Two randomized placebo-controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea". Sleep. 31 (6): 824–831. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.6.824. PMC 2442407. PMID 18548827.
  126. ^ Masi G (2004). "Pharmacotherapy of pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents". CNS Drugs. 18 (14): 1031–1052. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418140-00006. PMID 15584771. S2CID 25531695.
  127. ^ Marek GJ, Carpenter LL, McDougle CJ, Price LH (February 2003). "Synergistic action of 5-HT2A antagonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (2): 402–412. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300057. PMID 12589395.
  128. ^ Kumar R, Sachdev PS (May 2009). "Akathisia and second-generation antipsychotic drugs". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 22 (3): 293–299. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832a16da. PMID 19378382. S2CID 31506138.
  129. ^ Hieber R, Dellenbaugh T, Nelson LA (June 2008). "Role of mirtazapine in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (6): 841–846. doi:10.1345/aph.1K672. PMID 18460588. S2CID 19733585.
  130. ^ Graves SM, Rafeyan R, Watts J, Napier TC (December 2012). "Mirtazapine, and mirtazapine-like compounds as possible pharmacotherapy for substance abuse disorders: evidence from the bench and the bedside". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 136 (3): 343–353. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.013. PMC 3483434. PMID 22960395.
  131. ^ Ritsner, MS (2013). Ritsner MS (ed.). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry Practice, Volume I. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5805-6. ISBN 9789400758056. S2CID 7705779.
  132. ^ Vidal C, Reese C, Fischer BA, Chiapelli J, Himelhoch S (July 2015). "Meta-Analysis of Efficacy of Mirtazapine as an Adjunctive Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia". Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses. 9 (2): 88–95. doi:10.3371/CSRP.VIRE.030813. PMID 23491969.
  133. ^ Tagai K, Nagata T, Shinagawa S, Tsuno N, Ozone M, Nakayama K (June 2013). "Mirtazapine improves visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: a case report". Psychogeriatrics. 13 (2): 103–107. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2012.00432.x. PMID 23909968. S2CID 1154368.
  134. ^ Eskeland S, Halvorsen JA, Tanum L (August 2017). "Antidepressants have Anti-inflammatory Effects that may be Relevant to Dermatology: A Systematic Review". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 97 (8): 897–905. doi:10.2340/00015555-2702. hdl:10852/63759. PMID 28512664.
  135. ^ Higginson IJ, Brown ST, Oluyase OO, May P, Maddocks M, Costantini M, et al. (September 2024). "Mirtazapine to alleviate severe breathlessness in patients with COPD or interstitial lung diseases (BETTER-B)". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 42. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00187-5. PMID 39278621.
  136. ^ Gfeller R, Thomas M, Mayo I (8 August 2017). "Mirtazapine (Remeron)". Vin.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  137. ^ Agnew W, Korman R (September 2014). "Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 16 (9): 749–756. doi:10.1177/1098612X14545273. PMC 11185246. PMID 25146662. S2CID 37126352.
  138. ^ a b c "Mirataz EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020. Text was copied from this source, which is copyright European Medicines Agency, 2020. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
  139. ^ a b c "Mirataz- mirtazapine ointment". DailyMed. 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirtazapine&oldid=1261658398"