History of the People's Liberation Army

The history of the People's Liberation Army began in 1927 with the start of the Chinese Civil War and spans to the present, having developed from a peasant guerrilla force into the largest armed force in the world.

Historical background

Throughout the centuries, two tendencies have influenced the role of the military in national life, one in peacetime and the other in times of upheaval. In times of peace and stability, military forces were firmly subordinated to civilian control. The military was strong enough to overcome domestic rebellions and foreign invasion, yet it did not threaten civilian control of the political system. In times of disorder, however, new military leaders and organizations arose to challenge the old system, resulting in the militarization of political life. When one of these leaders became strong enough, he established a new political order ruling all China. After consolidating power, the new ruler or his successors subordinated the military to civilian control once again.^[1]

Since the 1960s, China had considered the Soviet Union the principal threat to its security; lesser threats were posed by long standing border disputes with Vietnam and India. China's territorial claims and economic interests made the South China Sea an area of strategic importance to China. Although China sought peaceful unification of Taiwan with the mainland China, it did not rule out the use of force against the island if serious internal disturbances, a declaration of independence, or a threatening alliance occurred.^[2]

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China

Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (中國工農紅軍).

The divisions of the "Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" (中國工農紅軍) were named according to historical circumstances, sometimes in a nonconsecutive way. Early Communist units often formed by defection from existing Kuomintang forces, keeping their original designations. Moreover, during the Chinese Civil War, central control of separate Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-controlled enclaves within China was limited, adding to the confusion of nomenclature of Communist forces.

The 1929 Gutian Congress was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the party's ideology.^[3]^: 280 In the short term, this concept was further developed in the June 1930 Program for the Red Fourth Army at All Levels and the winter 1930 Provisional Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Army (Draft), which formally established Party leadership of the military.^[4]^: 307

By the time of the 1934 Long March, numerous small units had been organized into three unified groups, the First Front Red Army (紅一方面軍/红一方面军/Hóng Yī Fāngmiàn Jūn), the Second Front Red Army (紅二方面軍/红二方面军/Hóng Èr Fāngmiàn Jūn) and the Fourth Front Red Army (紅四方面軍/红四方面军/Hóng Sì Fāngmiàn Jūn), also translated as "First Front Red Army", "Second Front Red Army" and "Fourth Front Red Army".^[5]

Mao's military thought grew out of the Red Army's experiences in the late 1930s and early 1940s and formed the basis for the "people's war" concept, which became the doctrine of the Red Army and the People's Liberation Army (PLA). In developing his thought, Mao drew on the works of the Chinese military strategist Sun Zi (4th century BC) and Soviet and other theorists, as well as on the lore of peasant uprisings, such as the stories found in the classical novel Shuihu Zhuan (Water Margin) and the stories of the Taiping Rebellion. Synthesizing these influences with lessons learned from the Red Army's successes and failures, Mao created a comprehensive politico-military doctrine for waging revolutionary warfare. People's war incorporated political, economic, and psychological measures with protracted military struggle against a superior foe. As a military doctrine, people's war emphasized the mobilization of the populace to support regular and guerrilla forces; the primacy of men over weapons, with superior motivation compensating for inferior technology; and the three progressive phases of protracted warfare—strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive (see Mobile Warfare). During the first stage, enemy forces were "lured in deep" into one's own territory to overextend, disperse, and isolate them. The Red Army established base areas from which to harass the enemy, but these bases and other territory could be abandoned to preserve Red Army forces. In addition, policies ordered by Mao for all soldiers to follow, the Eight Points of Attention, instructed the army to avoid harm to or disrespect for the peasants, regardless of the need for food and supplies. This policy won support for the Communists among the rural peasants.^[6]

On January 15, 1949, the CCP's Central Military Commission decided to reorganise the regional armies of the PLA into four field armies.^[7]

People's Republic of China

Border disputes in the 1970s

In January 1974, the PLA saw action in the South China Sea following a long-simmering dispute with the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) over the Paracel Islands. The PLA successfully seized control of three disputed islands in a naval battle and a subsequent amphibious assault.^[8]^[9]

A Sino-Vietnamese War revealed specific shortcomings in military capabilities and thus provided an additional impetus to the military modernization effort. The border war, the PLA's largest military operation since the Korean War, was essentially a limited, offensive, ground-force campaign. The war had mixed results militarily and politically. Although the numerically superior Chinese forces penetrated about fifty kilometers into Vietnam, the PLA was not on good terms with its supply lines and was unable to achieve a decisive victory in the war.^[10] Both China and Vietnam claimed victory.^[11]^[10]

Military modernization in the 1980s

In 1981, the PLA conducted its largest military exercise in North China since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In 1985, Deng Xiaoping announced that the PLA would demobilize 1 million troops.^[12]

On the other hand, border battles and skirmishes continued throughout the 1980s.

2015-2016 reorganization

The "deepening national defense and military reform" was announced in November 2015 at a plenary session of the Central Military Commission (CMC)'s Central Leading Group for Military Reform.^[13]

In 2016, the four traditional departments of the military were replaced by 15 new departments, commissions, and offices led by the CMC.^[14]^: 288

On 1 February 2016, China replaced its system of seven military regions with newly-established Theater Commands: Northern, Southern, Western, Eastern, and Central.^[14]^: 289 In the prior system, operations were segmented by military branch and region.^[14]^: 289 In contrast, each Theater Command is intended to function as a unified entity with joint operations across different military branches.^[14]^: 289

Chronology

The Ten-Year Civil War (1927–1937)

1927: Nanchang Uprising / Autumn Harvest Uprising / Guangzhou Uprising
Kuomintang campaigns against the Jiangxi Soviet:

November 1930 to December 1931: First Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
April to May 1931: Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
July 1931: Third Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
December 1932 to March 1933: Fourth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
September 1933 to October 1934: Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet

1934–1936: The Long March, a strategic retreat to avoid destruction by the Nationalist armies of Chiang Kai-shek
1935: Battle at the Luding Bridge

Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

1937 to 1945: Second Sino-Japanese War

September 25, 1937: The Battle of Pingxingguan
January 1940: The New Fourth Army Incident
August–December 1940: The Hundred Regiments Offensive

Chinese Civil War (1945–1950)

1945 to 1950: Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang:

September 10, 1945 to October 12, 1945 – Shangdang Campaign
October 22, 1945 to November 2, 1945 – Handan Campaign
December 17, 1946 to April 1, 1947 – Linjiang Campaign
May 13, 1947 to July 1, 1947 – Summer Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
September 14, 1947 to November 5, 1947 – Autumn Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
October 10, 1947 - Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army reorganised into the People's Liberation Army
December 15, 1947 to March 15, 1948 – Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
May 23, 1948 to October 19, 1948 – Siege of Changchun
September 12, 1948 to November 12, 1949 – Liaoshen Campaign
October 7, 1948 to November 15, 1948 – Battle of Jinzhou
November 6, 1948 to January 10, 1949 – Huaihai Campaign
November 29, 1948 to January 31, 1949 – Pingjin Campaign
October 25, 1949 to October 27, 1949 – Battle of Kuningtou
November 3, 1949 to November 5, 1949 – Battle of Denbu Island
March 3, 1950 to March 3, 1950 – Battle of Nan'ao Island
May 12, 1950 to June 2, 1950 – Shanghai Campaign
May 25, 1950 to August 7, 1950 – Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
August 9, 1950 to August 9, 1950 – Battle of Nanpéng Island

People's Republic of China (since 1949)

Taiwan Strait (aftermath of the civil war)

1952 to 1996: Taiwan Strait conflicts with the Republic of China (Taiwan):

April 11, 1952 to April 15, 1952 – Battle of Nanri Island
September 20, 1952 to October 20, 1952: Battle of Nanpēng Archipelago
August 1954 to May 1955: The First Taiwan Strait Crisis

January 18, 1955 to January 20, 1955: Battle of Yijiangshan Islands

August 23 to October 6, 1958: Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
July 21, 1995 to March 23, 1996: Third Taiwan Strait Crisis

1949–1979

October 19, 1950: The Battle of Chamdo
December 1951 to 1953: Korean War (under the official banner of the Chinese People's Volunteers, although they are PLA regulars)
1956 to 1959: Suppression of the Tibetan resistance movement
October 20, 1962 to November 21, 1962: Sino-Indian War
September 11, 1967 to October 1, 1967: Nathu La and Cho La clashes
1969 to 1978: Sino-Soviet border conflict
January 17 to January 19, 1974: Battle of Hoang Sa, a sea battle with the Republic of Vietnam Navy near the disputed Xisha Islands
February 17 to March 16, 1979: Sino-Vietnamese War

Military modernization (1980s)

September 14–18, 1981: North China Military Exercise, the largest military exercise since the founding of People's Republic of China in 1949
1985: Deng Xiaoping downsized the PLA significantly and demobilized around 1 million soldiers^[12]
1986: Border skirmishes with Vietnam
May 20 to June 9, 1989: People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
April 1, 2001: Hainan Island incident, a Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy jet intercepting a US Navy reconnaissance aircraft collides with the US plane. The Chinese pilot is marked missing in action (but assumed dead), while the crew of the US reconnaissance is detained by Chinese authorities, and released shortly after.

References

Citations

^ Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved March 12, 2011. p.49-52 Archived 2017-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kissinger, H. On China, Penguin, New York, p.346
^ Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
^ Huang, Yibing (2020). An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 1. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.
^ Peoples Liberation Army Daily (August 14, 2006) Notes Archived 2008-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007-02-17
^ Indo-Asian News Service (October 22, 2006): Retracing Mao's Long March^{[permanent dead link‍]} (Retrieved 23 November 2006)
^ Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949), James Zheng Gao, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810849305, 116
^ "Tài liệu Trung Quốc về Hải chiến Hoàng Sa: Lần đầu hé lộ về vũ khí | Hải chiến Hoàng Sa | Thanh Niên". 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-09-07. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ Gwertzman, Bernard (26 January 1974). "Peking Reports Holding U.S. Aide". The New York Times. New York, NY. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Routledge. p. 297. ISBN 0415214742.
^ Chen, King C. (1983). China's war against Vietnam, 1979 : a military analysis. University of Maryland at Baltimore. School of Law. [Baltimore]: School of Law, University of Maryland. ISBN 0-942182-57-X. OCLC 10513693.
^ ^a ^b "Troop Cut to Save Money, Deng Says". Los Angeles Times. 1985-05-06. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
^ Chan, Minnie (25 November 2015). "China hits the launch button for massive PLA shake-up to create a modern, nimble force". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.

Sources

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. [1]

v t e Military history of Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal