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Mary Boleyn

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Mary Boleyn
17th-century copy of a lost original portrait by Remigius van Leemput
Known forMistress of Henry VIII
Bornbetween 1499 and 1508
probably Blickling Hall, Norfolk
DiedJuly 1543 (aged 35–44)
Rochford Hall, Essex, England
BuriedUnknown although assumed to be buried at Hever Castle
Noble familyBoleyn
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1520; d. 1528)​
​
​
(m. 1534)​
IssueCatherine Carey, Lady Knollys
Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon
Edward Stafford (disputed)
Anne Stafford (disputed)
FatherThomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
MotherElizabeth Howard

Mary Boleyn, also known as Lady Mary,[1] (c. 1499[2] – July 1543) was the sister of English queen consort Anne Boleyn, whose family enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of King Henry VIII.

Mary was one of the mistresses of Henry VIII for an unknown period. It has been rumoured that she bore two of the King's children, though Henry did not acknowledge either. Mary was also rumoured to have been a mistress of Henry VIII's rival, King Francis I of France, for some period between 1515 and 1519.[3]

Mary Boleyn was married twice: in 1520 to William Carey, and again, secretly, in 1534, to William Stafford, a soldier from a good family but with few prospects. This secret marriage to a man considered beneath her station angered King Henry VIII and her sister, Queen Anne, and resulted in Mary's banishment from the royal court. She died seven years later, having spent the remainder of her life in obscurity.[4]

Early life

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Mary was probably born at Blickling Hall, the family seat in Norfolk, and grew up at Hever Castle, Kent.[5] She was the daughter of a wealthy diplomat and courtier, Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire, by his marriage to Elizabeth Howard, the eldest daughter of Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey and future 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife Elizabeth Tilney.[4] Mary was therefore a niece of the future 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and a first cousin of both the poet and soldier Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and Henry VIII's future fifth wife, Catherine Howard, daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, Mary's uncle.

There is no evidence as to Mary's exact date of birth, but it occurred sometime between 1499 and 1508. Most historians suggest she was the eldest of the three surviving Boleyn children.[6] Evidence suggests that the Boleyn family treated Mary as the eldest child; in 1597, her grandson George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon claimed the earldom of Ormond on the grounds that he was the Boleyns' legitimate heir. Many ancient peerages can descend through female heirs without an immediate male heir. If Anne had been the elder sister, the better claim to the title would have belonged to her daughter, Queen Elizabeth I. However, it appears that Queen Elizabeth offered Mary's son, Henry, the earldom as he was dying, although he declined it. If Mary had been the eldest Boleyn sister, Henry would have the better claim to the title, regardless of a new grant from the Queen.[7] There is more evidence to suggest that Mary was older than Anne. She was married first, on 4 February 1520;[8] an elder daughter traditionally married before a younger sister. Moreover, in 1532, when Anne was created Marchioness of Pembroke, she was referred to as "one of the daughters of Thomas Boleyn". Were she the eldest, that status would probably have been mentioned. Most historians now accept Mary as the eldest child, placing her birth sometime in 1499.[2]

During her early years, it is most likely that Mary was educated alongside her brother George and her sister Anne at Hever Castle. She was given the conventional education deemed essential for young ladies of her rank and status, which included the basic principles of arithmetic, grammar, history, reading, spelling and writing. In addition to her family genealogy, Mary learned the feminine accomplishments of dancing, embroidery, etiquette, household management, music, needlework, singing, and games such as cards and chess. She was also taught archery, falconry, riding, and hunting.[9]

Mary remained in England for most of her childhood until she was sent abroad in 1514 around the age of fifteen when her father secured her a place as maid-of-honour to the King's sister, Princess Mary, who was going to Paris to marry King Louis XII of France.[4]

Royal affair in France

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Mary was joined in Paris by her father Sir Thomas and her sister Anne, who had been studying in France for the previous year. During this time, Mary is supposed to have gained a dubious reputation and embarked on sexual affairs, including one with King Francis I himself, Francis having succeeded Louis XII who had died shortly after his marriage to Princess Mary. This is based on a secondhand account by Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, Bishop of Faenza and papal nuncio, in 1536, who claimed Francis knew Mary in France as "una grandissima ribalda, infame sopra tutte" ("a very great whore, the most infamous of all").[10][11]

She returned to England in 1519, where she was appointed a maid-of-honour to Catherine of Aragon, the queen consort of Henry VIII.[12]

Royal mistress

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Signature of Mary Boleyn as "Mary Carey" after her marriage to William Carey
William Carey, husband of Mary Boleyn

Soon after her return, Mary was married to William Carey, a wealthy and influential courtier of the privy chamber, on 4 February 1520. Henry VIII was a guest at the couple's wedding.[4] At some point, Mary became Henry's mistress; the starting date and duration of the liaison are unknown.[13]

It was rumoured that the King fathered one or both of Mary's children.[14] Even if this was so, however, Henry did not acknowledge either of them as his children, although he had previously acknowledged Henry FitzRoy, his son by another mistress, Elizabeth Blount.[15]

Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon, had first been married to Henry's older brother Arthur when he was a little over fifteen years old, but Arthur died just a few months later. Henry later used this to justify the annulment of his marriage to Catherine, arguing that her marriage to Arthur had created an affinity between Henry and Catherine; as his brother's wife, under canon law, she became his sister. In 1527, during his initial attempts to obtain a papal annulment of his marriage to Catherine, Henry similarly requested a dispensation to marry Anne, the sister of his former mistress.[16]

Sister's rise to power

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Anne returned to England in January 1522; she soon joined the royal court as one of Queen Catherine's maids-of-honour. Anne achieved considerable popularity at court, although the sisters moved in different circles and were not considered close.

Although Mary is said to have been more attractive than her sister, Anne seems to have been more ambitious and intelligent. When the King took an interest in Anne, she refused to become his mistress.[17] By the middle of 1526, Henry was determined to marry her. This gave him further incentive to seek the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. When Mary's husband died during an outbreak of sweating sickness, Henry granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew, Henry Carey. Mary's husband had left her with considerable debts, and Anne arranged for her nephew to be educated at a respectable Cistercian monastery. Anne also interceded to secure an annual pension of £100 for her widowed sister.[18]

Second marriage

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In October 1532, Mary was one of her companions when Anne accompanied Henry to the English Pale of Calais on his way to a state visit to France.[4] Anne was crowned Queen on 1 June 1533, and on 7 September gave birth to Henry's daughter Elizabeth, who later became Queen Elizabeth I.

In 1534, Mary secretly married an Essex landowner's younger son: William Stafford (later Sir William Stafford). Since Stafford was a soldier, his prospects as a second son so slight, and his income so small, many believed that the union was a love match. When Mary became pregnant, the marriage was discovered. Queen Anne was furious, and the Boleyn family disowned Mary. The couple were banished from court.

Mary's financial circumstances became so desperate that she begged the King's chief adviser Thomas Cromwell to speak to Henry and Anne. She admitted that she might have chosen "a greater man of birth" but never one that should have loved her so well, nor a more honest man. And she went on, "I had rather beg my bread with him than to be the greatest queen in Christendom. And I believe verily ... he would not forsake me to be a king". Henry, however, seems to have been indifferent to her plight. Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother, but to no avail. Anne relented, sending Mary a magnificent golden cup and some money, but still refused to reinstate her position at court. This partial reconciliation was the closest the two sisters attained; it is not thought that they met after Mary's exile from the King's court.

Mary's life between 1534 and her sister's execution on 19 May 1536 is difficult to trace. There is no record of her visiting her parents and no evidence of any correspondence with, or visits to, her sister Anne or her brother George when they were imprisoned in the Tower of London.

Mary died of unknown causes on 19[19] or 30 July 1543,[4] most likely at Rochford Hall, Essex.[20][4]

Issue

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Mary Boleyn was the mother of:

Mary's marriage to William Stafford (d. 5 May 1556) may have resulted in the birth of two further children:[21]

  • Edward Stafford (1535–1545).
  • Anne Stafford (b. 1536?), possibly named in honour of Mary's sister, Queen Anne Boleyn.

Depictions in fiction

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Mary is featured in the following novels:

Mary has been the central character in three novels based on her life:

Philippa Gregory later nominated Mary as her heroine in an interview with BBC History magazine. Her novel spawned five others in the same series but drew criticism for its lack of historical accuracy.[22] For example, Gregory characterises Anne, not Mary, as the elder sister and does not mention Mary's relationships before her affair with Henry.[22][23]

Mary is a character in several films and television series:

Non-fiction

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Mary is also a subject in three non-fiction books:

  • Mary Boleyn: The Mistress of Kings by Alison Weir (2011)
  • The Mistresses of Henry VIII by Kelly Hart (2009)
  • Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Mistress by Josephine Wilkinson (2010)[25]

Family tree

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References

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  1. ^ "Katherine Knollys". Westminster Abbey – Founded 960. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Retrieved 2 June 2016. Katherine Knollys' tombstone in Westminster Abbey reads thus: "This Lady Knollys and the Lord Hundesdon her brother were the childeren of William Caree Esquyer, and of the Lady Mary his wiffe one of the doughters and heires to Thomas Bulleyne Erle of Wylshier [Wiltshire] and Ormond. Which Lady Mary was sister to Anne Quene of England wiffe to Kinge Henry the Eyght father and mother to Elizabeth Quene of England".
  2. ^ a b Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1992), p. 119
  3. ^ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, X, no.450.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Hughes, Jonathan (23 September 2004). "Stafford [née Boleyn; other married name Carey], Mary (c. 1499–1543), royal mistress". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70719. Retrieved 2 July 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^ Letters of Matthew Parker, p.15.
  6. ^ Ives, p. 17; Fraser, p. 119; Denny, p. 27. All three scholars argue that Mary was the eldest of the three Boleyn children.
  7. ^ Hart, Kelly (1 June 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII (First ed.). The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4835-0.
  8. ^ The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy by Eric Ives
  9. ^ Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). "The Early years, 1500–1514". Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Mistress. Amberley. p. 13. ISBN 9781848680890.
  10. ^ Charles Carlton, Royal Mistresses (1990)
  11. ^ Denny, p. 38
  12. ^ Marie-Louise Bruce, p. 13
  13. ^ Hart, Kelly (2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII (1st ed.). The History Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7524-5852-6.
  14. ^ Ives, Eric William (2004). "The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn", p. 369 (note 75). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
  15. ^ Murphy, Beverley A. (3 January 2008) [23 September 2004]. "Fitzroy, Henry, duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), royal bastard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9635. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  16. ^ Kelly, Henry Ansgar: The Matrimonial Trials of Henry VIII pp42 ff
  17. ^ Weir, p. 160
  18. ^ Karen Lindsey, p. 73
  19. ^ Weir, Alison (1 August 2011). Mary Boleyn: 'The Great and Infamous Whore'. Penguin Books. ISBN 9781446484357.
  20. ^ Mackay, Lauren (12 October 2020). "Your guide to Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne Boleyn". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  21. ^ Hart p. 118
  22. ^ a b von Tunzelmann, Alex (6 August 2008). "The Other Boleyn Girl: Hollyoaks in fancy dress". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  23. ^ Gregory, Philippa, "The Other Boleyn Girl"
  24. ^ Wolanin, Andrea (29 September 2020). "From 'Sense & Sensibility' To 'Mockingbird Lane' — Charity Wakefield's Best Roles". GBH. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  25. ^ Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-84868-089-0.

Further reading

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