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List of totalitarian regimes

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This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

Prose

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Note: Because of differing opinions about the definition of totalitarianism, and the variable nature of each regime, this article first states in prose the various opinions given by sources, even when those opinions might conflict or be at angles to each other. It is followed by a convenience table of basic facts, but the table is limited by its binary nature and can not always accurately reflect the complex and nuanced nature of the sources, which are more fully described in the prose section.

Soviet Union

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According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the Soviet Union during the period of Joseph Stalin's rule was a "modern example" of a totalitarian state, being among "the first examples of decentralized or popular totalitarianism, in which the state achieved overwhelming popular support for its leadership." This contrasted with earlier totalitarian states that were imposed on the people;[2] "every aspect of the Soviet Union's political, economic, cultural, and intellectual life came to be regulated by the Communist Party in a strict and regimented fashion that would tolerate no opposition".[3] According to Peter Rutland (1993), with the death of Stalin, "this was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."[4] This view is echoed by Igor Krupnik (1995), "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."[5] According to Klaus von Beyme (2014), "The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule."[6]

Britannica and various authors noted that the policies of Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, contributed to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the USSR,[3][7] but while some authors, such as Leszek Kolakowski, believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a continuation of Leninism[7] and directly called Lenin's government the first totalitarian regime to appear,[8] other authors, including Hannah Arendt, argued that there was rupture between Stalinist totaliarianism and Leninism, and that Leninism offered other various outcomes besides Stalinism, including "a mere one-party dictatorship as opposed to full-blown totalitarianism." Arend believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a part of a hypernational historically specific phenomenon which also included Nazism.[7]

Table

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
State Totalitarianism Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent
Start End
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[2] see above 1953[2][4][5][6] Vladimir Lenin (disputed, see above)
Joseph Stalin[2] 		All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet patriotism
Stalinism 		Federal one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Kingdom of Italy[9][10][11][12][a] 1925 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Italian fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Europe
German Reich / Greater German Reich[2] 1933[2] 1945[2] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[13] Europe
Spanish State[14] 1936[15] 1959[16] Francisco Franco FET y de las JONS Fascism
Falangism
National Catholicism
Anti-communism
Anti-Masonry 		Unitary one-party semi-fascist state Europe
Kingdom of Romania[17][18][19] 1940 1941 Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima 		Iron Guard Clerical fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-semitism 		Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[20][21][22] 1946 1985 Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985) 		Party of Labour of Albania Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party republic Europe
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea[23][24][25][2][26] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (until 2009)
Stalinism (formerly) 		Unitary one-party socialist republic[27] Asia
China People's Republic of China[28][29] 1949 1976 Mao Zedong[2] Chinese Communist Party Chinese communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
South Korea Republic of Korea[30][31] 1961 1979 Park Chung Hee Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
Democratic Republican Party 		Anti-communism
Korean nationalism
Korean conservatism[32]
Corporatism[33]
Right-wing populism[32]
Korean fascism[34][35]
Developmentalism 		Unitary semi-presidential republic under military dictatorship Asia
Myanmar Myanmar Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[36] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Syrian Arab Republic[37][38][39][40][41] 1971 2024[42] General Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)
Bashar al-Assad (2000–2024) 		Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Neo-Ba'athism
Assadism 		Unitary de facto one-party[43] presidential republic[44] (neo-Ba'athist de-jure one-party socialist republic[45][46] until 2012) Asia
Equatorial Guinea Republic of Equatorial Guinea[47] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[48]
Anti-intellectualism
Pan-Africanism 		Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
Socialist Republic of Romania[49][50] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
National Communism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
Republic of the Philippines[51][52][53] 1972 1986 Ferdinand Marcos Nacionalista Party
New Society Movement 		Conservatism[54]
National conservatism[55]
Anti-communism[56]
Filipino nationalism[57]
Populism[58][59][60][61][62] 		Unitary presidential constitutional republic under conjugal military dictatorship Asia
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea[36][63] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarian socialism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism
Anti-intellectualism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Iraq Iraq Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[64][65][66][67] 1979 2003 Saddam Hussein Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region Iraqi Ba'athism
Saddamism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
 Turkmenistan[68][69][70][71] 1991 Active Saparmurat Niyazov (1991–2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006–2022)
[b]Serdar Berdimuhamedow
(2022–present)[c] 		Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Nationalism
Social conservatism[72] 		Unitary presidential republic (one-party state until 2008)[73] Asia
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[74][75][76] 1996 2001 Mullah Omar[77][78] Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[79]
Islamism[79]
Pashtunwali[80]
Religious nationalism[80] 		Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate Asia
2021 Active Hibatullah Akhundzada Unitary provisional theocratic Islamic emirate
Eritrea State of Eritrea[81][82] 2001[83] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
Islamic State Islamic State[84][85][86][87] 2014 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Islamic State (Daesh) Wahhabism
Qutbism
Salafi jihadism 		Unitary Salafi Jihadist proto-state Asia

List of totalitarian puppet regimes

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The following is a list of puppet states of various outside states (mostly Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union), which are considered to be totalitarian.

Country Totalitarianism Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent Administrative status
Start End
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic[88][89][90][91] 1924 1953 Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952) 		Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia Soviet Union Soviet satellite state
Manchukuo Empire of Manchuria[92] 1932 1945 Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945) 		Concordia Association of Manchukuo Anti-communism
Fascism[93]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism 		One-party constitutional monarchy Asia Japan Japanese puppet state
Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Slovak Republic[94] 1939 1945 Jozef Tiso Slovak People’s Party Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism
Anti-Hungarianism 		Unitary one-party fascist state Europe Nazi Germany Nazi-German puppet state[94]
Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia[95][96] 1941 1945 Ante Pavelić Ustaše Clerical fascism
Anti-communism
Anti-Serb sentiment 		Fascist one-party state Europe Nazi Germany Nazi-German puppet state
Italian Social Republic[97][98] 1943 1945 Benito Mussolini Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party state Europe Nazi Germany Nazi-German puppet state
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic[99][100][101][102] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe Soviet Union Soviet satellite state
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan[103][104][105][106] 1978 1989 Nur Muhammad Taraki (1978–1979)
Hafizullah Amin (1979)
Babrak Karmal (1979–1986)
Mohammad Najibullah (1986–1989) 		People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Marxism-Leninism[107][108]
Neo-Stalinism[106]
Anti-intellectualism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia Soviet Union Soviet satellite state[109][110][111]

Notes

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  1. ^ Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
  2. ^ Power-sharing with son Serdar since 2022.
  3. ^ Power-sharing with father Gurbanguly.

References

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  97. ^ Ganapini, Luigi (2 July 2007). "The Dark Side of Italian History 1943–1945". Modern Italy. 12 (2): 205–223. doi:10.1080/13532940701362730. S2CID 145668321. In 1943 Mussolini had called for 'socialization' as a means of fighting the anti-Fascist democratic forces. In this context, the ideology of National Syndicalism became the key feature of a project for the construction of a totalitarian state.
  98. ^ Bosworth, R.J.B. (March 1997). "Tourist Planning in Fascist Italy and the Limits of a Totalitarian Culture". Contemporary European History. 6 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004033. S2CID 154618035.
  99. ^ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN 978-963-19-7628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
  100. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. ... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
  101. ^ Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
  102. ^ Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949 – re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
  103. ^ Tucker, Ernest (2019). "21: Middle East at the End of the Cold War, 1979–1993". The Middle East in Modern World History (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-138-49190-8. LCCN 2018043096. During their first few months in power, the Communists remade Afghanistan into a Soviet-style totalitarian state...
  104. ^ Kirkpatrick, Jeane J (1981). "Afghanistan: Implications for Peace and Security". World Affairs. 144 (3): 243. JSTOR 20671902. ...the Communists violently seized power in Kabul and, with the help of growing numbers of Soviet "advisers," began forcibly to impose upon the people of Afghanistan a foreign ideology and a totalitarian system
  105. ^ Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.). Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation. New York: Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-367-01216-8.
  106. ^ a b S.Margolis, Eric (2001). "2: The Bravest Men on Earth". War at the top of the World: The struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet. New York: Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 0-415-92712-9.
  107. ^ Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.). Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation. New York: Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-367-01216-8.
  108. ^ Kamrany, Nake M (1982). "Afghanistan Under Soviet Occupation". Current History. 81 (475): 222. doi:10.1525/curh.1982.81.475.219. JSTOR 45317401. S2CID 73677693.
  109. ^ Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.). Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation. New York: Routledge. pp. 48–57. ISBN 978-0-367-01216-8.
  110. ^ Kamrany, Nake M (1982). "Afghanistan Under Soviet Occupation". Current History. 81 (475): 221, 222. doi:10.1525/curh.1982.81.475.219. JSTOR 45317401. S2CID 73677693.
  111. ^ Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). "Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979". Armed Forces & Society. 12 (3). Sage Publishing: 343, 344. doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200301. JSTOR 45304853. S2CID 144197649.
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