Jump to content

List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on
Tropical cyclones
Structure
Effects
Climatology and tracking
Tropical cyclone naming
Outline
Media coverage
Tropical cyclones portal

This is a cumulative list of previously used tropical cyclone (tropical storm and hurricane) names that have been permanently removed from reuse in the North Atlantic basin. As of 2024, 96 storm names have been retired.[1]

The naming of North Atlantic tropical cyclones is currently under the oversight of the Hurricane Committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). This group maintains six alphabetic lists of twenty-one names, with one list used each year. This normally results in each name being reused every six years. However, in the case of a particularly deadly or damaging storm, that storm's name is retired, and a replacement starting with the same letter is selected to take its place. The decision on whether to remove a name in a given season is made at the annual session of the WMO Hurricane Committee in the spring of the following year.

The practice of retiring storm names was begun by the United States Weather Bureau in 1955, after major hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States during the previous year. Initially, their names were retired for 10 years, after which time they could be reintroduced; however, in 1969, the policy was changed to have the names retired permanently. In 1977, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) transferred control of the naming lists to the Hurricane Committee.

Since the formal start of naming during the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, an average of one Atlantic storm name has been retired each year. However, many seasons (most recently 2023) did not have any names retired. The record for number of storm names retired from a single season is five, held by the 2005 season. The most names retired for a decade was 24 in the 2000s, followed by the 16 retirements resulting from hurricanes in the 2010s. The deadliest storm to have its name retired was Hurricane Mitch, which caused over 10,000 fatalities when it struck Central America in October 1998. The costliest storms were hurricanes Katrina in August 2005 and Harvey in August 2017; each storm struck the U.S. Gulf Coast, causing $125 billion in damage, much of it from flooding.[nb 1] The most recent North Atlantic names to be retired were Fiona and Ian following the 2022 season.

Background

[edit]
Main article: History of tropical cyclone naming

By 1947, tropical cyclones developing in the North Atlantic Ocean were named by the United States Army Air Forces in private communications between weather centers and aircraft using the phonetic alphabet.[2][3] This practice continued until September 1950, when the names started to be used publicly after three hurricanes (Baker, Dog, Easy) had occurred simultaneously and caused confusion within the media and the public.[2] Public use of the phonetic alphabet continued until the 1953 Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, where the decision was made to start using a new list of female names during that season as a second phonetic alphabet had been developed.[2][4][5] During the active but mild 1953 Atlantic hurricane season, the names were readily used in the press with few objections recorded; as a result, the same names were reused during the next year with only one change: Gilda for Gail. Over the next six years, a new list of names was developed ahead of each season; in 1960, forecasters developed four alphabetical sets and repeated them every four years.[6] These new sets followed the example of the typhoon names and excluded names beginning with the letters Q, U, X, Y, and Z, and keeping them to female names only.[6]

In 1955, it was decided to start retiring the names of significant tropical cyclones for 10 years, after which they might be reintroduced, with the names Carol and Edna reintroduced ahead of the 1965 and 1968 hurricane seasons, respectively.[2] At the 1969 Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, the naming lists were revised after it was decided that the names Carol, Edna, Hazel, and Inez would be permanently retired because of their importance to the research community.[2][7] It was also decided that the name of any significant hurricane in the future would be permanently retired.[2][7] Ahead of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season, 10 lists of hurricane names were inaugurated, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In 1977, it was decided that the World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee (WMO) would control the names used, who subsequently decided that six lists of names would be used in the Atlantic Ocean from 1979 onwards, with male names included.[2] Since 1979, the same six lists have been used by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC) to name systems, with names of significant tropical cyclones retired from the lists permanently and replaced with new names as required at the following year's hurricane committee meeting.[2]

At present, the name of any tropical cyclone may be retired or withdrawn from the list of names at the request of a member state, if it acquires notoriety for various reasons, including the number of deaths, amount of damages, or other impacts.[8] The committee subsequently discuss the proposal and either through building consensus or a majority vote decides if the name should be retired or withdrawn. In March 2017, members of the British Caribbean Territories proposed that a third retirement criterion be added: the tropical cyclone must have sustained winds of at least 96 mph (154 km/h). This came in light of the retirement of Tropical Storm Erika in 2015, which caused catastrophic flooding and mudslides in Dominica without producing sustained tropical storm-force winds on the island. No action has been taken on this proposal yet.[9]

Formerly, if a season's primary list of names were fully used, subsequent storms would be assigned names based on the letters of the Greek alphabet.[10] According to the WMO's initial policy established in 2006, the Greek letter named storms could never be retired "lest an irreplaceable chunk be taken out of the alphabet." Therefore, devastating 2020 hurricanes Eta and Iota would have been retired as "Eta 2020" and "Iota 2020" respectively, but the letter names themselves would remain available for use whenever Greek alphabet letter names were needed again in subsequent years.[11] However, this plan was never implemented, as the names Eta and Iota were both formally retired without the year descriptor by the WMO in 2021. The organization also abandoned the Greek alphabet auxiliary list in favor of a new auxiliary naming list.[12][13]

Names retired in the 1950s

[edit]
Storm surge from Hurricane Carol inundates the Edgewood Yacht Club in Rhode Island.

Between 1954 and 1959, eight names were deemed significant enough to be retired for 10 years due to their impact before being permanently retired after 1969. There were no names retired for the 1956, 1958, and 1959 seasons.[8][14][15] Collectively, these storms resulted in at least 2947 fatalities and over $2.04 billion in damage. The deadliest hurricane was Hurricane Hazel, which killed at least 1,191 people, while the costliest was Hurricane Diane, which caused US$831 million in damage.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Carol August 25 –
September 1, 1954		 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Northeastern United States, Canada 72 $462 million [16][17]
Edna September 5 – 11, 1954 Category 3 hurricane 125 mph (205 km/h) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) New England, Atlantic Canada 29 $42 million [18][19]
Hazel October 5 – 15, 1954 Category 4 hurricane 130 mph (215 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) The Caribbean, Eastern United States, Canada 1,191 $382 million [20][21][22]
Connie August 3 – 15, 1955 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 944 hPa (27.88 inHg) Mid-Atlantic states, New England 77 $86 million [23][24]
Diane August 7 – 21, 1955 Category 2 hurricane 105 mph (165 km/h) 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) Mid-Atlantic states, New England 184 $831 million [23][16]
Ione September 10 – 21, 1955 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) North Carolina 7 $88 million [20][24]
Janet September 21 – 30, 1955 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Central America 1,023 $47.8 million [24]
Audrey June 25 – 29, 1957 Category 3 hurricane 125 mph (205 km/h) 946 hPa (27.94 inHg) Southern United States 416 $150 million [23][25]
8 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] 2947 $2.04 billion

Names retired in the 1960s

[edit]
Hurricane Betsy was the first hurricane to have damages exceeding US$1 billion.

In 1960, four rotating lists of names were developed to avoid creating new lists each year, while the practice of retiring any particularly damaging storm names for 10 years continued, with 11 names deemed significant enough to be retired during the decade.[2][27] At the 1969 Hurricane Warning Conference, the National Hurricane Center requested that Carol, Edna, Hazel, and Inez be permanently retired due to their importance to the research community.[2][28] This request was subsequently accepted and led to today's practice of retiring names of significant tropical cyclones permanently.[2][7] There were no names retired for the 1962 and 1968 seasons.[nb 2] Collectively, the 11 systems were responsible for at least 9841 fatalities and in excess of $6.13 billion in damage.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Donna August 29 –
September 14, 1960		 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) The Caribbean, Eastern United States 364 $900 million [29]
Carla September 3 – 13, 1961 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Texas, Louisiana
Midwestern United States		 46 $408 million [23][20]
Hattie October 27 –
November 1, 1961		 Category 5 hurricane 165 mph (270 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Central America 319 $60.3 million [30][31]
Flora September 26 –
October 12, 1963		 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) The Caribbean 7,193 $529 million [32]
Cleo August 20 –
September 5, 1964		 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) The Caribbean, Southeastern United States 217 $198 million [33]
Dora August 28 –
September 14, 1964		 Category 4 hurricane 130 mph (215 km/h) 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) Southeastern United States 5 $250 million [33]
Hilda September 28 –
October 4, 1964		 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 941 hPa (27.79 inHg) Southern United States 38 $125 million [23][34]
Betsy August 27 –
September 14, 1965		 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) Bahamas, Southeastern United States 75 $1.4 billion [23][35]
Inez September 21 –
October 11, 1966		 Category 5 hurricane 165 mph (270 km/h) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) The Caribbean, Florida, Mexico 1,269 $616 million [36]
Beulah September 5 – 22, 1967 Category 5 hurricane 160 mph (260 km/h) 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas 59 $208 million [37]
Camille August 14 – 22, 1969 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Cuba, eastern United States 256 $1.42 billion [23][35][38]
11 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] 9841 $6.13 billion

Names retired in the 1970s

[edit]
Hurricane David at its peak intensity.

Starting in 1979, the WMO began assigning both male and female names to tropical cyclones.[2] This decade featured hurricanes David and Frederic, the first male Atlantic hurricane names to be retired. During this decade, 9 storms were deemed significant enough to have their names retired. Together these 9 systems caused at least $9.41 billion in damage, while at least 10527 people lost their lives. No names were retired for the 1971, 1973, and 1976 seasons.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Celia July 31 – August 5, 1970 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 944 hPa (27.88 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 20 $930 million [39][23]
Agnes June 14 – 23, 1972 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (140 km/h) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Mexico, Cuba, Eastern United States 124 $2.1 billion [23][35][40]
Carmen August 29 – September 10, 1974 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 928 hPa (27.40 inHg) Central America, Mexico
United States Gulf Coast		 8 $162 million [41][42]
Fifi September 14 – 24, 1974 Category 2 hurricane 110 mph (175 km/h) 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) Jamaica, Central America, Mexico 8,200 $1.8 billion [43][44]
Eloise September 13 – 24, 1975 Category 3 hurricane 125 mph (205 km/h) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Florida 80 $550 million [45]
Anita August 29 – September 4, 1977 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 926 hPa (27.34 inHg) Mexico 11 Unknown [46]
Greta September 13 – 23, 1978 Category 4 hurricane 130 mph (215 km/h) 947 hPa (27.96 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America, Mexico 5 $26 million [47]
David August 25 – September 8, 1979 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East coast 2,068 $1.54 billion [47][48]
Frederic August 29 – September 15, 1979 Category 4 hurricane 130 mph (215 km/h) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) The Caribbean, Southeastern United States 12 $1.7 billion [48][49][35]
9 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] >10,527 $10.3 billion

Names retired in the 1980s

[edit]
Hurricane Gilbert at its peak intensity.

After control of the naming of hurricanes was turned over to the WMO's Hurricane Committee during the mid-1970s, the 1980s marked the least prolific decade regarding the number of retired storms, with 7 names warranting removal. Between them the 7 systems caused over $23.1 billion in damage while over 891 people lost their lives. Hurricane Gilbert was the most intense tropical cyclone during the decade by pressure, with a minimum value of 888 hPa (26.22 inHg). This was the lowest recorded pressure in a North Atlantic hurricane until Hurricane Wilma surpassed it in 2005.[50] In addition, Hurricane Allen was the most intense tropical cyclone during the decade by wind speed, with maximum 1–minute sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h). This remains the highest sustained wind speed of any Atlantic hurricane on record.[51] There were no names retired for 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1987 seasons, which was the most of any decade since the introduction of the practice of retiring hurricane names.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Allen July 31 – August 11, 1980 Category 5 hurricane 190 mph (305 km/h) 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, South Texas 269 $1.24 billion [47][52][53]
Alicia August 15 – 21, 1983 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 963 hPa (28.44 inHg) Eastern Texas, Louisiana 21 $3 billion [49][35][54]
Elena August 28 – September 4, 1985 Category 3 hurricane 125 mph (205 km/h) 953 hPa (28.14 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 9 $1.3 billion [49][35][55][56]
Gloria September 16 – October 2, 1985 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 14 $900 million [55]
Gilbert September 8 – 19, 1988 Category 5 hurricane 185 mph (295 km/h) 888 hPa (26.22 inHg) Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America, Hispaniola, Mexico 318 $2.98 billion [23][57][58]
Joan October 11 – November 2, 1988 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, Central America 216 $2 billion [57]
Hugo September 9 – 25, 1989 Category 5 hurricane 160 mph (260 km/h) 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East Coast 107 $9 billion [23][35][59]
7 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] 891 $20.4 billion

Names retired in the 1990s

[edit]
Damage after Hurricane Andrew in Miami.

During the 1990s, the Atlantic Ocean moved into its active era, which led to more tropical cyclones forming during the hurricane seasons. The decade featured Hurricane Andrew, which at the time was the costliest hurricane on record, and also Hurricane Mitch, which is considered to be the deadliest tropical cyclone to have its name retired, killing over 11,000 people in Central America. A total of 15 names were retired in this decade, seven during the 1995 and 1996 seasons. Cumulatively, the 15 systems caused over $68 billion in damage while over 20470 people lost their lives. No names were retired for the 1993, 1994, and 1997 seasons.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Diana August 4 – 9, 1990 Category 2 hurricane 100 mph (155 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Yucatán Peninsula, Central Mexico 139 $90 million [60]
Klaus October 3 – 9, 1990 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas, Southeast United States 11 $1 million [60][61]
Bob August 16 – 20, 1991 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) United States East Coast, Canada 17 $1.5 billion [35][62]
Andrew August 16 – 28, 1992 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast 65 $27 billion [49][35][63]
Luis August 27 – September 11, 1995 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Bermuda 19 $2.5 billion [64]
Marilyn September 12 – 22, 1995 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 949 hPa (28.02 inHg) The Caribbean, Bermuda 13 $2.1 billion [49][35][64]
Opal September 27 – October 6, 1995 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) Guatemala, Yucatán Peninsula, Eastern United States 63 $4.7 billion [49][35][65]
Roxanne October 7 – 21, 1995 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 956 hPa (28.23 inHg) Mexico 29 $1.5 billion [64]
Cesar July 24 – 29, 1996 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (140 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Central America, Mexico 111 $203 million [47][66][67][68][69]
Fran August 23 – September 8, 1996 Category 3 hurricane 120 mph (195 km/h) 946 hPa (27.94 inHg) Eastern United States 27 $5 billion [23][35]
Hortense September 3 – 16, 1996 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) The Caribbean, Puerto Rico, Atlantic Canada 39 $158 million [70][71][72]
Georges September 15 – October 1, 1998 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) The Caribbean, United States Gulf Coast 604 $9.37 billion [35][73][74][75][76][77]
Mitch October 22 – November 5, 1998 Category 5 hurricane 180 mph (285 km/h) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida 11,374 $6.08 billion [78][79][80]
Floyd September 7 – 19, 1999 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Bahamas, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada 85 $6.5 billion [35][81]
Lenny November 13 – 23, 1999 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) Colombia, Puerto Rico, Leeward Islands 17 $686 million [82][83][84][85][86][87]
15 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] >20,470 $68 billion

Names retired in the 2000s

[edit]
Radar loop of Hurricane Katrina making landfall in Louisiana on August 29, 2005.

After the Atlantic basin had moved into the warm phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation during the mid-1990s, the 2000s marked the most prolific decade in terms of the number of retired storms, with 24 names warranting removal.[nb 2] The decade featured one of the costliest tropical cyclones on record, Hurricane Katrina, which inflicted roughly US$125 billion in damage across the Gulf Coast of the United States.[49] Katrina was also the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane.[23] After stalling over and flooding southeastern Texas, and causing approximately US$9 billion in damage, Tropical Storm Allison became the first tropical storm in this basin to have its name retired, while subtropical storms started to be named during 2002.[88][89] Hurricane Jeanne was the deadliest storm during the decade and was responsible for over 3,000 deaths, when it impacted Haiti and other parts of the Caribbean as a tropical storm and minimal hurricane.[90] During October 2005, Hurricane Wilma became the most intense tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin on record, with a central pressure of 882 hPa (26.05 inHg).[50] There were no names retired for the 2006 and 2009 seasons.[15] Collectively, the 24 systems were responsible for nearly 7,900 fatalities and in excess of US$300 billion in damage.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Keith September 28 – October 6, 2000 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 939 hPa (27.73 inHg) Central America 68 $319 million [47][91][92][93]
Allison June 4 – 18, 2001 Tropical storm 60 mph (95 km/h) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Texas, Louisiana, Southern United States 55 $8.5 billion [49][35][94]
Iris October 4 – 9, 2001 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 948 hPa (27.99 inHg) Hispaniola, Jamaica, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico 36 $250 million [95][96]
Michelle October 29 – November 6, 2001 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) Central America, Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas 48 $2 billion [75][95]
Isidore September 14 – 27, 2002 Category 3 hurricane 125 mph (205 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Louisiana 22 $1.2 billion [35][97][98]
Lili September 21 – October 4, 2002 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) Windward Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Louisiana 15 $1.1 billion [49][35][99]
Fabian August 25 – September 8, 2003 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 939 hPa (27.73 inHg) Bermuda 8 $300 million [100]
Isabel September 6 – 20, 2003 Category 5 hurricane 165 mph (270 km/h) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Ontario 51 $5.5 billion [49][35][101]
Juan September 24 – 29, 2003 Category 2 hurricane 105 mph (165 km/h) 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) Atlantic Canada 8 $200 million [100][102]
Charley August 9 – 15, 2004 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 941 hPa (27.79 inHg) Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida, The Carolinas 35 $16.9 billion [49][103]
Frances August 24 – September 10, 2004 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) The Caribbean, Eastern United States, Ontario 50 $9.8 billion [104][105][106]
Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 Category 5 hurricane 165 mph (270 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast 124 $20.5 billion [49][35][105][107]
Jeanne September 13 – 28, 2004 Category 3 hurricane 120 mph (195 km/h) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) The Caribbean, Eastern United States 3,037 $7.94 billion [47][90][105]
Dennis July 4 – 13, 2005 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Greater Antilles, Southeastern United States 88 $3.98 billion [49][108][109]
Katrina August 23 – 30, 2005 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast 1,392 $125 billion [49][110]
Rita September 18 – 26, 2005 Category 5 hurricane 180 mph (285 km/h) 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 120 $18.5 billion [49][111]
Stan October 1 – 5, 2005 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Mexico, Central America 1,673 $3.96 billion [47][112]
Wilma October 15 – 26, 2005 Category 5 hurricane 185 mph (295 km/h) 882 hPa (26.05 inHg) Greater Antilles, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Florida 52 $27.4 billion [49][113][114][115][116]
Dean August 13 – 23, 2007 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America 45 $1.78 billion [47][117]
Felix August 31 – September 5, 2007 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Nicaragua, Honduras 133 $720 million [117][118][119][120]
Noel October 28 – November 2, 2007 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Greater Antilles, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada 223 $580 million [117]
Gustav August 25 – September 4, 2008 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 941 hPa (27.79 inHg) Greater Antilles, Cayman Islands, United States Gulf Coast 153 $8.31 billion [49][47][121]
Ike September 1 – 14, 2008 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Greater Antilles, Texas, Louisiana, Midwestern United States 214 $38 billion [49]
Paloma November 5 – 10, 2008 Category 4 hurricane 145 mph (230 km/h) 944 hPa (27.88 inHg) Cayman Islands, Cuba 1 $454 million [122][123]
24 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] 7,875 $309 billion

Names retired in the 2010s

[edit]
Hurricane Harvey hours before landfall in Texas on August 25, 2017

Some of the most devastating hurricanes to hit the United States in recorded history did so in the 2010s, a decade in which 30 named storms were classified as major hurricanes (out of 152 named storms).[124] Altogether, 16 tropical cyclone names were retired during the 2010s.[nb 2] Collectively, these systems killed at least 4779 people and caused at least $450 billion worth of damage. Among them, Hurricane Maria was the most intense tropical cyclone by pressure, with a minimum value of 908 hPa (26.81 inHg), as well as the deadliest, with 3,057 fatalities directly or indirectly caused by Maria. Hurricane Dorian was the most intense in terms of wind speed, with maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h). Hurricane Harvey was the decade's costliest system, as well as the costliest overall, tied with 2005's Katrina. There were no names retired for the 2014 season.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Igor September 8 – 21, 2010 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) Bermuda, Newfoundland 4 $200 million [125]
Tomas October 29 – November 7, 2010 Category 2 hurricane 100 mph (155 km/h) 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) Caribbean 44 $348 million [126]
Irene August 21 – 28, 2011 Category 3 hurricane 120 mph (195 km/h) 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) Caribbean, Bahamas, United States East Coast, Eastern Canada 58 $14.2 billion [49][47][127][128]
Sandy October 22 – 29, 2012 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Caribbean, Bahamas, United States East Coast, Eastern Canada 254 $68.7 billion [49][129][130]
Ingrid September 12 – 17, 2013 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (140 km/h) 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) Mexico 32 $1.5 billion [47][131]
Erika August 24 – 28, 2015 Tropical storm 50 mph (85 km/h) 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola 35 $511 million
Joaquin September 28 – October 8, 2015 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) Bahamas, Bermuda 34 $200 million
Matthew September 28 – October 9, 2016 Category 5 hurricane 165 mph (270 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Caribbean, Southeastern United States 731 $15.1 billion [49]
Otto November 20 – 26, 2016 Category 3 hurricane 115 mph (185 km/h) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua 23 $192 million
Harvey August 17 – September 1, 2017 Category 4 hurricane 130 mph (215 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) Texas, Louisiana 107 $125 billion [35]
Irma August 30 – September 12, 2017 Category 5 hurricane 180 mph (285 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Caribbean, Southeastern United States 134 $77.2 billion [49]
Maria September 16 – 30, 2017 Category 5 hurricane 175 mph (280 km/h) 908 hPa (26.81 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico 3,059 $91.4 billion [132]
Nate October 4 – 9, 2017 Category 1 hurricane 90 mph (150 km/h) 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) Central America, United States Gulf Coast 48 $787 million
Florence August 31 – September 17, 2018 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) Eastern United States 57 $24 billion [35]
Michael October 7 – 11, 2018 Category 5 hurricane 160 mph (260 km/h) 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) Central America, United States Gulf Coast 74 $25 billion [35]
Dorian August 24 – September 7, 2019 Category 5 hurricane 185 mph (295 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Bahamas, Southeastern United States, Eastern Canada 84 $5.1 billion
16 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] 4,630 $453 billion

Names retired in the 2020s

[edit]
Hurricane Ian at peak intensity while approaching southwest Florida on September 28, 2022

Six tropical cyclone names have been retired so far in the 2020s. Hurricane Laura was the costliest hurricane of the 2020 season, causing over $23 billion in damages, much of which occurred along the southwestern Louisiana coast as a result of its 18 ft (5.5 m) storm surge. Hurricanes Eta and Iota both made landfall in Nicaragua, with Iota doing so with maximum sustained winds near 145 mph (233 km/h). Each brought torrential rain and then flooding to much of Central America.[133] Hurricane Ida made landfall in southeastern Louisiana with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h); the costliest hurricane of the 2021 season, Ida caused $75 billion damage and directly caused 55 deaths from the southeastern United States to New England.[1][134] Hurricane Fiona caused major devastation to the islands in the Caribbean Sea and was the most intense storm by barometric pressure to strike Atlantic Canada. Hurricane Ian was the third-costliest tropical cyclone on record, only behind hurricanes Katrina and Harvey in 2005 and 2017, respectively. Ian made landfall in western Florida and devastated the state before losing hurricane strength. Thereafter, Ian entered the Atlantic Ocean, intensifying to Category 1 strength, and hit the coast of South Carolina. There were no names retired for the 2023 season.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD) 		Refs
Laura August 20 – 29, 2020 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) Caribbean, Louisiana, Texas 81 $23.3 billion [35]
Eta October 31 – November 13, 2020 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) Central America, Cuba, Southeastern United States 189 $7.24 billion
Iota November 13 – 18, 2020 Category 4 hurricane 155 mph (250 km/h) 917 hPa (27.08 inHg) Central America 84 $1.4 billion
Ida August 26 – September 5, 2021 Category 4 hurricane 150 mph (240 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast, Northeastern United States 112 $75.3 billion [35]
Fiona September 14 – 23, 2022 Category 4 hurricane 140 mph (220 km/h) 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) Caribbean, Eastern Canada 29 $3.09 billion [135]
Ian September 23 – 30, 2022 Category 5 hurricane 160 mph (260 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) Cuba, Florida, The Carolinas 161 $113 billion [35][136]
6 names References:[nb 2][nb 3]

656

$223.33 billion

Retired names sorted by letter

[edit]
Letter Number of retired names Retired names Last addition
A 7 Agnes, Alicia, Allen, Allison, Andrew, Anita, Audrey 2001 (Allison)
B 3 Betsy, Beulah, Bob 1991 (Bob)
C 9 Camille, Carla, Carmen, Carol, Celia, Cesar, Charley, Cleo, Connie 2004 (Charley)
D 8 David, Dean, Dennis, Diana, Diane, Donna, Dora, Dorian 2019 (Dorian)
E 4 Edna, Elena, Eloise, Erika 2015 (Erika)
F 10 Fabian, Felix, Fifi, Fiona, Flora, Florence, Floyd, Fran, Frances, Frederic 2022 (Fiona)
G 5 Georges, Gilbert, Gloria, Greta, Gustav 2008 (Gustav)
H 6 Harvey, Hattie, Hazel, Hilda, Hortense, Hugo 2017 (Harvey)
I 13 Ian, Ida, Igor, Ike, Inez, Ingrid, Ione, Irene, Iris, Irma, Isabel, Isidore, Ivan 2022 (Ian)
J 5 Janet, Jeanne, Joan, Joaquin, Juan 2015 (Joaquin)
K 3 Katrina, Keith, Klaus 2005 (Katrina)
L 4 Laura, Lenny, Lili, Luis 2020 (Laura)
M 6 Maria, Marilyn, Matthew, Michael, Michelle, Mitch 2018 (Michael)
N 2 Nate, Noel 2017 (Nate)
O 2 Opal, Otto 2016 (Otto)
P 1 Paloma 2008
R 2 Rita, Roxanne 2005 (Rita)
S 2 Sandy, Stan 2012 (Sandy)
T 1 Tomas 2010
V 0 / /
W 1 Wilma 2005
Greek alphabet 2 Eta, Iota 2020 (Eta and Iota)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Unless otherwise noted, all of the damage totals in this article are in the original year USD.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k References for the retired names.[8][14][15]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Reference for dates, season, wind speeds and pressure.[26]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Borenstein, Seth (April 27, 2022). "A nasty I of the storm: Ida is 12th I hurricane name retired". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (pptx). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. p. Slides 62 – 72. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  3. ^ Roth, David M (January 13, 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF). Southern Region Headquarters. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 36. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  4. ^ United States Weather Bureau (March 1952). "What's in a name? - The Phonetic Alphabet goes International" (PDF). Topics of the Weather Bureau. 11 (3): 36 (48). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  5. ^ Padgett, Gary (September 24, 2007). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2007". Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  6. ^ a b Padgett, Gary (November 30, 2007). Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary: August 2007 (Report). Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Reuters. June 1, 1969. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
  8. ^ a b c RA IV Hurricane Committee (May 31, 2024). Hurricane Operational Plan for North America, Central America and the Caribbean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  9. ^ "Review of the Hurricane Operational Plan". World Meteorological Organization. British Caribbean Territories. March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  10. ^ "Active 2020 hurricane season exhausts regular list of names", World Meteorological Organization, September 15, 2020.
  11. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (November 17, 2020). "Hurricanes Eta and Iota brought disaster to Central America. Officials can't retire their names". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  12. ^ "WMO Hurricane Committee retires tropical cyclone names and ends the use of Greek alphabet". World Meteorological Organization. March 17, 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  13. ^ Masters, Jeff (March 19, 2021). "WMO: Atlantic hurricanes no longer to receive names from Greek alphabet". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States Hurricane Research Division. April 27, 2016. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names". United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  16. ^ a b Blake, Eric S; Rappaport, Edward N; Jarell, Jerry D; Landsea, Christopher W (August 2005). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2004 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-4). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  17. ^ Canadian Hurricane Centre (September 14, 2010). 1954-Carol (Storm Impact Summaries). Environment Canada. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  18. ^ Davies, Walter R (1954). "Hurricanes of 1954" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 82 (12): 370–373. Bibcode:1954MWRv...82..370D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1954)082<0370:HO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  19. ^ "Hurricane Edna". United States National Weather Service Forecast Office in Boston, Massachusetts. December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  20. ^ a b c Hebert, Paul J; Taylor, Glenn; National Hurricane Center (January 1983). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-18). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  21. ^ "Event summary, Hurricane Hazel, October 1954". United States National Weather Service Forecast Office in Raleigh North Carolina. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  22. ^ "Beaver Valley Times - Google News Archive Search". Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  24. ^ a b c Dunn, Gordon E.; Davies, Walter R; Moore, Paul L (1955). "Hurricanes of 1955" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 83 (12): 315–326. Bibcode:1955MWRv...83..315D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1955)083<0315:HO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  25. ^ Hebert, Paul J; Jarell, Jerry D; Mayfield, Britt M; Tropical Prediction Center; National Hurricane Center (February 1996). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-1). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  26. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 24, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  27. ^ Kohler, Joseph P, ed. (1960). New Procedure for naming tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic (Mariners Weather Log: March 1960). Vol. 4. United States Weather Bureau.
  28. ^ Report of the 1969 Interdepartmental Hurricane Warning Conference (Combined - Atlantic and Pacific) (PDF). 1969 Interdepartmental Hurricane Warning Conference. Miami, Florida. March 1969. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  29. ^ Dunn, Gordon E (March 1, 1961). "The Hurricane Season of 1960" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 89 (3): 100. Bibcode:1961MWRv...89...99D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1961)089<0099:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644. S2CID 124537265. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  30. ^ Dunn, Gordon E (1962). "The Hurricane Season of 1961" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 89 (3): 108. Bibcode:1962MWRv...90..107D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1962)090<0107:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  31. ^ National Meteorological Services of Belize (November 2, 2006). "Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie". Belize National Emergency Management Organization. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  32. ^ Dunn, Gordon E; Staff (March 1, 1964). "The hurricane season of 1963" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 92 (3): 128. Bibcode:1964MWRv...92..128D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1964)092<0128:THSO>2.3.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  33. ^ a b Dunn, Gordon E; Staff (March 1, 1965). "The hurricane season of 1964" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 93 (3): 177. Bibcode:1965MWRv...93..175D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1965)093<0175:THSO>2.3.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  34. ^ Hebert, Paul J; Case, Robert A; National Hurricane Center (February 1990). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-31). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Costliest U.S. Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (Report). United States National Centers for Environmental Information. May 8, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  36. ^ Sugg, Arnold L (March 1, 1967). "The hurricane season of 1966" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 95 (3): 133. Bibcode:1967MWRv...95..131S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0131:THSO>2.3.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  37. ^ Sugg, Arnold L; Peliser, Joseph M (1967). "The Hurricane Season of 1967" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 96 (4): 243. Bibcode:1968MWRv...96..242S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0242:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  38. ^ "Re-analysis of 1969's Hurricane Camille Completed — Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record" (PDF) (Press release). United States National Hurricane Center. April 1, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  39. ^ Hurricane Celia: July 31 – August 5 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. July 12, 1997. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  40. ^ Simpson, Robert H; Hebert, Paul J (April 1, 1973). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 101 (4): 326. Bibcode:1973MWRv..101..323S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:AHSO>2.3.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  41. ^ United Press International (September 6, 1974). "Hurricane Gathers Strength In Gulf". Beaver County Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  42. ^ Hope, John R (April 1, 1975). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 103 (4): 290. Bibcode:1975MWRv..103..285H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0285:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  43. ^ "Aid Efforts Start For Honduras, Fifi Deaths Soar". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 24, 1974. Retrieved November 8, 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  44. ^ Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  45. ^ Hebert, Paul J (April 1, 1976). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1975". Monthly Weather Review. 104 (4): 455. Bibcode:1976MWRv..104..453H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<0453:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  46. ^ Lawrence, Miles B (April 1, 1978). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1977". Monthly Weather Review. 106 (4): 536–540. Bibcode:1978MWRv..106..534L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0534:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  48. ^ a b Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 108 (7): 976. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  50. ^ a b Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1.
  51. ^ Doyle, Rice. "Patricia tops list of world's strongest storms". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  52. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  53. ^ Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–6. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  54. ^ Case, Robert A; Gerrish, Harold P (May 1, 1984). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1983". Monthly Weather Review. 112 (5): 1083–1092. Bibcode:1984MWRv..112.1083C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1083:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  55. ^ a b Case, Robert A (July 1, 1986). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1985" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 114 (7): 1395. Bibcode:1986MWRv..114.1390C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1390:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  56. ^ "30th Anniversary of Hurricane Elena". 2015-09-02. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  57. ^ a b Lawrence, Miles B; Gross, James M (October 1, 1989). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2248–2259. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2248L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2248:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. S2CID 119504549.
  58. ^ History of Hurricanes and Floods in Jamaica (PDF) (Report). National Library of Jamaica. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  59. ^ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1175. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  60. ^ a b Mayfield, Britt M; Lawrence, Miles B (August 1, 1991). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1990". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (8): 2014–2026. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119.2014M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2014:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  61. ^ Glass, Robert (October 6, 1990). "Klaus Weakens, Moves Over Open Atlantic Waters". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  62. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A (November 1, 1992). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1991". Monthly Weather Review. 120 (11): 2671. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2671P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2671:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  63. ^ Rappaport, Edward N; National Hurricane Center (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  64. ^ a b c Lawrence, Miles B; Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J; Rappaport, Edward N (May 1, 1998). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995". Monthly Weather Review. 126 (5): 1124–1151. Bibcode:1998MWRv..126.1124L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1124:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  65. ^ Mayfield, Britt Max (November 2, 1995). Hurricane Opal: September 27 – October 6, 1995 (PDF) (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  66. ^ Staff Writer (July 29, 1996). "San Andrés Toma Aire Luego Del Huracán César". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  67. ^ "Three dead after Cesar storms Caracas". Hamilton Spectator. Caracas, Venezuela. July 27, 1996.(subscription required)
  68. ^ "Hurricane Cesar Nicaragua 1996". Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. 2013. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  69. ^ "Effects of the Damage Caused by Hurricane Cesar on the Development of Costa Rica in 1996" (PDF) (Report). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. October 23, 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  70. ^ Goodge, Grant W. (ed.). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections September 1996" (PDF). Storm Data. 38 (9). United States National Climatic Data Center: 84. ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  71. ^ Lafortune, Richard; Oullet, Dianne; Canadian Hurricane Centre (July 10, 2009). Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 1996 (Report). Environment Canada. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  72. ^ Avila, Lixion A; National Hurricane Center (October 23, 1996). Hurricane Hortense September 3 - 16, 1996 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
  73. ^ Guiney, John L; National Hurricane Center (January 5, 1999). Hurricane Georges: September 15 - October 1, 1998 (PDF) (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  74. ^ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (October 8, 1998). Eastern Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti — Hurricane Georges Fact Sheet #9, Fiscal Year (FY) 1999 (Report). United States Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
  75. ^ a b Pielke, Roger A; Rubiera, Jose; Landsea, Christopher; Fernández, Mario L; Klein, Roberta (August 1, 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Natural Hazards Review. 4 (3): 101–114. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101). ISSN 1527-6988. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  76. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (March 22, 1999). Caribbean — Hurricane Georges Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  77. ^ Pan American Health Organization (November 25, 1998). "Impact of Hurricane Georges on health sector response". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on January 14, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  78. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  79. ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  80. ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  81. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Kimberlain, Todd B; Stewart, Stacy R (November 18, 1999). Hurricane Floyd: September 7 - 17, 1999 (PDF) (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  82. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, Jack L; Franklin, James L; Guiney, John L; Pasch, Richard J (December 1, 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1999". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (12): 3057–3084. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.3057L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.9040. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3057:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  83. ^ Stoutt, Jerinice (November 21, 2005). "Impact of Hurricanes on the British Virgin Island Economy". Government of the British Virgin Islands. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  84. ^ Pan American Health Organization (2007). "Anguilla" (PDF). Health in the Americas, 2007. II–Countries. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  85. ^ Resolution on Hurricane Lenny – St Martin – West Indies (Motion for a Resolution). European Parliament. February 22, 2000. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  86. ^ "Hurricane Lenny Recovery in the Eastern Caribbean" (DOC). United States Agency for International Development. April 17, 2000. Archived from the original on November 19, 2004. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  87. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (November 30, 1999). "Hurricane Lenny OCHA Situation Report No. 7". Relief Web. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  88. ^ Grow, Erica (August 26, 2012). "Facts Worth Knowing About Tropical Storms". WX Edge. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  89. ^ McAdie, Colin J; Landsea, Christopher W; Neumann, Charles J; David, Joan E; Blake, Eric S; Hammer, Gregory R; National Hurricane Center; National Climatic Data Center (August 20, 2009). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (PDF) (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  90. ^ a b Lawrence, Miles B; Cobb, Hugh D (November 22, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Jeanne: September 13 – 28 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  91. ^ "Belize: Assessment of the Damage Caused By Hurricane Keith, 2000" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. November 30, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  92. ^ Bitrán Bitrán; Daniel (November 2001). Impacto socioeconómico de los principales desastres ocurridos en la República Mexicana en el año 2000 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. ISBN 978-970-628-592-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  93. ^ Beven II, John L (January 29, 2001). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Keith (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  94. ^ Stewart, Stacy R (November 28, 2001). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Allison June 5-17, 2001 (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  95. ^ a b Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.406.2342. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. S2CID 123028502.
  96. ^ "Desastres naturales" (in Spanish). Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. February 14, 2002. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  97. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Stewart, Stacy R (July 1, 2004). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002". Monthly Weather Review. 132 (7): 1829–1859 [1854]. Bibcode:2004MWRv..132.1829P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1829:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  98. ^ "Tabla 10. Principales desastres naturales, 1980-2005" (PDF). El Almanaque Mexicano 2008: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2012.
  99. ^ Lawerence, Miles B; Cobb III, Hugh D (April 3, 2003). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lili: September 21 – October 4, 2002 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  100. ^ a b Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  101. ^ Beven II, John L; Cobb III, Hugh D (July 1, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isabel: September 6 – 20, 2003 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  102. ^ Fogarty, Chris (May 12, 2005). "Hurricane Juan Storm Summary" (PDF). Canadian Hurricane Centre. NovaWeather. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  103. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P (October 18, 2004). Hurricane Charley August 9 – 15 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  104. ^ Beven II, John L (December 17, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frances August 24 – September 10 (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  105. ^ a b c Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  106. ^ Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan & Jeanne Caribbean Impact (PDF) (Speciality Property Briefing). Guy Carpenter and Company. August 12, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-03. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  107. ^ Stewart, Stacy R (December 16, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ivan September 2 - 24, 2004 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  108. ^ Beven, John L (November 22, 2005). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dennis: July 4 – 13, 2005 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  109. ^ Church World Service (August 23, 2005). "CWS emergency appeal: Cuba/Hurricane Dennis response". Relief Web. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  110. ^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P; National Hurricane Center (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  111. ^ Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R (January 4, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Rita: September 18 – 26, 2005 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  112. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Roberts, David P; National Hurricane Center (February 4, 2006). Hurricane Stan: October 1 – 5, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  113. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Cobb III, Hugh D; Roberts, David P (January 12, 2006). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Wilma: October 15 – 26, 2005 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  114. ^ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2006). "Resumen del Huracán "Wilma"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  115. ^ Royster, Amy (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post.(subscription required)
  116. ^ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". Relief Web. Agence France-Presse. December 4, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  117. ^ a b c Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2995.1.
  118. ^ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  119. ^ Silva, José A (January 29, 2008). "Huracán los terminó de hundir en la pobreza". El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  120. ^ Comisión Permanente de Contingencias, Government of Honduras (September 7, 2007). "Honduras: Informe preliminar de daños por Huracán Félix y últimas lluvias — Copeco — Boletín #53 - 07 de Septiembre 2007" (in Spanish). Reliefweb. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  121. ^ Beven, John L; Kimberlain, Todd B (January 22, 2009). Hurricane Gustav: August 25 – September 4, 2008 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  122. ^ Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  123. ^ Meteorological Service of Jamaica (2009). Jamaica's Report on the 2008 Hurricane Season. Forty-eighth Session of the Caribbean Meteorological Council and Related Meetings. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  124. ^ Chow, Denise; Williams, Andrew (December 10, 2019). "This year's Atlantic hurricane season was worse than normal, but it wasn't nearly as destructive as much of the last 10 years". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  125. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Kimberlain, Todd B (February 15, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Igor: September 8 – 21, 2010 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  126. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Kimberlain, Todd B (March 7, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Tomas October 29 – November 7, 2010 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  127. ^ Avila, Lixion A; Cangialosi, John (December 14, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irene: August 21 – 28, 2011 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  128. ^ Telling the Weather Story (PDF) (Report). Insurance Bureau of Canada. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  129. ^ Blake, Eric S; Kimberlain, Todd B; Berg, Robert J; Cangialosi, John P; Beven II, John L (February 12, 2013). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  130. ^ Hurricane/Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy, October 22–29, 2012 (PDF) (Service Assessment). United States National Hurricane Center. May 2013. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  131. ^ Beven II, John L (February 12, 2013). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ingrid: September 12 – 17, 2013 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  132. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Penny, Andrew B; Berg, Robbie (January 4, 2023). Hurricane Maria: September 16 – 30, 2017 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  133. ^ Chinchar, Allison; Brink, Haley (March 17, 2021). "The Greek alphabet will never be used again to name tropical storms". CNN Meteorologists. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  134. ^ Beven, John L; Hagen, Andrew; Berg, Robbie (April 4, 2022). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ida (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  135. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Reinhart, Brad; Alaka, Laura (March 23, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Fiona (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  136. ^ Bucci, Lisa; Alaka, Laura; Hagen, Andrew; Delgado, Sandy; Beven, John L (April 3, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ian (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names&oldid=1265070150"