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List of Hispanic and Latino Americans

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Not to be confused with List of Latin Americans.
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This is a list of notable Hispanic and Latino Americans: citizens or residents of the United States with origins in Latin America or Spain.[1] The following groups are officially designated as "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino":[2] Mexican American, (Stateside) Puerto Rican, Cuban American, Dominican American, Costa Rican American, Guatemalan American, Honduran American, Nicaraguan American, Panamanian American, Salvadoran American, Argentine American, Bolivian American, Brazilian American, Chilean American, Colombian American, Ecuadorian American, Paraguayan American, Peruvian American, Spanish American, Uruguayan American, and Venezuelan American. However, Hispanic or Latino people can have any ancestry.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Arts

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Dance

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Actors

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Main article: List of Hispanic and Latino American actors

Cartoonists and animators

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Directors, screenwriters and producers

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Visual arts

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Music

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See Latin music in the United States

Alphabetized by surname

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Groups

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Reality show stars

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Fashion

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Business

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Civil activists

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Education

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Religion

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Architects

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  • Monica Ponce de Leon, first Hispanic architect to receive the National Design Award in Architecture from the Smithsonian; has received over 12 Progressive Architecture Awards and the Design Award Medal from the Academy of Arts and Letters; first Hispanic dean at the University of Michigan
  • Joseph Martinez, first Mexican-American to receive a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University/GSD in the Twentieth Century; he has taught architecture and urbanism at UC Berkeley, UC San Diego, and is the founding dean at the New School of Architecture/San Diego. In 1985, he was bestowed UC San Diego's Alumni of the Century; similarly, he has been honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award from CRLA (2005) and Barrio Station (2015) for his dedication to the Mexican-American community. He is the recipient of more than a dozen awards, prizes, commendations and citations, including: a National AIA Presidential Citation for the Normal Heights Re-building Plan, National AIA Citation for Cesar E. Chavez Elementary School, and was the Program Chair for the National AIA/National School Board Association Conference " Sustainable Schools, Sustainable Communities". He has participated in more than 24 design competitions -- partnering with Helmut Jahn, Romaldo Giurgola, and Robert A. M. Stern, among others -- winning 10 first awards. Some of his built projects would include: the Hyatt Regency Hotel, Tower 2, The Mark, Lincoln High, San Ysidro High, Olympian High, Rancho del Rey Middle School and the Logan Heights Library. His Pacific Gateway Master Plan (2.9 million square feet, $1.5 Billion) is currently under construction. He has published numerous articles for BY DESIGN magazine, including "Oneness: The Architecture of Self" (vol. 26) and "The Story of Chicano/a Magic, Alchemy and Phenomenology" (vol. 29); his 300+ page manuscript on Chicanx Architecture lays out the theoretical basis for its aesthetics. Joseph was born in Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico.

Sports

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Baseball

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Basketball

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[16]

Boxing

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American Football

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Golf

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Gymnastics

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  • Jordan Chiles - artistic gymnast, Olympic gold and silver medalist
  • Laurie Hernandez - artistic gymnast, Olympic silver medalist; Puerto Rican
  • Hezly Rivera - artistic gymnast, Olympic gold medalist; Dominican American

Mixed martial artists

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Soccer

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Wrestlers

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Other sports

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Politics

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Thomas Perez
Adriano Espaillat

Federal

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Main articles: List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress and List of Hispanic and Latino American United States Cabinet members

State

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Local

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Others

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Models

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Scientists

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Journalism

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Literature

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  • Mercedes de Acosta (1893–1968) – poet and playwright, also known for her lesbian affairs with Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich.[33]
  • Felipe Alfau (1902–1999) – Catalan novelist and poet.
  • Rudolfo Anaya (1937–2020) – Mexican-American author of Bless Me, Ultima
  • Jaime de Angulo (1887–1950) – linguist, novelist, and ethnomusicologist in the western United States. He was born in Paris of Spanish parents.
  • Estelle Anna Lewis (1824–1880) – United States poet and dramatist. She was of English and Spanish descent.
  • Ivan Argüelles – American poet and brother of Jose Argüelles.
  • Alexander Argüelles – American linguist and son of Ivan Argüelles.
  • Miguel Algarín (1941–2020) – Puerto Rican author and co-founder of the Nuyorican Poets Café
  • Julia Alvarez – writer; Dominican American
  • Jimmy Santiago Baca – poet; Mexican American
  • Hilario Barrero – Spanish poet and teacher.[34]
  • Stephen Vincent Benét (July 22, 1898 – March 13, 1943) – American author, poet, short story writer, and novelist.
  • Giannina Braschi (b. 1953) – Puerto Rican author of Spanglish classic novel Yo-Yo Boing!
  • Fray Angelico Chavez – poet, historian, painter
  • Sandra Cisneros (b. 1954) – Mexican-American author of The House on Mango Street
  • Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952–2016) – Puerto Rican author of Silent Dancing: A Partial Remembrance of a Puerto Rican Childhood
  • Angie Cruz (b. 1972) – Dominican-American author of Let It Rain Coffee
  • Nelson Denis (b. 1954) – Puerto Rican author of War Against All Puerto Ricans and former New York State Assemblyman
  • Junot Diaz – writer; Dominican American
  • Francisco Goldman – writer; Guatemalan American
  • Manuel Gonzales (1913–1993) – Spanish born-American Disney comics artist.
  • Jessica Hagedorn – Filipino-American playwright, writer, poet, storyteller, musician, and multimedia performance artist, to a Scots-Irish-French-Filipino mother and a Filipino-Spanish father.
  • Oscar Hijuelos – Cuban-American writer
  • Amber L. Hollibaugh – American writer, film-maker and political activist. She is the daughter of a Romany father of Spanish descent and an Irish mother.[35]
  • Christianne Meneses Jacobs – publisher of the only U.S. Spanish-language children's magazine; Nicaraguan American
  • Andrew Jolivétte – American author and lecturer of Spanish partially descent.
  • Lynda Lopez – author and journalist based in New York City
  • Patricia Santos Marcantonio – Mexican-American novelist and short story writer
  • Odón Betanzos Palacios (1925–2007) – poet, novelist and Spanish literary critic.[36]
  • Carmen M. Pursifull – English-language free verse poet and former New York City Latin dance and Latin American music figure in the 1950s. She is of Puerto Rican and Spanish descent.[37]
  • Anaïs Nin – born Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell, was an American author born to Spanish-Cuban parents in France, where she was also raised.
  • Horacio Peña – professor, writer, and poet; Nicaraguan American
  • George Rabasa – American writer and author
  • Matthew Randazzo V – American true crime writer and historian. He is of Sicilian-American, Isleño, and Cajun descent.[38]
  • Alberto Rios (b. 1952) – Mexican-American poet, Arizona's first poet first state poet laureate
  • Benjamin Alire Sáenz (b. 1954) – Mexican-American author of Everything Begins and Ends at the Kentucky Club
  • George Santayana (1863–1952) – Spanish born, philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist.
  • Luis Senarens (1865–1939) – Cuban-American science fiction author of The Frank Reade Library, the most popular sci-fi Dime Novel series of the 19th century.
  • Sergio Troncoso (b. 1961) – Mexican-American author of The Last Tortilla and Other Stories and Crossing Borders: Personal Essays
  • Geovanny Vicente – political strategist, international consultant and columnist who writes for CNN.
  • Jose Yglesias (November 29, 1919 – November 7, 1995) – American novelist and journalist. Yglesias was born in the Ybor City section of Tampa, Florida, and was of Cuban and Spanish descent. His father was from Galicia.
  • Rafael Yglesias (born May 12, 1954, New York) – American novelist and screenwriter. His parents were the novelists Jose Yglesias and Helen Yglesias.

United States Armed Forces

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  • Joseph B. Avilés (1897–1990), served in the U.S. Navy and later in the Coast Guard; in 1925, became the first Hispanic Chief Petty Officer in the US Coast Guard; Puerto Rican, lived in Maryland[39]
  • Rafael Celestino Benítez (1917–1999), highly decorated submarine commander who led the rescue effort of the crew members of the USS Cochino during the Cold War
  • José M. Cabanillas (1901–1979), Puerto Rican executive Officer of the USS Texas, which participated in the invasions of North Africa and the Battle of Normandy (D-Day) during World War II; died in Virginia
  • Iván Castro, U.S. Army officer who has continued serving on active duty in the Special Forces despite losing his eyesight; parents are Puerto Rican[40]
  • Joseph H. De Castro (1844–1892), first Hispanic American to be awarded the Medal of Honor
  • Richard Carmona, American physician and public health administrator[41]
  • Adolfo Fernández Cavada, captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War who later served as Commander-in-Chief of the Cinco Villas during Cuba's Ten Year War
  • Federico Fernández Cavada, colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War and later Commander-in-Chief of all the Cuban forces during Cuba's Ten Year War
  • Mercedes O. Cubria, lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army; first Cuban-born female officer in the US Army[42]
  • Julius Peter Garesché, lieutenant colonel in the Union Army who served as Chief of Staff, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel to Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans
  • Ambrosio José Gonzales, colonel in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War
  • José Manuel Hernández, popular Venezuelan caudillo, army general, congressman, presidential candidate and cabinet member who was also involved in numerous insurrections. Lived in exile in US from 1911 to his death in 1921
  • Narciso López, Venezuelan soldier and adventurer, known for four filibuster expeditions aimed at liberating Cuba from Spain in the 1850s
  • Carmen Contreras-Bozak (1919–2017), first Hispanic to serve in the U.S. Women's Army Corps, where she served as an interpreter and in numerous administrative positions; Puerto Rican; lives in Tampa, Florida[43]
  • Linda García Cubero, former U.S. Air Force officer; of Mexican-American-Puerto Rican descent
  • Rubén A. Cubero, highly decorated member of the U.S. Air Force; first Hispanic graduate of the US Air Force Academy to be named Dean of the Faculty of the academy; parents were Puerto Rican[44]
  • Alberto Díaz Jr., first Hispanic Director of the San Diego Naval District and Balboa Naval Hospital; Puerto Rican born and raised
  • Rafael O'Ferrall, United States Army officer; first Hispanic of Puerto Rican descent to become the Deputy Commanding General for the Joint Task Force at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
  • Salvador E. Felices (1923–1987), first Puerto Rican to reach the rank of major general (two-star) in the U.S. Air Force; died in Florida
  • Diego E. Hernández, retired US Navy officer; first Hispanic to be named Vice Commander, North American Aerospace Defense Command; Puerto Rican resident of Miami
  • Lester Martínez López, MD, MPH (born 1955), first Hispanic to head the Army Medical and Research Command at Fort Detrick, Maryland
  • Carlos Lozada (1946–1967) member of the U.S. Army; one of five Puerto Ricans who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat; Puerto Rican born, raised in New York City
  • Ángel Méndez (1946–1967) U.S. Marine, posthumously awarded the Navy Cross
  • Virgil Rasmuss Miller (1900–1968), U.S. Army officer who served as Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team, a unit composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II[45]
  • Héctor Andrés Negroni, Puerto Rican historian, senior aerospace defense executive, author; first Puerto Rican graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy; lives in Vienna, Virginia[46]
  • Antonia Novello, Puerto Rican physician and public health administrator; US Surgeon General
  • María Inés Ortiz (1967–2007), first American nurse to die in combat during Operation Iraqi Freedom; first Army nurse to die in combat since the Vietnam War; parents were Puerto Rican
Rudolph W. Riefkohl
  • José Antonio Páez, Venezuelan leader who fought the War of Independence. President of Venezuela once it was independent of the Gran Colombia (1830–1835; 1839–1843; 1861–1863). He lived in New York City during his years in exile and died there in 1873
  • Patricia Spanic, captain in the US Army. She is sister of soap opera actress Gabriela Spanic.
  • Erneido Oliva, major general; former deputy commander of the D.C. National Guard
  • Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano (1913–1980), submarine commander in the US Navy; first Hispanic submarine commanding officer
  • Frederick Lois Riefkohl (1889–1969), Puerto Rican officer in the U.S. Navy; first Puerto Rican to graduate from the U.S. Naval Academy and to be awarded the Navy Cross; lived and died in Florida[47]
  • Rudolph W. Riefkohl (1885–1950), U.S. Army officer; instrumental in helping the people of Poland overcome the 1919 typhus epidemic[48]
  • Pedro N. Rivera, retired Puerto Rican US Air Force officer; in 1994 became the first Hispanic medical commander in the Air Force; lives in Alexandria, Virginia[49]
  • Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith (1935–1967), U.S. Army soldier posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War; of Puerto Rican descent
  • Augusto Rodríguez, Puerto Rican officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War; immigrated to the US in the 1850s[50]
  • Pedro Rodríguez (1912–1999), earned two Silver Stars within a seven-day period during the Korean War; Puerto Rican; died in Washington, D.C.[51]
  • Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas (1888–1932), Puerto Rican odontologist (dentist), scientist and a major in the US Army; discovered the bacteria which causes cavities; died in Washington, D.C.
  • Félix Rodríguez, U.S. Army helicopter pilot, former CIA officer known for his involvement in the Bay of Pigs Invasion and his involvement in the capture and interrogation of Che Guevara
  • Lola Sánchez, Confederate spy during the American Civil War; played an instrumental role in the Confederate victory in the Battle of Horse Landing[42]
  • José Agustín Quintero, Cuban born Confederate diplomat to Mexico, based in Monterrey
  • Loreta Janeta Velazquez (1842 – c. 1902), aka Lieutenant Harry Buford, Cuban-born woman who claimed that she masqueraded as a male Confederate soldier during the American Civil War
  • Héctor E. Pagán, U.S. Army officer; first Hispanic of Puerto Rican descent to become Deputy Commanding General of the US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
  • José M. Portela, retired officer of the U.S. Air Force; served in the position of Assistant Adjutant General for Air while also serving as commander of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard
  • Maritza Sáenz Ryan, U.S. Army officer; head of the Department of Law at the US Military Academy; first woman and first Hispanic West Point graduate to serve as an academic department head; Puerto Rican father, Spanish mother[52]
  • Héctor Santiago-Colón (1942–1968), one of five Puerto Ricans posthumously presented with the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the U.S.; Puerto Rican from New York[53]
  • Frances M. Vega (1983–2003), first female soldier of Puerto Rican descent to die in a combat zone, in Operation Iraqi Freedom[citation needed]
  • Pedro del Valle (1893–1978), U.S. Marine Corps officer; first Hispanic to reach the rank of lieutenant general; in 1900 his family emigrated to the US and became US citizens[54]
  • Humbert Roque Versace (1937–1965), American U.S. Army officer of Puerto Rican-Italian descent; awarded the US' highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War[55]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "American FactFinder Help; Hispanic or Latino origin". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2001-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-04. For Census 2000, American Community Survey: People who ide with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban" - as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino." Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race. 1990 Census of Population and Housing: A self-designated classification for people whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, the Caribbean, or those identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, etc. Origin can be viewed as ancestry, nationality, or country of birth of the person or person's parents or ancestors prior to their arrival in the United States.
  2. ^ "American FactFinder Help; Spanish/Hispanic/Latino". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2001-03-06. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
  3. ^ Aragonés, Sergio (2007). "Biography". Archived from the original on March 30, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  4. ^ "Rafael Alvarez – Writer". Palette Magazine. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  5. ^ "Miguel Arteta:Overview". MSN. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
  6. ^ Betancourt, Manuel. "Rafael Casal on Creating a Complex Portrait of Oakland's Race & Class Dynamics in 'Blindspotting'". Remezcla. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  7. ^ "Interview with Moctesuma Esparza by Victor Payan – In Motion Magazine / Art Changes". inmotionmagazine.com.
  8. ^ Breslauer, Jan (August 7, 1994). "As Her Many Worlds Turn". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  9. ^ Barrier, Michael (1989). "He's a howling success at bringing comics to life – animator Bill Melendez". Nation's Business. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03.
  10. ^ "Bill Melendez, 91, Peanuts Animator – The New York Sun". www.nysun.com. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  11. ^ Thomas, Cathy Booth (2005-08-13). "Robert Rodriguez". TIME. Archived from the original on September 8, 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-18. "Staying clear of Hollywood, Rodriguez, a Mexican-American..."
  12. ^ "George A. Romero On His Latino Heritage: 'I Was The Shark, Not The Jet'".
  13. ^ Hurwitt, Robert (July 5, 2006), "Tony Taccone: Riding high on his recent successes, theater veteran has big plans for Berkeley Rep". Chronicle Theater Critic. (accessed 2009-05-18)
  14. ^ Chass, Murray (2006-03-17). "United States Runs Out of Chances in Classic". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  15. ^ a b "Santana and 'Big Papi' Lead Latino Baseballers - NAM". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2007-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  16. ^ Garcia, Marlen (2007-06-14). "Richardson exporting his deep basketball knowledge - USATODAY.com". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  17. ^ Sanderson, Matthew (2005-01-20). "Class of '05 Controversy". TigerBoxing.com. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  18. ^ Santiago, Antonio (2006-04-13). "A Chiquita with a Big Heart". RingsideReport.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  19. ^ Bjornberg, Jeremy (2005-12-02). "Sergio Mora No Longer a Contender?". Doc's Sport Service. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  20. ^ a b c d e Somers, Ken (2005-09-25). "NFL looks for big play in Mexico". Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2007-07-18. [dead link‍]
  21. ^ Brady, Erik (2005-07-20). "Losman growing at his own beat". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  22. ^ "In The Zone with San Diego Chargers Linebacker Zeke Moreno". Open Your Eyes. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  23. ^ a b Probst, Jason; DiSanto, Michael (2005-11-02). "Head-2-Head: Sanchez vs. Diaz". Between Rounds. InsideFighting.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  24. ^ "Crew Selects Three Players In 2006 MLS Supplemental Draft". OurSportsCentral.com. 2006-01-26. Retrieved 2007-07-18. "He was born in San Luis Potose, Mexico, becoming the first Mexican-born player drafted by The Crew. His full name is Jorge Ivan Becerra."
  25. ^ Wyllie, John Philip (2001-12-14). "Rimando and Bocanegra Vie for World Cup Berths". La Prensa San Diego. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  26. ^ Dominican American National Roundtable (November 14, 2009). "DANR President Attends Installation Ceremony of Thomas E. Perez as US Assistant Attorney General". danr.org. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ^ "Julián Castro announces he is running for president in 2020". www.cbsnews.com. 12 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  28. ^ Bernal, Rafael (2023-01-03). "Padilla sworn in as first-ever Latino elected to Senate from California". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  29. ^ Finn, Robin (April 7, 2006), "An Immigrant Success Wants Others to Have a Chance", The New York Times, retrieved February 10, 2010
  30. ^ "Mayor Lantigua Biography - City of Lawrence". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  31. ^ Smith, Michelle R. (January 3, 2011). "New Providence Mayor Angel Taveras sworn in". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  32. ^ "With the rise of the alt-right, Latino white supremacy may not be a contradiction in terms". www.mic.com. December 27, 2017.
  33. ^ Block, Maxine; Anna Herthe Rothe; Marjorie Dent Candee (1954). Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Co. p. 115.
  34. ^ "Hilario Barrero". Portaldepoesia.com. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  35. ^ Anderson, Kelly. "Amber Hollibaugh Interview" (PDF). Voices of Feminism Oral History Project. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  36. ^ El cuerpo del escritor y académico Odón Betanzos llega mañana a Rociana (Huelva) para recibir sepultura el martes, 2007 (In Spanish). (Translation: The body of writer and academic Odon Betanzos arrives tomorrow to Rociana (Huelva) for burial on Tuesday. 2007). Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Probing the Depths, supra, at 230.
  38. ^ "MRV Books | Mr. New Orleans | Johnny Fratto Memoir". Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  39. ^ Baltimore National Cemetery
  40. ^ Nordlinger, Jay (2009-02-09). "Captain Extraordinary". National Review. Vol. 61, no. 2. pp. 16–17.
  41. ^ http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/Obesity-called-a-threat-to-U-S-security-845630.php Obesity called a threat to US security
  42. ^ a b "The Latino Experience in U.S. History"; publisher: Globe Pearson; pages 155-157; ISBN 0-8359-0641-8
  43. ^ Young woman's life defined by service in Women's Army Corps Archived 2006-09-19 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Brigadier General Ruben A. Cubero Archived 2016-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved August 15, 2011
  45. ^ "Be Thou at Peace: Virgil Rasmus Miller, Class of 1924" (PDF). Assembly. 28 (2). Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy: 132–133. Summer 1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-08.
  46. ^ Negroni, Héctor Andrés (April 1996). "Historical Summary of the Negroni Family". Boletin de la Sociedad Puertorriqueña de Genealogía Vol VIII. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  47. ^ "United States Naval Academy Cemetery & Columbarium" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  48. ^ Divorce—Military Style
  49. ^ Healthpages Archived 2007-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ "The Puerto Rican Diaspora: historical perspectives"; By Carmen Teresa Whalen, Víctor Vázquez-Hernandez; page 176; Publisher: Temple University Press; ISBN 978-1-59213-413-7; ISBN 1-59213-413-0
  51. ^ Arlington National Cemetery
  52. ^ Pointer View
  53. ^ "Puerto Rico Herald". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
  54. ^ "Who's Who in Marine Corps History-LtGen Pedro A. Del Valle". Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2007-10-17. Who's Who in Marine Corps History
  55. ^ http://www.elboricua.com/MedalHonor.html Puerto Rican Medal of Honor
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