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Russian State Library

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Not to be confused with National Library of Russia.
Russian State Library
Российская государственная библиотека
Main building of the library. The façade still retains the Soviet-era name "Lenin State Library of the USSR"
Map
LocationMoscow, Russia
TypeNational library
Established1862 (162 years ago) (1862)
Branches3
Collection
Items collectedBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings and manuscripts
Size47.7 million (2020)
Criteria for collectionAll publications published in Russia, all Russian-language publications published abroad, all foreign-language publications about Russia and other materials
Legal depositYes, since 1922
Access and use
Access requirementsUsers must be at least 14 years old and present a valid passport or ID card.
Circulation1.116 million (2019)
Members387,000 (2019)
Other information
Budget2.4 billion ₽ (2019)
DirectorVadim Duda [ru][1]
Employees1,699 (2019)
Websitewww.rsl.ru/en

The Russian State Library (Russian: Российская государственная библиотека, romanized: Rossiyskaya gosudarstvennaya biblioteka) is one of the three national libraries of Russia, located in Moscow.[2] It is the largest library in the country, second largest in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Its holdings crossed over 47 million units in 2017.[3] It is a federal library[a] overseen by the Ministry of Culture, including being under its fiscal jurisdiction.[5][6]

Its foundation lay in the opening of the Moscow Public Museum and Rumyantsev Museum in Moscow in 1862. This museum evolved from a number of collections, most notably Count Nikolay Rumyantsev's[b] library and historical collection. It was renamed after Lenin in 1924, popularly known as the Lenin Library or Leninka, and its current name was adopted in 1992.[8][9]

The library has several buildings of varying architectural styles.[10] In 2012 the library had over 275 km of shelves, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million magazines, 370 thousand music scores and sound records, 150,000 maps and others. There are items in 247 languages of the world, the foreign part representing about 29 percent of the entire collection.[11][12] In 2017 holdings covered over 360 languages.[3][13]

History

[edit]

Rumyantsev library

[edit]
Pashkov House, old building of the Russian State Library. On the far right visible are the newer structures.

The library was founded on 1 July 1862, as Moscow's first free public library and as a part of the Moscow Public Museum and Rumyantsev Museum, or in short the Rumyantsev library.[14]

The Rumyantsev Museum part of the complex housed the historical collection of Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev, which had been given to the Russian people and transferred from St. Petersburg to Moscow.[15] Its donation covered above all books and manuscripts as well as an extensive numismatic and an ethnographic collection. These, as well as approximately 200 paintings and more than 20,000 prints, which had been selected from the collection of the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg,[16] could be seen in the Pashkov House (a palace, established between 1784 and 1787, in the proximity of the Kremlin). Tsar Alexander II of Russia donated the painting The Appearance of Christ Before the People by A. A. Ivanov for the opening of the museum.[17]

The citizens of Moscow, deeply impressed by the count's altruistic donation, named the new museum after its founder and had the inscription "from count Rumyantsev for the good Enlightenment" carved above its entrance.[18][19] In the subsequent years, the collection of the museum grew by numerous further donations of objects and money, so that the museum soon housed a yet more important collection of Western European paintings, an extensive antique collection and a large collection of icons. Indeed, the collection grew so much that soon the premises of the Pashkov House became insufficient, and a second building was built beside the museum shortly after the turn of the 20th century to house the paintings in particular.

Lenin Library

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Main building of the library, in front is the Statue of Dostoevsky [ru]

After the October Revolution the contents again grew enormously, and again lack of space became an urgent problem. Acute financial problems also arose, for most of the money to finance the Museum flowed into the Pushkin Museum, which had only been finished a few years before and was assuming the Rumyantsev Museum's role. Therefore, it was decided in 1925 to dissolve the Rumyantsev Museum and to spread its collections over other museums and institutions in the country. Part of the collections, in particular the Western European art and antiques, were thus transferred to the Pushkin Museum. Pashkov House (at 3 Mokhovaya Street) was renamed the Old Building of the Russian State Library. The old state archive building on the corner of Mokhovaya and Vozdvizhenka Streets was razed and replaced by the new buildings. In 1925 the library was renamed the V. I. Lenin State Library of the USSR (Russian: Государственная библиотека СССР имени В. И. Ленина (ГБЛ), romanized: Gosudarstvennaja biblioteka SSSR imeni V. I. Lenina (GBL)). It is nicknamed the "Leninka".[20]

A 1939 postage stamp marking the completion of the first part of the new library building;[21] it had a print run of 1600[22]

Design of the new buildings of the Lenin Library was to be decided through a competition announced in December 1927. The competition had an open component while other architects were invited through invitation.[23][24] While the first round was won by one team, another design by a team comprising Vladimir Shchuko and Vladimir Gelfreikh was chosen.[25][26] This particular design was further modified to a large degree.[27] Construction of the first stage was authorized in 1929 and commenced in 1930.[23][28] Famous sculptors involved included Matvey Manizer.[29] There are a number of statues on the roof.[30] The first stage was largely complete in 1941.[31] In the process, the building acquired the modernized neoclassicism exterior features of the Palace of Soviets (co-designed by Shchuko and Gelfreikh), departing from the stern modernism of the 1927–1928 drafts.[32][27] The last component of Shchuko's plan, a 250-seat reading hall, was opened in 1945; further additions continued until 1960.[33] During this period the library was identified as a "mass library".[34][35] The Lenin Library was a central library, a national repository, a research institution in areas connected to libraries, and a center undertaking compilation of bibliographies.[36] Its statues also designated it as an institution that "contributes to the development of communism in USSR".[36] Its daily attendance was an estimated 5000 to 6000.[37]

Reading room three, the largest.[12] At the far end, a monument to Lenin. Busts along the walls.
One of the smaller reading rooms

Copies of all printed items in the Soviet Union went to around ten institutions. Lenin Library received three copies, which the library could use for book exchange or distribution to other libraries. Lenin Library was one of two institutions that were permitted to take part in international book exchange until 1955.[38][35] International books coming into the library during this period numbered to over 40,000, mainly science related.[35] In the mid-1950s the library was conducting exchange with 60 countries.[39] The library also loaned and borrowed books from domestic and foreign libraries.[40]

Lenin Library, along with three other institutions, cooperated on a 1707–1957 catalog.[41][42] In 1961, the library had twenty-two reading rooms; in 1976 the 22 reading rooms had a daily attendance of up to 8000.[43][44] The Reference and Bibliography Department assisted readers in finding books.[45] The library also assisted other libraries in book selections. These recommendations could reach to over three hundred pages.[46] The library staff in 1961 consisted of 1750 librarians, 400 technical staff, and housekeeping and ancillary staff.[47]

The holdings of the library were cleaned twice a year and observed throughout the year. Books showing problems were sent to the Department of Preservation. This department attended to 380,000 pages in a year. Microfilm preservation was assisted by the Special Institute of Cinematography.[48] Until 1961 only Lenin Library was decently furnished to handle and copy adequate numbers of microfilm.[49] Eugene Power commented that the library has a, "microfilm laboratory with twelve cameras, six of them of hybrid design utilizing an Eastman Kodak Microfile head, mast and lens; a copyboard and lights based on German design; and a book cradle of Russian design and manufacture".[50]

In 1968 the building reached its capacity, and the library launched construction of a new depository in Khimki, earmarked for storing newspapers, scientific works and low-demand books from the main storage areas. The first stage of Khimki library was complete in 1975.[33] Between 1922 and 1991 at least one copy of every book published in the USSR was deposited with the library, a practice which continues in a similar method today, with the library designated by law as a legal deposit library.[51][52]

Russian State Library

[edit]

In 1992, the library was renamed the Russian State Library by president Boris Yeltsin.[53] It's legal mandate as a national library is under the federal law "On Librarianship/On Library Affairs" passed in 1994.[14][54][55] The national role of the library entails that it is a depository for state documents, for foreign documents, a library for the armed forces, and a hub of an inter-library system.[56][57] The Russian State Library, even before it officially became a national library, had a certain degree of cooperation with the earlier version of the National Library of Russia, the M.Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, functioning as a national library since 1795.[58] Once Russian State Library also became a national library, the two national libraries laid out a cooperation framework in 1996 with regard to functions such as storage of legal deposits and addressing duplication.[58]

Reading rooms of the Leninka were organized by topic and format. Readers were required to have a suitable educational background.[57] The elite as well as scholars used these.[57] Under the national project 'Culture', the Russian State Library provides procedural assistance to developing libraries across the country.[59][60] The library has also undertaken identification and documentation of "trophy" items in its holdings.[61] A renovation of Pashkov House was completed in 2007.[62][63] One of the main exhibition sites in recent times is the Ivanovo Hall.[64] A permanent exhibit exists in the form of a book museum.[65] The library holds events; for example in May 2019, Noize MC gave a lecture in the largest reading room and this was followed by other rap artists performing in front of the Marble Staircase at the entrance of the library.[3]

Holdings

[edit]

The library originates from the personal library and historical collection of Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev.[7] At the time of his death in 1826 it consisted of around 28,000–29,000 books.[66][67] By 1899 the library of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museum had grown to half-a-million volumes and in the next two decades would go on to cross 1 million volumes.[3][68] The collection was significantly expanded through acquisitions and expropriation.[68] In 1951 the Lenin Library had the largest collection of books in the world,[69] it would remain the largest till at least 1973.[70] In 1959 the collections of the Lenin Library crossed 20 million.[3] In 1961, rare publications numbered 250,000. Manuscripts from the 11th–15th centuries numbered 30,000. Historical artifacts numbered 600,000.[71] In the Lenin Library a book was defined as a publication with five or more pages, along with certain other criteria.[72] In 1994 holdings crossed 40 million.[3]

The 19-story depository can be seen in the background, from Mokhovaya Street
The depository as seen from Starovagankovsky Lane side, near Shchusev Museum of Architecture

In 2000, holdings were 42 million items, consisting of books in living and dead languages.[9] In that year the library received over 357,000 thousand copies of documents including foreign items.[73] The holdings include a manuscript collection dating to the sixth century,[9] family and estate archives including those of industrial and land-owning dynasties, personal papers of notable individuals from across the spectrum, and an autograph collection.[74] The collection includes a Gutenberg Bible,[75] Ivan Fedorov's "Apostles" (1564) and first editions of works by Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton.[76] United Nations documents number to over 250,000.[77] Holdings include maps, military literature, music and sound collections, oriental literature, newspapers and dissertations.[13] In 2017 holdings crossed 47 million in 360 languages.[3][13]

The Electronic Library department was created in the mid-1990s.[78] Its first collection included 900,000 theses in Russian.[79] The United Nations' Memory of the World Programme saw involvement with digitized items such as the Arkhangelsk Gospel (year 1092) and old Russian newspapers, maps, posters.[78][80] Digitization of the initial collection of the Electronic Library was also expanded through projects with the Library of Congress, United States,[78][81] and the European Union.[82] With regard to music, digitization of old printed music allows for its preservation and easier distribution and access to those interested including researchers; the digitization attempts to capture the artistic nature as well, including the art on covers and markings by owners and so on.[83] The Digital Dissertation Library was initiated in 2003. As its size grew with yearly additions, the number of virtual reading rooms of the Digital Dissertation Library also increased, including those in other countries.[84][85][86]

Research and publications

[edit]

The library is an institution of research in library science and related areas.[87] The Lenin Library, including its Bureau of Library Guidance and Research, had a numerous publications– collections, manuals and catalogues, book promotions, bibliographic lists, works on socio-political topics, technical publications, and art related publications.[88] Bibliotekovedenie (Russian Journal of Library Science) [ru] was founded in 1952 and received its current name in 1993.[89][90][91] The journal Observatory of Culture [ru] was founded in 2004.[92] The journal Vostochnaya Kollektsiya (Oriental Collection) was published between 1999 and 2015, during this period 61 issues were published with over 1200 articles.[93][94] Pashkov Dom Publishing was established in 1998 and functions as a publisher for the library.[95]

Books about the library include S.V. Zhitomirskaia's Prosto zhizn and V. V. Fedorov's (ed.) Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka.[96]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ The nine libraries with federal status have included the All-Russia State Library for Foreign Literature, the Russian Children's Library, the Young Adults' Library, the Russian State Library for the Blind among others[4]
  2. ^ Also spelt Rumiantsev[7]
Citations
  1. ^ "Director's Office". Russian State Library. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  2. ^ "Libraries in Russian Federation". IFLA Library Map of the World. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Годовой отчёт 2019 [Annual Report 2019] (PDF). Moscow: Russian State Library. 2020.
  4. ^ Preservation Challenges in a Changing Political Climate: A Report from Russia. The Commission of Preservation and Access. September 1996. p. 3 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Sukhotina, Milena L. (2017). "Contribution of the Federal Libraries of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation to the Continuing Professional Education of Library Staff". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] (in Russian). 66 (4): 465–472. doi:10.25281/0869-608X-2017-66-4-465-472. ISSN 0869-608X.
  6. ^ Kislovskaye, Galina (1999). "Ten Years of Change in Russia and its Effect on Libraries". LIBER Quarterly: The Journal of the Association of European Research Libraries. 9 (3): 268. doi:10.18352/lq.7543. ISSN 2213-056X.
  7. ^ a b Grimsted 2015, p. 669.
  8. ^ "Information". RSL Official website. Russian State Library. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Segbert, Monika; Vislyi, Alexander (2000). Creating an Information System for the Russian State Library. A Pilot Project Challenging IT. 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 13–18 August. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. See: Segbert, Monika; Vislyi, Alexander (2001). "Creating an Information System for the Russian State Library: A Pilot Project of the European Union Tacis Programme". Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues. 13 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1177/095574900101300103. ISSN 0955-7490. S2CID 113655466.
  10. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 69.
  11. ^ "Russian State Library". RSL Official website. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  12. ^ a b "НАСТОЯЩЕЕ / Интересные факты в цифрах / Краткая статистическая справка (по состоянию на 01.01.2012)" [PRESENT / Interesting facts in numbers / Brief statistical information (as of 01.01.2012)]. leninka.ru (in Russian). 1 January 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Состав действующих фондов (по видам изданий): книги и брошюры – 17,8 млн экз. [The composition of the existing collections (by type of publication): books and brochures – 17.8 million copies.]
  13. ^ a b c "Collections". RSL official site. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Russian State Library". www.gpntb.ru. LibWeb – Participants. Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ Stuart 1994, pp. 235–236.
  16. ^ Kislykh, G. "The history of collecting prints of German School". germanprints.ru. The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  17. ^ Semenova, Natalya; Delocque, André (2018). "4". The Collector: The Story of Sergei Shchukin and His Lost Masterpieces. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24107-5.
  18. ^ "Ленинке – 160! «На благое просвещение»". www.rsl.ru (in Russian). Official site of the Russian State Library. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  19. ^ Briskman 2019, p. 507.
  20. ^ "Russian State Library". RSL Official website. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  21. ^ Eberhart, George M. (1982). "Biblio-Philately: Libraries and Librarians on World Postage Stamps". American Libraries. 13 (6): 382–386. ISSN 0002-9769. JSTOR 25626019. the stamp recognized the first completed part of a new library building
  22. ^ "Architecture. USSR (Soviet Union) and Russia Postage – Stamps. 1918–2000. Sets, souvenir sheets, single stamps". Stamp Russia.
  23. ^ a b Udovički-Selb 2009, p. 468.
  24. ^ Cheredina & Rybakova 2021, p. 19.
  25. ^ Udovički-Selb 2009, p. 470.
  26. ^ Cheredina & Rybakova 2021, p. 20.
  27. ^ a b Cheredina & Rybakova 2021, p. 21.
  28. ^ "History of the Russian State Library (in Russian). 1917–1941, p. 4". RSL Official website. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  29. ^ Cheredina & Rybakova 2021, p. 22.
  30. ^ Berton, Kathleen (1977). Moscow: An Architectural History. St. Martin's Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-312-54888-5 – via Internet Archive.
  31. ^ Раппапорт, А.Г. (1 January 2006). "Библиотека Ленина". Архи Ру (in Russian).
  32. ^ Ikonnikov, A. V. (1984). Architecture of Moscow, 20th Century. [Arkhitektura Moskvy. XX vek] (in Russian). Moskovsky Rabochy. pp. 98–99.
  33. ^ a b "History of the Russian State Library (in Russian). 1945–1992, p. 1". RSL Official website. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  34. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 12.
  35. ^ a b c Horecky 1959, p. 8.
  36. ^ a b Horecky 1959, p. 208.
  37. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 83.
  38. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, pp. 38, 47.
  39. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 22.
  40. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 35.
  41. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 26.
  42. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 55"... the operational responsibility lies with the Lenin Library ..."
  43. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 59.
  44. ^ Delougaz, Nathalie P.; Martin, Susan K.; Wedgeworth, Robert (1977). "Libraries and Information Services in U.S.S.R." Special Libraries. 68 (7/8): 254. ISSN 0038-6723.
  45. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 64.
  46. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 50.
  47. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 111.
  48. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 55.
  49. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 69.
  50. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 87.
  51. ^ Horecky 1959, pp. 6–8, 171.
  52. ^ Sakharov, N. A. (7 December 2018). "Legal Deposit System in Russia: Stages of Development and Contemporary State". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science]. 67 (5): 487–499. doi:10.25281/0869-608X-2018-67-5-487-499. ISSN 2587-7372. S2CID 239570779.
  53. ^ Stuart, Mary (April 1994). "Creating a National Library for the Workers' State: The Public Library in Petrograd and the Rumiantsev Library under Bolshevik Rule". The Slavonic and East European Review. 72 (2): 233–258. JSTOR 4211475.
  54. ^ "РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О БИБЛИОТЕЧНОМ ДЕЛЕ" [Russian Federation Federal Law On Library] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022 – via Russia State Library.
  55. ^ Sakharov, N. A. (28 December 2014). "The Federal Law «On Librarianship»: the Results of 20 Year-Long Work". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] (6): 20–28. doi:10.25281/0869-608X-2014-0-6-20-28. ISSN 2587-7372.
  56. ^ "The Russian State Library". Digital Dissertations Library, RSL. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  57. ^ a b c Kasinec, Edward (2001). "A Soviet Research Library Remembered". Libraries & Culture. 36 (1): 16–26. ISSN 0894-8631. JSTOR 25548888.
  58. ^ a b Zaitsev, Vladimir (1998). "Problems of Russian Libraries in an Age of Social Change". In Graubard, Stephen R.; LeClerc, Paul (eds.). Books, Bricks and Bytes: Libraries in the Twenty-first Century. Transaction Publishers. p. 296. ISBN 1-56000-986-1 – via Internet Archive.
  59. ^ "Culture (project Culture)". Next Generation Library. Department of Model Libraries, Russian State Library. Ministry of Culture, Russian Federation. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  60. ^ "The Russian State Library: Model Libraries". The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). 24 January 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  61. ^ Grirnsted, Patricia Kennedy (2002). "Twice Plundered, but Still Not Home from the War: The Fate of Three Slavic Libraries Confiscated by the Nazis from Paris". Solanus. 16: 66. ISSN 0038-0903 – via Internet Archive.
  62. ^ Russian Federation, Country Report (PDF). 22nd Conference of European National Librarians (CENL), Zagreb, Croatia. 24–27 September 2008.
  63. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (8 May 2008). "A Treasure Is Restored, With Culture Its Bounty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  64. ^ "Russian State Library". Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  65. ^ Zolotova, M. B. (2014). "Museum of Book at the Russian State Library: Development of Idea and Contemporary Cultural-Informational Challenges". Bibliotekovedenie (5): 8–12. doi:10.25281/0869-608X-2014-0-5-8-12. ISSN 2587-7372.
  66. ^ FitzLyon, Kyril; Zinovieff, Kyril; Hughes, Jenny (2003). The Companion Guide to St Petersburg. Companion Guides. ISBN 978-1-900639-40-8.
  67. ^ Solovjeva, Tatiana (1998). To The Piers of the English Embankment. Along «The Main Street» of St. Petersburg. Vol 6. (in Russian and English). ICAR (ИКАР) Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 5-85902-102-X – via Internet Archive.
  68. ^ a b Harris, Michael H. (1999). History of Libraries of the Western World. Scarecrow Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8108-7715-3.
  69. ^ Kazakevich, Vladimir D. (September 1951). "World's Biggest Library". New World Review. 19 (7): 50–52 – via Internet Archive.
  70. ^ Showers, Victor (1973). The World in Figures. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 184, 186. ISBN 0-471-78859-7 – via Internet Archive.
  71. ^ Ruggles & Swank 1962, p. 54.
  72. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 184, "Nomenclature of Publications and Units Used by the Lenin Library in Keeping Records"'. "Publications containing textual material or text with drawings, illustrations, etc., of no less than five pages, issued in a single volume or in a preannounced number of volumes, published simultaneously or during a period stated in advance."
  73. ^ "Russian State Library in 2000. Annual Report. To the Conference of European National Librarians" (PDF). CENL.
  74. ^ Grimsted 2015, pp. 669, 671, 673.
  75. ^ Hetzer, Armin (1996). "'The Return from the States of the Former Soviet Union of Cultural Property Removed in the 1940s' as a Bibliographical Undertaking". Solanus. 10. Translated from German and Russian by Gregory Walker. ISSN 0038-0903 – via Internet Archive. The 'trophy' books fulfilled a threefold function. A part of them consisted of trophies in the stricter sense, for example the Gutenberg Bible now held in the Russian State Library (formerly the Lenin Library). Such books are not put to use for practical purposes: they are simply objects of beauty. Another part was ... [p. 17]
  76. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 85.
  77. ^ Fedorov, Victor Vasilievich (2002). "The changing role of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library: Bridging the Information Gap between the developed and developing countries" (PDF). UN. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  78. ^ a b c Davydova, Nadezhda R. (27 May 2019). "Electronic Library of the RSL: Development Stages and Features of Formation of Digital Collections". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science]. 68 (2): 144–154. doi:10.25281/0869-608X-2019-68-2-144-154. ISSN 2587-7372. S2CID 190193566.
  79. ^ "Digital library". elibrary.rsl.ru. Russian State Library. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  80. ^ Memory of the World. Collins. UNESCO. 2012. ISBN 9789231042379 – via Internet Archive.
  81. ^ "About this collection, Meeting of Frontiers". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  82. ^ Hattery, Maxine, ed. (2000). "Abazas to Yukagirs: Russia in a database, library and digital collection". Information Retrieval and Library Automation. 35 (9): 1–3 – via Internet Archive.
  83. ^ Semenyuk, Alla (2007). "The digital collection of Russian music of the first half of the nineteenth century (from the Russian State Library stocks)". Fontes Artis Musicae. 54 (4): 528–530. ISSN 0015-6191. JSTOR 23511890.
  84. ^ Avdeeva, Nina (June 2010). "Innovative services for libraries through the Virtual Reading Rooms of the Digital Dissertation Library, Russian State Library" (PDF). IFLA Journal. 36 (2): 138–145. doi:10.1177/0340035210369738. eISSN 1745-2651. ISSN 0340-0352. S2CID 62193725.
  85. ^ "Russian State Library's Reading Rooms Open in Hungary". Russikiy Mir. 8 December 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  86. ^ "Virtual reading rooms". Digital Dissertation Library. Russian State Library. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  87. ^ Samarin, A.; Tikunova, I. (2019). "Scientific work of the Russian State Library: Its subjects and presentation of results". Scientific and Technical Libraries (8): 5–19. doi:10.33186/1027-3689-2019-8-5-19. ISSN 1027-3689. S2CID 242795840.
  88. ^ Horecky 1959, p. 80-82, 220-225.
  89. ^ "История журнала" [History of the Magazine]. bibliotekovedenie.rsl.ru. Department of Periodicals , Russian State Library. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  90. ^ Shibaeva, Ekaterina A. (2018). The Russian State Library International Cooperation and Communication Program for Library Professionals. IFLA WLIC 2018 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – Transform Libraries, Transform Societies.
  91. ^ Volodin, Boris (2001). "Foreign Libraries in the Mirror of Soviet Library Science during the Cold War". Libraries & Culture. 36 (1): 204–210. ISSN 0894-8631. JSTOR 25548903. The leading Russian professional journal, Bibliotekovedenie (Library Science), generally addresses domestic issues, with essays on foreign library theory and practices only published by way of a special exception.
  92. ^ "Journals and magazines". www.rsl.ru. Russian State Library. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  93. ^ "ПЯТНАДЦАТЬ ЛЕТ СРЕДИ БИБЛИОТЕКАРЕЙ И ВОСТОКОВЕДОВ" [Fifteen Years Among Librarians and Orientalists]. orient.rsl.ru. Russian State Library. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  94. ^ "Журнал «Восточная коллекция» прекращает существование" [Oriental Collection magazine ceases to exist]. koryo-saram.site. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  95. ^ "Russian State Library 2022". Library Publishing Coalition. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  96. ^ Kasinec, Edward; Kogan, Elena (2009). "Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka [The Russian State Library]: V. V. Fedorov, ed. Moscow: Red.-izd. tsentr "Klassika," 2006. 573 pp., ISBN: 9785945250420". Slavic & East European Information Resources. 10 (1): 102–106. doi:10.1080/15228880902774370. ISSN 1522-8886.
Works cited

Further reading

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Architecture
Scientific and Technical Libraries journal (Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology)
Bibliotekovedenie (Russian Journal of Library Science)
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