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Robotic lawn mower

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FireFly AMP electric autonomous reel mowers maintained the fairways for the PGA Tour's Black Desert Championship October 9-13, 2024 in Ivins, Utah
A robotic lawn mower with visible track marks in a lawn indicating the random way it cuts the grass
Video of a robotic lawn mower, the smallest model sold by company Gardena built by Husqvarna, in a garden with 40 m2

A robotic lawn mower is an autonomous robot used to cut lawn grass. A typical robotic lawn mower (in particular earlier generation models) requires the user to set up a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be mowed. The robot uses this wire to locate the boundary of the area to be trimmed and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. Robotic mowers are capable of maintaining up to 100,000 m2 (25 acres) of grass.

Robotic lawn mowers are increasingly sophisticated, are self-docking and some contain rain sensors if necessary, nearly eliminating human interaction. Robotic lawn mowers represented the second largest category of domestic robots used by the end of 2005.

In 2012, the growth of robotic lawn mower sales was 15 times that of the traditional styles.[1] With the emergence of smart phones some robotic mowers have integrated features within custom apps to adjust settings or scheduled mowing times and frequency, as well as manually control the mower with a digital joystick.[2]

Modern robotic lawn mowers can contain specialized sensors, allowing them to automatically mow around obstacles or even go to sleep when it starts to rain.[3][4]

In 2012, the vast majority of robotic lawn mowers tackled the task utilizing a "random" mowing system. Basically the machine bounced around on the lawn until it hit the boundary wire limiting the working area, then changed heading until it hit the wire again.[5] Depending on the lawn size, this meant machines would be in continuous operation. In late 2012, the Bosch robotic lawn mower "Indego" created a map of the user's garden and then tackled the task in a systematic manner,[6] similar to the more modern robotic vacuum cleaners.

In recent years, robotic lawn mower manufacturers have learned from Bosch and the mowers have undergone significant advancements in their mowing methods, transitioning from random bouncing to systematic and efficient mowing patterns. By following a predefined pattern, such as a spiral or grid, the robotic mower ensures complete coverage of the lawn while minimizing overlap and missed spots. [7] As technology has continued to advance, more companies are now utilizing real-time kinematic (RTK) base station guidance, RTK+, or AI Vision[8] to eliminate the need for a ground wire to delineate mowing areas.

For non-domestic usage, in the absence of a ground wire, RTK and RTK+ are currently the only GPS technologies that will provide the level of precision required for accurate mowing. [9].

History

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In 1969, the MowBot was introduced and patented by S Lawrence Bellinger having many features of today's most popular products. It weighed 125 pounds (57 kg), was selling for $800 (equivalent to $6,647 in 2023)[10] and had an autonomy of 3 hours and 3,000 square feet (280 m2)[11][12][13][14]

In 1992, the first fully solar powered robotic mower was patented by André Collens and sold to Husqvarna which marketed it in 1995.[15][16][17][18]

In 2012, the Bosch Indego introduced lawn mapping, to mow in a systematic manner instead of a random pattern.[6]

As of 2019, vision-based Artificial Intelligence robotic mowers, without perimeter wire, were announced by EEVE.[19] Followed by a vision-based robotic mower of Volta in 2019.[20]

In 2020, Husqvarna announced a robotic mower (EPOS) that can navigate completely without a boundary wire, allowing location accuracy of 2-3 centimeters, using satellite navigation in coordination with a reference station.[21]

In 2023, FireFly Automatix introduced a large battery-powered robotic mower (AMP) with cylinder, or reel, cutting units that also utilizes networks of RTK reference stations and GPS for accurate positioning. AMP mowers were used to autonomously maintain the fairways at the PGA TOUR's Black Desert Championship in Utah in October 2024, a first in professional golf. [22]


Technology

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The mower can find its charging station via radio frequency emissions, by following a boundary wire, or by following an optional guide wire. This can eliminate wear patterns in the lawn caused by the mower only being able to follow one wire back to the station.

To get to remote areas or areas only accessible through narrow passages the mower can follow a guide wire or a boundary wire out of the station.

Some robotic movers do not need a border wire, but use a GPS, often together with an additional GPS receiver to achieve precise positioning (real-time kinematic positioning).[23]

Batteries used include nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion, lead-acid, and lithium iron phosphate (LFP).

In 2019 an all-wheel-drive (AWD) drive robotic mower was released by Husqvarna.[24]

Examples

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Rise of the Lawn-Cutting Machines". 2012-10-25. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  2. ^ "Robomow RS630 Review". Best Stuff. 2014-05-09. Archived from the original on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 2014-05-10. Alt URL
  3. ^ Oswald, Ed (April 12, 2020). "The best robotic lawn mowers for 2020". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  4. ^ "Best Robotic Lawn Mower Guide". Robotic Reviews. 2018-01-21. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
  5. ^ "Rasenroboter Test". Bautomatik (in German). 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  6. ^ a b "Bosch Introduces New Autonomous Robotic Lawnmower". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  7. ^ "Robotic Lawn Mower -- Does It Really Work?". Appalachian Acres. 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  8. ^ "Worx Landroid Vision M800 WR208E - full review". www.robotmower.info. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  9. ^ "Rise of the machines -- Autonomous mowers on golf courses". USGA. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  10. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  11. ^ "Self-propelled random motion lawnmower". 1969-10-20. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2013-06-08. U.S. patent 3,698,523
  12. ^ "MowBot (Jan, 1969)". 2011-10-14. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  13. ^ Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. January 1969. pp. 136–138, 210.
  14. ^ Magazines, Hearst (December 1968). Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 83.
  15. ^ "BE1004248A6 SYSTEME DE TONTE CONTINUE ET AUTONOME". worldwide.espacenet.com. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  16. ^ "Les inventeurs bruxellois crient "Eurêka!" Le courant magique de M. Deiana La pince à moules qui laisse les doigts nets Mode d'emploi du 47 e Salon". Le Soir (in French). 3 November 1998. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  17. ^ "Un objet tondant identifié". www.dhnet.be (in French). 2002-05-17. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  18. ^ "25 robotic anniversary". Husqvarna (in Swiss French). Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  19. ^ Damme, Dries Van (2017-10-31). "Ce robot tond l'herbe, arrache les mauvaises herbes et ramasse les petites branches". Site-DataNews-FR. Archived from the original on 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  20. ^ "Volta Mora Robot Mower – The Future Of Robot Lawnmowers". MyRobotMower. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  21. ^ "How new technology is improving robotic mowers". www.hortweek.com. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  22. ^ "A PGA Tour first: There are robot mowers at Black Desert Championship". www.golfweek.usatoday.com. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  23. ^ http://111914033483285 (2021-12-02). "12 Robot Mowers without a Perimeter Wire | The Robot Mower". Retrieved 2024-06-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Steele, Billy (2019-02-27). "Hills can't stop this all-wheel-drive robot lawn mower". Engadget. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
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