Four big families of the Republic of China

Chiang Kai Shek and Soong Mei-ling

The four big families (Chinese: 四大家族; pinyin: sì dà jiāzú) are four politically influential families in the Republic of China, first in Mainland China, then Taiwan. The concept was believed to be coined by Chen Boda, a political figure and political theorist of the People's Republic of China. Chen alleged that the four families amassed approximately 20 billion US dollars during the Second Sino-Japanese War, a claim that gained traction in Chinese society, particularly during major political and economic crises. This perception was encapsulated in a popular saying:

蔣家的天下，
陳家的黨，
宋家的姐妹，
孔家的財

The nation of the Chiang family,
The party of the Chen family,
The sisters of the Soong family,
The wealth of the Kung family.

History

In 1923, Qu Qiubai, a Communist leader, wrote in the party's journal that several political families controlled bureaucratic capital in China. In 1946, Communist journalist Chen Boda published a book titled The Four Big Families of China, accusing the Chiang, Soong, Kung, and Chen families of exploiting over 20 billion US dollars from the Chinese people during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Since then, the concept of the "Four Big Families" has gained widespread recognition. The Kuomintang's defeat in the Chinese Civil War intensified political pressure on U.S. President Harry S. Truman’s China policy. To deflect responsibility, the Truman administration attributed the loss of China to widespread corruption within the Kuomintang. With the Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan, the influence of the four big families in China significantly declined. Yet, the narrative of the immense wealth of the "Four Big Families" persisted in the United States, inspiring Sterling Seagrave's publication of the Soong Dynasty in the 1980s.

With the declassification of historical documents following the deaths of key family members, growing evidence indicates that the Chen and Chiang families did not accumulate significant wealth through politics, while the Kung and Soong families were already affluent prior to their political involvement. According to a document owned by Chang Kia-ngau, Japanese intelligence investigated the deposits of major Chinese government officials in Shanghai. Their findings estimated the assets of Chiang Kai-shek at 8.09 million US dollars, Soong Mei-ling at 3.77 million, T. V. Soong at 6.37 million, and H. H. Kung at 6.35 million—figures significantly lower than Chen Boda's claims.

Families

Chiang family

Main article: Chiang family

The Soong sisters with Chiang in 1940

Beginning in 1928, Chiang Kai-shek ruled China for approximately 20 years before continuing his leadership in Taiwan for another 30 years. Despite his long tenure, he had only two sons, Chiang Ching-kuo and Chiang Wei-kuo. Chiang Ching-kuo succeeded his father in Taiwan, leading for 10 years during which he implemented several reforms. However, the Chiang family's influence waned in subsequent political struggles. Demos Chiang Yu-bou, the grandson of Chiang Ching-kuo remains a popular figure in Taiwanese media.

Chiang Ching-kuo had two sons with his mistress Chang Ya-juo, among which was Hsiao-yen, who only adopted Chiang as the family name until the death of Chiang Ching-kuo's wife Chiang Fang-liang in 2004. Hsian-yen's son, Chiang Wan-an being the only Chiang who is still active in Taiwanese politics.

Soong family

Main article: Soong sisters

Soong Ching-ling and H. H. Kung

The Soong family is renowned for the Soong sisters: Soong Ching-ling, who married Sun Yat-sen; Soong Mei-ling, who married Chiang Kai-shek; and Soong Ai-ling, who married H. H. Kung. The Soong family was widely regarded as the wealthiest among the four major families, with T. V. Soong serving as China's finance minister. T. L. Soong was a prominent Chinese diplomat, while T. A. Soong, though less well-known, worked in the banking sector and served as a board member of the Kwangtung Provincial Bank. T. A. Soong's son, Leo Soong, later founded the Crystal Geyser Water Company.

The Soong family after Soong Mei-ling was entirely based in the United States, with very few still fluent in Chinese. After the death of Soong Mei-ling, the last member of the Soong sisters, the family became out of spotlights.

Kung family

The Kung family is believed to be descents of Confucius. H. H. Kung and Soong Ai-ling were successful businesspeople first in energy and then in various other industries. They funded the Chinese revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. Before the Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan, the faimly had moved to the United States, and hardly engaged with any Chinese since then. H. H. Kung had two sons and two daughters, among them Kung Ling-chun was the first manager of Grand Hotel in Taipei.

Chen family

Chen Lifu, Chan Ayin, and Chen Guofu at the inauguration ceremony of the Chen Qimei statue in 1929

Main article: CC Clique

Chen Lifu and Chen Guofu brothers became powerful after being in charge of the internal affairs of the Kuomintang for Chiang Kai-shek. They were regarded as the poorest among the four families. They were kicked out of politics after the retreat to Taiwan. Chen Guofu died in Taiwan in 1951 without any child. Most of the family members had moved to the United States, with only two in Taiwan.

See also

• Four big families of Hong Kong

Further reading

• Chen, Po-ta (1946). China's Four Great Families (PDF). Translated by the Central Intelligence Agency and released in 2006. Hong Kong: Chang Chiang Publishing Agency.