Kullui

Kullui
Kullui
𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃, कुळूई, kuḷūī
	Kuḷūī written in Takri Script
Native to	India
Region	Himachal Pradesh
Native speakers	196,295 (2011)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northern Western Pahari Kullui; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Takri, Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kfx
Glottolog	kull1236
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Kullui (Kullū, also known as Kulvi, Takri: 𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃/𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚦𑚯) is a dialect of Himachali language spoken in the Kullu District of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial		Dental		Alveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p pʰ	b bʱ	t̪ t̪ʰ	d̪ d̪ʱ			ʈ ʈʰ	ɖ ɖʱ			k kʰ	ɡ ɡʱ		ʔ
Affricate					ts tsʰ	dz dzʱ			c͡ç c͡çʰ	ɟ͡ʝ ɟ͡ʝʱ
Fricative					s				ɕ				ħ	ɦ
Nasal	m		n̪				ɳ		ɲ		ŋ
Trill/Flap					r		ɽ
Lateral					l		ɭ
Approximant									j

For the stops and affricates there is a four-way distinction in phonation between tenuis /p/, voiced /b/, aspirated /pʰ/ and breathy voiced /bʱ/ series. Thakur (1975, pp. 175–8) lists as separate phonemes aspirated correlates of /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /j/, /r/, /ɽ/, /l/ and /ɭ/, but describes the aspiration as a voiceless pharyngeal friction. /n̪/ is dental, but becomes alveolar if the next syllable contains a retroflex consonant. /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ are rare, but contrast with the other nasals word-medially between vowels. /ɳ/, /ɭ/ and /ɽ/, together with their aspirated correlates, don't occur in the beginning of words.^[2] The glottal stop occurs only between a vowel and /ɳ/, /n/, /r/ or /l/, e.g. [kɑːʔɭ] "a trumpet", which contrasts with [kɑːɭ] "famine". The pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ historically derives from /s/ and occurs word-finally, e.g. [ɡʱɑːħ] "grass", [biːħ] "twenty".^[3]

Script

The native script of the language is a variety of the Takri script.

Status

The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali.^{[citation needed]} The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kulluvi children are not learning Kulluvi as their mother tongue any longer.^[4]

Notes

^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
^ Thakur 1975, p. 180. An exception is the word [ɽəbɑːɳɑː] "to throw".
^ Thakur 1975, p. 181.
^ "Endangered languages".

Bibliography

Thakur, Mauluram (1975), Pahāṛī bhāṣā, Delhi: Sanmarg Prakashan

External links

Pahari-languages.ru, a Kullui documentation project

[1] "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.

[FOOTNOTEThakur1975180-2] Thakur 1975, p. 180. An exception is the word [ɽəbɑːɳɑː] "to throw".

[FOOTNOTEThakur1975181-3] Thakur 1975, p. 181.

[4] "Endangered languages".

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