Krypton difluoride
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| Names | |||
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| IUPAC name
Krypton difluoride
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| Other names
Krypton fluoride
Krypton(II) fluoride | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| F2Kr | |||
| Molar mass | 121.795 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colourless crystals (solid) | ||
| Density | 3.24 g cm−3 (solid) | ||
| Reacts | |||
| Structure | |||
| Body-centered tetragonal[1] | |||
| P42/mnm, No. 136 | |||
a = 0.4585 nm, c = 0.5827 nm
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| Linear | |||
| 0 D | |||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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Xenon difluoride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Krypton difluoride, KrF2 is a chemical compound of krypton and fluorine. It was the first compound of krypton discovered.[2] It is a volatile, colourless solid at room temperature. The structure of the KrF2 molecule is linear, with Kr−F distances of 188.9 pm. It reacts with strong Lewis acids to form salts of the KrF+ and Kr
2F+
3 cations.[3]
The atomization energy of KrF2 (KrF2(g) → Kr(g) + 2 F(g)) is 21.9 kcal/mol, giving an average Kr–F bond energy of only 11 kcal/mol,[4] the weakest of any isolable fluoride. In comparison, the dissociation of difluorine to atomic fluorine requires cleaving a F–F bond with a bond dissociation energy of 36 kcal/mol. Consequently, KrF2 is a good source of the extremely reactive and oxidizing atomic fluorine. It is thermally unstable, with a decomposition rate of 10% per hour at room temperature.[5] The formation of krypton difluoride is endothermic, with a heat of formation (gas) of 14.4 ± 0.8 kcal/mol measured at 93 °C.[5]
Synthesis
[edit]Krypton difluoride can be synthesized using many different methods including electrical discharge, photoionization, hot wire, and proton bombardment. The product can be stored at −78 °C without decomposition.[6]
Electrical discharge
[edit]Electric discharge was the first method used to make krypton difluoride. It was also used in the only experiment ever reported to produce krypton tetrafluoride, although the identification of krypton tetrafluoride was later shown to be mistaken. The electrical discharge method involves having 1:1 to 2:1 mixtures of F2 to Kr at a pressure of 40 to 60 torr and then arcing large amounts of energy between it. Rates of almost 0.25 g/h can be achieved. The problem with this method is that it is unreliable with respect to yield.[3][7]
Proton bombardment
[edit]Using proton bombardment for the production of KrF2 has a maximum production rate of about 1 g/h. This is achieved by bombarding mixtures of Kr and F2 with a proton beam operating at an energy level of 10 MeV and at a temperature of about 133 K. It is a fast method of producing relatively large amounts of KrF2, but requires a source of high-energy protons, which usually would come from a cyclotron.[3][8]
Photochemical
[edit]The successful photochemical synthesis of krypton difluoride was first reported by Lucia V. Streng in 1963. It was next reported in 1975 by J. Slivnik.[9][10][11][3] The photochemical process for the production of KrF2 involves the use of UV light and can produce under ideal circumstances 1.22 g/h. The ideal wavelengths to use are in the range of 303–313 nm. Harder UV radiation is detrimental to the production of KrF2. Using Pyrex glass or Vycor or quartz will significantly increase yield because they all block harder UV light. In a series of experiments performed by S. A Kinkead et al., it was shown that a quartz insert (UV cut off of 170 nm) produced on average 158 mg/h, Vycor 7913 (UV cut off of 210 nm) produced on average 204 mg/h and Pyrex 7740 (UV cut off of 280 nm) produced on average 507 mg/h. It is clear from these results that higher-energy ultraviolet light reduces the yield significantly. The ideal circumstances for the production KrF2 by a photochemical process appear to occur when krypton is a solid and fluorine is a liquid, which occur at 77 K. The biggest problem with this method is that it requires the handling of liquid F2 and the potential of it being released if it becomes overpressurized.[3][7]
Hot wire
[edit]The hot wire method for the production of KrF2 uses krypton in a solid state with a hot wire running a few centimeters away from it as fluorine gas is then run past the wire. The wire has a large current, causing it to reach temperatures around 680 °C. This causes the fluorine gas to split into its radicals, which then can react with the solid krypton. Under ideal conditions, it has been known to reach a maximum yield of 6 g/h. In order to achieve optimal yields the gap between the wire and the solid krypton should be 1 cm, giving rise to a temperature gradient of about 900 °C/cm. A major downside to this method is the amount of electricity that has to be passed through the wire. It is dangerous if not properly set up.[3][7]
Structure
[edit]
Krypton difluoride can exist in one of two possible crystallographic morphologies: α-phase and β-phase. β-KrF2 generally exists at above −80 °C, while α-KrF2 is more stable at lower temperatures.[3] The unit cell of α-KrF2 is body-centred tetragonal.
Reactions
[edit]Krypton difluoride is primarily a powerful oxidising and fluorinating agent, more powerful even than elemental fluorine because Kr–F has less bond energy. It has a redox potential of +3.5 V for the KrF2/Kr couple,[citation needed] making it the most powerful known oxidising agent. However, the hypothetical KrF
4 could be even stronger[12] and nickel tetrafluoride comes close.
For example, krypton difluoride can oxidise gold to its highest-known oxidation state, +5:
- 7 KrF2 + 2 Au → 2 KrF+AuF−6 + 5 Kr
KrF+
AuF−
6 decomposes at 60 °C into gold(V) fluoride and krypton and fluorine gases:[13]
- [KrF+][AuF−6] → AuF5 + Kr + F2
KrF
2 can also directly oxidise xenon to xenon hexafluoride:[12]
- 3 KrF2 + Xe → XeF6 + 3 Kr
KrF
2 is used to synthesize the highly reactive BrF+
6 cation.[6] KrF
2 reacts with SbF
5 to form the salt KrF+
SbF−
6; the KrF+
cation is capable of oxidising both BrF
5 and ClF
5 to BrF+
6 and ClF+
6, respectively.[14]
KrF
2 can also react with elemental silver to produce AgF
3.[15][16]
Irradiation of a crystal of KrF2 at 77 K with γ-rays leads to the formation of the krypton monofluoride radical, KrF•, a violet-colored species that was identified by its ESR spectrum. The radical, trapped in the crystal lattice, is stable indefinitely at 77 K but decomposes at 120 K.[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ R. D. Burbank, W. E. Falconer and W. A. Sunder (1972). "Crystal Structure of Krypton Difluoride at −80 °C". Science. 178 (4067): 1285–1286. doi:10.1126/science.178.4067.1285. PMID 17792123. S2CID 96692996.
- ^ Grosse, A. V.; Kirshenbaum, A. D.; Streng, A. G.; Streng, L. V. (1963). "Krypton Tetrafluoride: Preparation and Some Properties". Science. 139 (3559): 1047–8. Bibcode:1963Sci...139.1047G. doi:10.1126/science.139.3559.1047. PMID 17812982.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lehmann, J (1 November 2002). "The chemistry of krypton". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 233–234: 1–39. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3.
- ^ The values of De(F–KrF) and De(F–Kr•) are estimated to be comparable, at ~10-12 kcal/mol, while ΔH(KrF+ → Kr+ + F•) is estimated to be ~42 kcal/mol.
- ^ a b Cockett, A. H.; Smith, K. C.; Bartlett, Neil (1973). The Chemistry of the Monatomic Gases: Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry. Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-018782-2.
- ^ a b Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
- ^ a b c Kinkead, S. A.; Fitzpatrick, J. R.; Foropoulos, J. Jr.; Kissane, R. J.; Purson, D. (1994). "3. Photochemical and thermal Dissociation Synthesis of Krypton Difluoride". Inorganic Fluorine Chemistry: Toward the 21st Century. San Francisco, California: American Chemical Society. pp. 40–54. doi:10.1021/bk-1994-0555.ch003. ISBN 978-0-8412-2869-6.
- ^ MacKenzie, D. R.; Fajer, J. (1966). "Synthesis of Noble Gas Compounds by Proton Bombardment". Inorganic Chemistry. 5 (4): 699–700. doi:10.1021/ic50038a048.
- ^ Slivnik, Joẑe; Šmalc, Andrej; Lutar, Karel; Ẑemva, Boris; Frlec, Boris (1974-12-10). "A new method for the preparation of krypton difluoride". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 5 (3): 273–274. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)82488-4.
- ^ Xu, Ruren; Pang, Wenqin; Huo, Qisheng (2010). Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry. Burlington: Elsevier Science. p. 54. ISBN 9780444536006. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ Jaffe, Mark (April 30, 1995). "Lucia V. Streng, 85; Innovative Chemist At Temple University". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ a b W. Henderson (2000). Main group chemistry. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 149. ISBN 0-85404-617-8.
- ^ Charlie Harding; David Arthur Johnson; Rob Janes (2002). Elements of the p block. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 94. ISBN 0-85404-690-9.
- ^ John H. Holloway; Eric G. Hope (1998). A. G. Sykes (ed.). Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-12-023646-X.
- ^ A. Earnshaw; Norman Greenwood (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 903. ISBN 9780080501093.
- ^ Bougon, Roland (1984). "Synthesis and properties of silver trifluoride AgF3". Inorganic Chemistry. 23 (22): 3667–3668. doi:10.1021/ic00190a049.
- ^ Falconer, W. E.; Morton, J. R.; Streng, A. G. (1964-08-01). "Electron Spin Resonance Spectrum of KrF". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 41 (3): 902–903. Bibcode:1964JChPh..41..902F. doi:10.1063/1.1725990. ISSN 0021-9606.
General reading
[edit]- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.