Sind State

Thatta Subah
صوبه تته (Persian)
ٺٽو صوبو (Sindhi)
Sind State
ایالت سند (Persian)
سنڌ رياست (Sindhi)
Thatta Subah; صوبه تته (Persian); ٺٽو صوبو (Sindhi)Sind State; ایالت سند (Persian); سنڌ رياست (Sindhi)
1593–1843
	Left: Black Standard of the Kalhora dynasty; Right: Belochee Standard captured at Miani (1843)
	Motto: مبارک باشد (Persian); "May it flourish";
Status	Division of Multan Province of the Mughal Empire (1593–1629); Province of the Mughal Empire (1629–1737); Vassal state of the Mughal, Afsharid and Durrani empires (1737–1809); Princely state under British protection (1809–1843);
Capital	Thatta (1593–1737); Khudabad (1737–1768); Hyderabad (1768–1843);
Common languages	Persian (official), Sindhi (regional), Balochi (dynastic), Rajasthani, Hindustani, English
Ethnic groups	Sindhi; Saraiki; Baloch; Punjabi; Rajasthani;
Religion	Sunni Islam (official from 1593 to 1783), Shia Islam (official from 1783 to 1843), Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity
Demonym(s)	Sindhi
Government	Mughal divisional government (1593–1629); Mughal provincial government (1629–1737); Unitary constituent monarchy (1737–1783); Federal constituent monarchy (1783–1843);
Hakim/Subahdar; (1593–1737)
• 1593–1594	Patar Das Khattari (first)
• 1736–1737	Sadiq Ali Khan (last)
Nawab; (1737–1783)
• 1737–1755	Noor Mohammad Kalhoro (first)
• 1782–1783	Abdul Nabi Kalhoro (last)
Mir; (1783–1843)
• 1783–1801	Fateh Ali Talpur (first)
• 1840–1843	Nasir Khan Talpur (last)
Historical era	Early modern; Modern;
• Tarkhan forces surrender to Khan-i-Khanan at Thatta	1 November 1592
• Jani Beg Tarkhan forced to abdicate to Emperor Akbar at Lahore	28 March 1593
• Independence from Mughal Empire	1737
• Third Battle of Panipat	14 January 1761
• Transfer of power from Kalhoras to Talpurs	1783
• Alliance with the East India Company	1809
• Battle of Miani	17 February 1843
• Battle of Hyderabad	24 March 1843
Area
	140,914 km2 (54,407 sq mi)
Currency	Rupee
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Mughal Empire
	Tarkhan dynasty
	Khanate of Kalat
Bombay Presidency
Khairpur State
Today part of	Pakistan Sindh; Balochistan; Punjab; ; India Rajasthan; ;

The Thatta Sarkar (1593–1629), Thatta Subah (1629–1737) or Sind State (1737–1843), also referred to as Scinde or Sindh, was a Mughal Sarkar later a Subah, then a proto-state, and lastly a princely state in the Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent until its annexation by the East India Company in 1843. The name Sind (/sɪŋd/), now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, which was also adopted by the British to refer to its division.

Geography

The Thatta Subah was bordered to the north by the Multan Subah, to the west by the Safavid Empire and later the Khanate of Kalat, to the east by the Ajmer Subah and to the south by the Gujarat Subah and the Arabian Sea.

History

After the Mughal conquest of Sindh, the area was ruled from 1593 to 1629 by a Hakim, who was directly appointed by the Mughal Emperor from Delhi despite Thatta being a Sarkar (Division) of the Multan Subah. The Sarkar was predominantly (but not entirely) influenced by the Tarkhan dynasty with Jani Beg, Ghazi Beg and Isa Khan II serving as Hakim of Thatta. In 1629, Thatta was made into a separate Subah (Province) and was divided into three divisions: Sehwan Sarkar, Bhakkar Sarkar and Thatta Sarkar each administered by a Faujdar who reported to the Subahdar. In 1699–1700, the Subahdar of Lahore and Multan, Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam and the Subahdar of Thatta, Hifzullah Khan faced off against the Kalhora chieftain and a religious personality Deen Mohammad Kalhoro at Khore. Deen Mohammad was killed while his brother, Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, was exiled to Kalat. In his absence, Bhaktia Barozai, a local landowner, took over the Kalhora estate. Yar Muhammad returned to Sindh in 1701 after Hifzullah's death and, along with his subordinate Shahdad Khan Talpur, retook his land making Khudabad his capital. Yar Muhammad was later pardoned by the Mughal court in exchange for complete loyalty. After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, Yar Muhammad was given the administration of Sehwan Sarkar by the Subahdar of Thatta Prince Mui'zz-ud-Din. In 1708, Yar Muhammad was provided with the additional charge of Sibi and Dhadar which were initially granted to the Barozai Panni tribe by Emperor Aurangzeb. On the orders of Emperor Farrukhsiyar, Yar Muhammad and Mir Lutf Ali Khan, the new Subahdar of Thatta, laid seige to the town of Jhok which served as the base for Shah Inayat, a revolutionary and an agriculturalal reformist who led a peasants rebellion against the feudal landlords and estate holders of Sindh. The seige continued from September–December 1717 and was deemed successful as Shah Inayat was deceivingly captured on 1 January 1718 and executed by Lutf Ali on 7 January. In 1725, Noor Mohammad Kalhoro, the son of Yar Muhammad and also the de facto ruler of Sind (who now had gained the administration of Bhakkar along with Sehwan), forged an alliance with the Emir of Afghanistan Hussain Hotak during his war with the Khanate of Kalat. Noor Mohammad later killed the Khan of Kalat Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai in the Battle of Kachhi. Noor Mohammad also came into conflict with the Nawab Amir of Bahawalpur Sadeq Khan I Daudpotra for the control over Shikarpur.

Sind officially broke away from the Mughal Empire in 1737 and asserted autonomy under Noor Mohammad and his Kalhora clansmen as the Thatta Sarkar too was alotted to him by Emperor Muhammad Shah. Sind, along with Hyderabad and Awadh, supported the Mughal Empire during Nader Shah's invasion but was subdued by him in his Sindh expedition with Sibi given to Kalat and Shikarpur granted to Bahawalpur. These areas were shortly recaptured by Noor Mohammad after Nader Shah's departure. During Ahmad Shah's invasion, Sind became a tributary state of the Afghan Empire and also reached its greatest glory under Ghulam Shah Kalhoro who not only defeated the Khan of Kalat Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai and Rao of Kutch Godji II but also formed a marital alliance with Nawab of Bahawalpur Mubarak Khan II Daudpotra. Ghulam Shah also took part in the Third Battle of Panipat alongside Ahmad Shah Durrani against the Maratha Confederacy. Tensions arose between Ghulam Shah and Ahmad Shah who wanted to appoint Muhammad Atur Kalhoro to the throne of Sind. Bahadur Khan was sent by Ahmad Shah but was defeated by Ghulam Shah in the Battle of Ubauro. In 1768, Ghulam Shah shifted his capital from Khudabad to the newly built city of Hyderabad which was built on the ruins of an ancient city Neroon Kot by constructing the Pacco Qillo. After the untimely death of Ghulam Shah in 1772, four Kalhora Nawabs were enthroned ensuingly in just 11 years while two battles were fought: the Battle of Larkana in 1781 and the First Battle of Shikarpur in 1782, to decide the fate of Sind.

In 1783, the Talpur Mirs, who long served the Kalhoras as their prime minister, revolted under Fateh Ali Talpur and replaced the last Kalhora Nawab, Abdul Nabi Kalhoro, in the Battle of Halani. Fateh Ali expanded his domain by reclaiming Karachi back from Kalat which was lost to them by the Kalhoras. He also defended his territories during the Shikarpur campaign in which the Talpurs had to face the allied armies of the Afghans, Khan of Kalat and remnants of the Kalhora dynasty. Under the hegemony of the Talpurs, Sind was divided into three fiefdoms: Hyderabad under the Shahdadani branch, Mirpur Khas under the Manikani branch and Khairpur under the Sohrabani branch, forming a federation and later a confederacy. Sind gradually became a princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement in 1809. After the Anglo–Sind War, Sind, except from Khairpur, was annexed by the East India Company and was made a part of the Bombay Presidency. Mir of Hyderabad, Nasir Khan Talpur and Mir of Mirpur Khas, Sher Muhammad Talpur were defeated in the Battle of Miani (17 February 1843) and the Battle of Hyderabad (24 March 1843) respectively while Mir of Khairpur, Ali Murad Talpur continued to resist the British but eventually gave up attempts and entered into treaty with them with Khairpur becoming a princely state in 1853.

List of Subahdars, Nawabs and Mirs

Subahdars

Title	Personal Name	Reign	Serving Monarch	Notes
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Rao Patar Das Khattari رای پترداس کهتری	28 March 1593 – 1594	Akbar اکبر	Removed due to unpopularity among locals.
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan میرزا جانی بیگ ترخان	1594 – 1 February 1601	Akbar اکبر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan میرزا غازی بیگ ترخان	1 February 1601 – 12 April 1612	Akbar اکبر Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Muzaffer Khan Mir Abd al-Razzaq Mamuri مظفرخان میرعبدالرزاق معموری	1612–1614	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mirza Rustam Safavi میرزا رستم صفوی	1614–1615	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Taj Khan Tash Beg تاج خان تاش بیگ	1614–1615	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Arsalan Beg Shamsher Khan Uzbek ارسلان بیگ شمشیر خان اوزبک	1615–1617	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Khan-i-Dauran Mirza Shah Beg Arghun Khan خانِ دوران میرزا شاه بیگ ارغون خان	1617–1617	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Muzaffer Khan Mir Abd al-Razzaq Mamuri مظفرخان میرعبدالرزاق معموری	1617–1618	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Khan-i-Dauran Mirza Shah Beg Arghun Khan خانِ دوران میرزا شاه بیگ ارغون خان	1618–1619	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mustafa Khan Sayyid Bayazid Bukhari مصطفی خان سید بایزید بخاری	1619–1623	Jahangir جهانگیر	Scion of the Uch's Bukhari clan, he first served as the Faujdar of Bukkur. He was granted 2,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry as well. Also written as Syed Bazayd Bukhari.
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Salaf-ud-Din Muhammad Shahryar سلف الدین محمد شهریار	13 October 1625 – 1626	Jahangir جهانگیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mirza Abu Saeed میرزا ابوسعید	1626–1627	Jahangir جهانگیر	an Iranian, the nephew of Empress Nur Jahan.
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Muhammad Isa Khan Tarkhan II محمد عیسی خان ترخان دوم	1627–1628	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Sher Khwaja Baqi Khan شیر خواجه باقی خان	1628–1628	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mir Hussam al-Din Murtaza Khan Anju میر حسام الدین مرتضی خان انجو	1628–1629	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Amir Khan Mir Abul Baqa امیر خان میر ابوالبقا	1629–1631	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Yusuf Muhammad Khan Tashqandi یوسف محمد خان تاشقندی	1631–1635	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان

Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Khawas Khan Daulat Khan Mayi خواص خان دولت خان مئی	1635–1640	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Khwaja Kāmgār Ghayrat Khan خواجه کامگار غیرت خان	1640–1641	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Shad Khan شاد خان	1641–1643	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Amir Khan Mir Abul Baqa امیر خان میر ابوالبقا	1643–1647	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mughal Khan مغل خان	1647–1649	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Muhi al-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb محی الدین محمد اورنگ‌زیب	1649–1653	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Sardar Khan Shahjahani سردار خان شاهجهانی	1653–1653	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Zafar Khan Khwaja Ahsanullah ظفر خان خواجه احسن الله	1653–1655	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mirza Sipihr Shikoh میرزا سپهر شکوه	1655–1658	Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Qabad Khan Mir Akhur قباد خان میر آخور	1658–1660	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Yadgar Beg Lashkar Khan یادگار بیگ لشکر خان	1660–1662	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani عزت خان سید عبدالرزاق گیلانی	1662–1664	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Ghazanfar Khan غضنفر خان	1664–1666	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani عزت خان سید عبدالرزاق گیلانی	1666–1669	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Abu Nusrat Khan ابو نصرت خان	1669–1671	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Saadat Khan سعادت خان	1671–1673	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani عزت خان سید عبدالرزاق گیلانی	1673–1679	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Khana Zaad Khan خانه زاد خان	1679–1683	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Sardar Khan سردار خان	1683–1687	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Murid Khan مرید خان	1687–1689	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Zabardast Khan زبردست خان	1689–1689	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Abu Nusrat Khan ابو نصرت خان	1689–1691	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Hifzullah Khan حفظ الله خان	1691–1701	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Saeed Khan سعید خان	1701–1702	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mir Amin al-Din Khan Husayn میر امین الدین خان حسین	1702–1703	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Yusuf Khan Tirmizi یوسف خان ترمذی	1703–1704	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Ahmad Yar Khan احمد یار خان	1704–1707	Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Saeed Atr Khan Bahadur سعید عطر خان بهادر	1707–1709	Azam Shah اعظم شاه Bahadur Shah I بهادرشاه یکم
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mahin Khan مهین خان	1709–1711	Bahadur Shah I بهادرشاه یکم
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Shakir Khan شاکر خان	1711–1712	Bahadur Shah I بهادرشاه یکم
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mahin Khan مهین خان	1712–1712	Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Khwaja Muhammad Khalil Khan خواجه محمد خلیل خان	1712–1713	Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Saeed Atr Khan Bahadur سعید عطر خان بهادر	1713–1714	Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Yaqub Kashmiri یعقوب کشمیری	1714–1714	Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mir Muhammad Shujaat Khan Shafi میر محمد شجاعت خان شفیع	1714–1715	Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mir Lutf Ali Khan میر لطف علی خان	1715–1719	Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Azam Khan اعظم خان	1719–1719	Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Mahabat Khan محبت خان	1719–1722	Shah Jahan II شاه‌جهان دوم Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Sultan Mahmud Khan سلطان محمود خان	1722–1724	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Saifullah Khan سیف الله خان	1724–1730	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Sadiq Ali Khan صادق علی خان	1730–1730	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Dilerdil Khan دلیردل خان	1730–1732	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Himmet Dilerdil Khan همت دلیردل خان	1732–1736	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
Subahdar صوبه‌دار	Sadiq Ali Khan صادق علی خان	1736–1737	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه	Deposed by Mian Noor Kalhoro who became the Nawab of Sindh.

Nawabs (Kalhora dynasty)

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Nawab نواب	Mian Noor Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان نورمحمد خان کلهوره	1737–1755
Nawab نواب	Mian Muradyad Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان مرادیاب محمد خان کلهوره	1755–1757
Nawab نواب	Mian Ghulam Muhammad Shah Kalhoro میان غلام محمد شاه کلهوره	1757–1758
Nawab نواب	Mian Atur Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میاں عطر محمد خان کلهوره	1758–1759
Nawab نواب	Mian Ghulam Muhammad Shah Kalhoro میان غلام محمد شاه کلهوره	1759–1772
Nawab نواب	Mian Sarfaraz Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان سرفراز محمد خان کلهوره	1772–1775
Nawab نواب	Mian Ghulam Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میاں غلام نبی محمد خان کلهوره	1775–1776
Nawab نواب	Mian Abdul Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان عبدالنبی محمد خان کلهوره	1776–1781
Nawab نواب	Mian Sadik Ali Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میاں صادق علی محمد خان کلهوره	1781–1782
Nawab نواب	Mian Abdul Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان عبدالنبی محمد خان کلهوره	1782–1783

Mirs (Talpur dynasty)

Shahdadani Talpurs of Hyderabad

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Mir میر	Fateh Ali Khan Talpur فتح علی خان تالپور	1783–1801
Mir میر	Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur غلام علی‌خان تالپور	1801–1811
Mir میر	Karam Ali Khan Talpur کرم علی‌خان تالپور	1811–1828
Mir میر	Murad Ali Khan Talpur مراد علی‌خان تالپور	1828–1833
Mir میر	Noor Muhammad Khan Talpur نور محمدخان تالپور	1833–1840
Mir میر	Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur محمد نصیرخان تالپور	1840–1843

Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Mir میر	Sohrab Ali Khan Talpur سهراب علی‌خان تالپور	1783–1811
Mir میر	Rustam Ali Khan Talpur رستم علی‌خان تالپور	1811–1842
Mir میر	Ali Murad Khan Talpur علی مرادخان تالپور	1842–1894
Mir میر	Faiz Muhammad Khan Talpur فیض محمدخان تالپور	1894 – 5 March 1909
Mir میر	Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur امام بخش خان تالپور	5 March 1909 – 8 February 1921
Mir میر	Ali Nawaz Khan Talpur علی نوازخان تالپور	8 February 1921 – 25 December 1935
Mir میر	Faiz Muhammad Khan Talpur II فیض محمدخان تالپور دوم	25 December 1935 – 19 July 1947
Mir میر	George Ali Murad Khan Talpur II جارج علی مرادخان تالپور دوم	19 July 1947 – 10 November 1954

Manikani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Mir میر	Tharo Ali Khan Talpur تهاره علی‌خان تالپور	1783 – 1806
Mir میر	Ali Murad Khan Talpur علی مرادخان تالپور	1806 – 1829
Mir میر	Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur شیر محمدخان تالپور	1829 – 1843

References

^ Beasley, Edward (2016). The Chartist General Charles James Napier, The Conquest of Sind, and Imperial Liberalism. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 9781315517285.

Notes

^ Hyderabad served as the central seat for the autonomous Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur, Manikani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas and, Shahwani Talpurs of Tando Muhammad Khan from 1783 onwards

[2] Beasley, Edward (2016). The Chartist General Charles James Napier, The Conquest of Sind, and Imperial Liberalism. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 9781315517285.

[1] Hyderabad served as the central seat for the autonomous Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur, Manikani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas and, Shahwani Talpurs of Tando Muhammad Khan from 1783 onwards

[a]

[1]