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Yalta

Coordinates: 44°29′58″N 34°10′12″E / 44.49944°N 34.17000°E / 44.49944; 34.17000
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Yalta
Ялта (Russian and Ukrainian)
City
Flag of Yalta as recognised by Ukraine (de jure)Flag of Yalta as recognised by Russia (de facto)Flag of Yalta
Flag
Coat of arms of Yalta as recognised by Ukraine (de jure)Coat of arms of Yalta as recognised by Russia (de facto)Coat of arms of Yalta
Coat of arms
Yalta is located in Crimea
Yalta
Yalta
Location of Yalta within Crimea
Yalta is located in Ukraine
Yalta
Yalta
Location of Yalta within Ukraine
Yalta is located in European Russia
Yalta
Yalta
Location of Yalta within Russia
Yalta is located in Europe
Yalta
Yalta
Location of Yalta within Europe
Coordinates: 44°29′58″N 34°10′12″E / 44.49944°N 34.17000°E / 44.49944; 34.17000
RepublicCrimea
MunicipalityYalta Municipality
Elevation
40 m (130 ft)
Population
 (2014)
 • Total
76,746
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)
Postal codes
(2)98600–(2)98639
Area code+7-3654
Former nameYalita (until the 15th century)
ClimateCfa
Map

Yalta[a] (Russian and Ukrainian: Ялта) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea. It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality, one of the regions within Crimea. Yalta, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, and is considered part of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. However, it is under the control of Russia,[2] which annexed Crimea in 2014 and regards the town as part of the Republic of Crimea. According to the most recent census, its population was 76,746 (2014 Census).[3]

The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita.[4] It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore (Greek: Γιαλός, romanized: yalos) on which to land. It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea, surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri. It has a humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards.[5]

The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945.

The term "Greater Yalta" is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements.

History

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12th–19th centuries

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19th century photograph of Yalta, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

The existence of Yalta was recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer, who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement. It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century, when it was known as Etalita or Galita. Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe (Feodosiya). Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, along with the rest of Crimea, sparking the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). Prior to the annexation of the Crimea, the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778; one of the villages they established nearby is also called Yalta.

In the 19th century, the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry. Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house (the White Dacha) here, where he lived until 1902; Yalta is the setting for Chekhov's short story, "The Lady with the Dog", and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta. The town was also closely associated with royalty. In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace southwest of the town in 1911.

20th century

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Yelena Villa in Yalta, c. 1915

During the 20th century, Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union. In 1920, Vladimir Lenin issued a decree "On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People" which endorsed the region's transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians. Numerous workers' sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district. There were, in fact, few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday, as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful. The Soviet elite also came to Yalta; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence.

Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944.

The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the "Big Three" powers – the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace.

21st century

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Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Yalta has struggled economically. Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts, now that they had the freedom and money to travel; conversely, the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta. The town's transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea. The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta (almost 90 km). Yalta is crowded in the vacation season (July–August) and prices for accommodation are very high. Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union; in 2013, about 12% of tourists to Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships.[6]

Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea. People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year, and it also serves as a place to gather and talk, to see and be seen. There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade. Many kinds of pine trees (Stone pine and Aleppo pine for example), oleander shrubs, lemon and olive trees and different sorts of palm trees such as the Chinese windmill palm, the Mexican fan palm and the Canary Island date palm are scattered all over the city. The town has several movie theaters, a drama theater, plenty of restaurants, and several open-air markets.

Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010, these were the first beaches (with two beaches in Yevpatoria) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state.[7]

In 2014, Russia, in violation of international law, invaded Crimea and claimed it as part of Russia.[8]

Main sights

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Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta.
Foros Church is a popular wedding location
Nikitsky Botanical Garden

Famous attractions within or near Yalta are:

Moreover, Yalta's suburbs contain:

Geography

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Climate

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As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and within an amphitheatre of hills, the climate is mild. Köppen classifies the city as humid subtropical (Cfa), bordering on a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa);[5] while the city's Trewartha class is oceanic (Do), barely missing the criteria for humid subtropical (Cf). In February, the average temperature reaches 4 °C (39 °F). Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter. In July, the average temperature reaches 24 °C (75 °F). The average annual precipitation is 612 millimetres (24.1 in), most of it being concentrated in the colder months. The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year. Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea, the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes. The average annual temperature for Yalta is around 14 °C (57 °F), which makes it one of the warmest places in Ukraine.

Climate data for Yalta (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.1
(102.4) 		39.1
(102.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.5
(88.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		39.1
(102.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		25.7
(78.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		4.6
(40.3) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		21.6
(70.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.3
(43.3) 		13.8
(56.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.2
(10.0) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−12.3
(9.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76
(3.0) 		56
(2.2) 		48
(1.9) 		29
(1.1) 		36
(1.4) 		35
(1.4) 		32
(1.3) 		43
(1.7) 		43
(1.7) 		52
(2.0) 		57
(2.2) 		84
(3.3) 		591
(23.3)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 1
(0.4) 		1
(0.4) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4)
Average rainy days 14 12 13 12 11 10 8 7 10 10 12 15 134
Average snowy days 6 6 4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 20
Average relative humidity (%) 75.7 73.6 72.7 72.0 69.7 67.7 61.9 61.5 65.4 71.5 74.4 75.1 70.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.6 85.1 133.3 174.9 239.2 273.2 308.1 280.6 216.2 145.1 89.3 63.2 2,076.8
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[9]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[10]
Boardwalk at Yalta
Yalta seafront promenade

Demographics

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As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001, the population of Yalta is 80,500. The main ethnic groups of Yalta are: Russians (65.5%), Ukrainians (25.7%), Belarusians (1.6%), and Crimean Tatars (1.3%).[11] The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue. This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns. The metropolitan area population is about 139,500.

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Yalta is twinned with:[12][13][14][15]

Notable people born in Yalta

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ English approximation of the name: UK: /ˈjæltə, ˈjɔːltə, ˈjɒltə/, US: /ˈjɔːltə/ [1]

References

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  1. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
  2. ^ "Fictitious Annexation Follows Voting". 30 September 2022.
  3. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2014). "Таблица 1.3. Численность населения Крымского федерального округа, городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений" [Table 1.3. Population of Crimean Federal District, Its Urban Okrugs, Municipal Districts, Urban and Rural Settlements]. Федеральное статистическое наблюдение «Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе». ("Population Census in Crimean Federal District" Federal Statistical Examination) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  4. ^ Sergei R. Grinevetsky; Igor S. Zonn; Sergei S. Zhiltsov; Aleksey N. Kosarev; Andrey G. Kostianoy (2015). The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 821. ISBN 978-3662518403.
  5. ^ a b Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  6. ^ New York Times, For Crimea, It's Russian Troops In, Tourists Out, by Neil MacFarquhar, 24 May 2014,
  7. ^ Four beaches in Crimea receive international certificates of cleanliness, Kyiv Post (May 12, 2010)
  8. ^ "Crimea: Echoes of history on the road to Yalta". 14 March 2014.
  9. ^ "Климат Ялты" (in Russian). Погода и климат (Weather and Climate). Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  10. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  11. ^ Central Statistical Office of AR Crimea Archived 2012-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, see «Ялта», column №3.
  12. ^ "Ялта и итальянский Родвиго планируют стать городами-побратимами". gazetacrimea.ru (in Russian). Gazeta Crimea. 2017-04-28. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  13. ^ "Ялта и Грозный стали городами-побратимами". crimea.kp.ru (in Russian). 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  14. ^ "Ялта и итальянский Родвиго планируют стать городами-побратимами". fontanka.ru (in Russian). Fontanka. 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  15. ^ "Луганск и Ялта побратаются. Луганчан ждут скидки на ЮБК?". cxid.info (in Russian). 2019-01-18. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
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