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Primary congenital glaucoma

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Primary congenital glaucoma
Other names"trabeculodysgenesis", "goniodysgenesis". "childhood glaucoma"
A child with right eye buphthalmos, developed due to congenital glaucoma.
SpecialtyOphthalmology
SymptomsBuphthalmos. Photophobia, Epiphora
CausesDevelopmental anomalies in the eye's drainage system
TreatmentGoniotomy, trabeculotomy[1]

Primary congenital glaucoma is a rare eye condition that is present at birth or develops early in childhood. It occurs due to improper drainage of the eye's fluids, which leads to increased pressure inside the eye, known as intraocular pressure. This elevated pressure can damage the optic nerve which will result in permanent vision loss.[2][3] It is also known as pediatric glaucoma or childhood glaucoma, and was previously known as trabeculodysgenesis or goniodysgenesis.

Types

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Primary congenital glaucoma is classified into three subtypes:[4]

  • true congenital glaucoma, which causes signs of increased intraocular pressure within the first month of life,
  • infantile glaucoma, which presents between one month and three years, and
  • juvenile glaucoma, which becomes clinically apparent after three years of age and before age 40.

Primary juvenile glaucoma

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Primary juvenile glaucoma becomes apparent between the ages of 3 and 40.[4] It develops due to ocular hypertension and is diagnosed between three years of age and early adulthood.[5][6] It is caused due to abnormalities in the anterior chamber angle development that obstruct aqueous outflow in the absence of systemic anomalies or other ocular malformation.[7]

History

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the disease was commonly referred to by terms such as trabeculodysgenesis and goniodysgenesis, emphasizing the developmental anomalies in the eye's drainage structures. It was considered untreatable at the time, with most cases resulting in inevitable vision loss and blindness due to elevated intraocular pressure. In the early 20th century, Dr. Paul Chandler identified congenital glaucoma as a distinct medical condition. Later, Dr. Janey Wiggs, a researcher at Harvard Medical School, conducted studies identifying new genetic mutations associated with congenital glaucoma, such as the thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) gene.[8]

Causes and symptoms

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The condition is often caused by developmental anomalies in the eye's drainage system. Genetic factors play a significant role, with several mutations identified like thrombospondin-1 that contribute to the development of congenital glaucoma.[9][10] Common symptoms of primary congenital glaucoma include.[11]

Presentation

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The typical infant who has congenital glaucoma usually is initially referred to an ophthalmologist because of apparent corneal edema. The commonly described triad of epiphora (excessive tearing), blepharospasm and photophobia may be missed until the corneal edema becomes apparent.[7]

Systemic associations

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Two of the more commonly encountered disorders that may be associated with congenital glaucoma are Aniridia and Sturge–Weber syndrome.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

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The diagnosis is clinical. The intraocular pressure (IOP) can be measured in the office in a conscious swaddled infant using a Tonopen or hand-held Goldmann tonometer. Usually, the IOP in normal infants is in the range of 11-14 mmHg.[7] Buphthalmos and Haab's striae can often be seen in case of congenital glaucoma.[citation needed]

Its diagnosis process typically involves an eye examination, including measurement of intraocular pressure, corneal diameter, and optic nerve assessment. Goniotomy is one surgical option, where surgeons cut into the eye's drainage angle to access the trabecular meshwork, using a gonioscope for visibility. If the drainage angle isn't clearly visible through the cornea, a trabeculotomy is performed, cutting into the sclera with an electrocautery device called a trabeculotome. If these approaches are ineffective, a trabeculectomy may be considered, removing part of the trabecular meshwork through the sclera to create a new drainage pathway. Alternatively, a glaucoma drainage device (tube shunt) may be implanted to drain fluids onto a plate beneath the conjunctiva. Early detection of this medical condition is important for prevention of vision loss.[12]

Differential diagnosis

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Corneal cloudiness may have myriad of causes. Corneal opacity that results from hereditary dystrophies is usually symmetric. Corneal enlargement may result from megalocornea, a condition in which the diameter of the cornea is larger than usual and the eye is otherwise normal.[citation needed]

Treatment

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The preferred treatment of congenital glaucoma is surgical, not medical. The initial procedures of choice are goniotomy or trabeculotomy if the cornea is clear, and trabeculectomy ab externo if the cornea is hazy. The success rates are similar for both procedures in patients with clear corneas. Trabeculectomy and shunt procedures should be reserved for those cases in which goniotomy or trabeculotomy has failed. Cyclophotocoagulation is necessary in some intractable cases but should be avoided whenever possible because of its potential adverse effects on the lens and the retina.[13]

Epidemiology

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In the United States, the incidence of primary congenital glaucoma is about one in 10,000 live births. Worldwide, the incidence ranges from a low of 1:22,000 in Northern Ireland to a high of 1:2,500 in Saudi Arabia and 1:1,250 in Romania. In about two-thirds of cases, it is bilateral. The distribution between males and females varies with geography. In North America and Europe, it is more common in boys, whereas in Japan it is more common in girls.[14]

  • Incidence: one in every 10000-15000 live births.
  • Bilateral in up to 80% of cases.
  • Most cases are sporadic (90%). However, in the remaining 10% there appears to be a strong familial component.

Genetics

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Primary congenital glaucomas most commonly occur sporadically.[4] Juvenile open-angle glaucoma is typically an autosomal dominant, inherited condition.[6][15] A primary cause is myocilin protein dysfunction.[16] Myocilin gene mutations are identified in approximately 10% of patients affected by juvenile glaucoma.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The glaucomas". Parsons' diseases of the eye (22nd ed.). New Delhi, India: Elsevier. 15 July 2015. ISBN 978-81-312-3818-9.
  2. ^ "The Unique and Delicate Practice of Treating Children With Primary Congenital Glaucoma". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2024-09-01. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  3. ^ Oxford Academic - Human Molecular Genetics. "Primary congenital and developmental glaucomas."
  4. ^ a b c Kaur, Kirandeep; Gurnani, Bharat (11 June 2023). "Primary Congenital Glaucoma". StatPearls. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 34662067. NBK574553. Retrieved 1 October 2023 – via National Libraries of Medicine.
  5. ^ Morisette J, Côté G, Anctil JL, Plante M, Amyot M, Héon E, Trope GE, Weissenbach J, Raymond V (1995). "A common gene for juvenile and adult-onset primary open-angle glaucomas confined on chromosome 1q". American Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (6): 1431–1442. PMC 1801110. PMID 7762566.
  6. ^ a b Wiggs, JL; Damji, KF; Haines, JL; Pericak-Vance, MA; Allingham, RR (Jan 1996). "The distinction between juvenile and adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma". American Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (1): 243–4. PMC 1914955. PMID 8554064.
  7. ^ a b c Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2009). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 9780323043328.
  8. ^ "New Genetic Mutation Behind Childhood Glaucoma Identified". Harvard Medical School. 30 November 2022.
  9. ^ "New genetic mutation behind childhood glaucoma identified". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  10. ^ Kumar, Anika; Han, Ying; Oatts, Julius T. (2024-02-22). "Genetic changes and testing associated with childhood glaucoma: A systematic review". PLOS ONE. 19 (2): e0298883. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1998883K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298883. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10883561. PMID 38386645.
  11. ^ Saling, Joseph. "Primary Congenital Glaucoma: What Is It and How Did My Child Get It?". WebMD. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  12. ^ "Congenital Glaucoma". Cleveland Clinic. 10 August 2024.
  13. ^ Basic and clinical science course (2011–2012). Glaucoma. American Academy of Ophthalmology. ISBN 978-1615251179.
  14. ^ Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Congenital Glaucoma Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Chardoub, Abd Alkader Jafer; Blair, Kyle (26 December 2022). "Juvenile Glaucoma". StatPearls. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32965934. NBK562263. Retrieved 1 October 2023 – via National Libraries of Medicine.
  16. ^ Turalba AV, Chen TC (2008). "Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Primary Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma (JOAG)". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 23 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1080/08820530701745199. PMID 18214788. S2CID 12527263.

Further reading

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