Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)
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The systemic human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985) included extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances, torture, arbitrary detention, and severe restrictions on freedom of speech.[1] Human Rights Watch has described the human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil as crimes against humanity.[1]
Institutional Act 5 of December 13, 1968, which suspended habeas corpus and constitutional protections and led to the institutionalization of torture as a tool by the state, brought on the worst period of state violence and repression.[2] As James Petras argues, the military dictatorship's institutionalization of violence and systemic use of terror were fundamental to its short-lived "economic miracle."[3]
Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances
[edit]
The National Truth Commission recognized 434 political killings and forced disappearances between 1946 and 1988, majority of which occurred during the military dictatorship (1964–1985).[4]
Torture
[edit]Brasil: Nunca Mais—a monumental report edited by Paulo Evaristo Arns published July 15, 1985, four months after the restoration of civilian rule—documented the extent and character of the military dictatorship's use of torture by analyzing hundreds of thousands of court testimonies and official documents.[5][6]
Arbitrary detention
[edit]
Official estimates indicate that around 50,000 people were detained in the initial months of the dictatorship, with approximately 10,000 individuals forced into exile during that period. [1] An example of arbitrary detention under the military dictatorship was the detainment, torture, and forced disappearance of 70 members of the Communist Party of Brazil and peasants without investigation and the subsequent restriction of access to information for next of kin, in violation of Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights.[7]
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Censorship
[edit]Zuenir Ventura estimates that in the period from December 13, 1968 to January 1, 1979 during which the AI-5 was in effect, "approximately 500 films, 450 theatrical plays, 200 books, dozens of radio programs, 100 magazines, over 500 song lyrics, and a dozen telenovela titles and pilots" were censored.[8]
Mass grave
[edit]The military dictatorship used Cemitério Dom Bosco as a clandestine mass grave where it buried the bodies of disappeared dissidents.[2] In September 1990, an investigation supported by Luiza Erundina discovered a clandestine ditch with 1049 body bags containing skeletal remains, only five of which have been identified, including those of the trade unionist Aluísio Palhano Pedreira Ferreira.[2][9]
Legacy
[edit]The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights issued a ruling in 2009 marking the first international judgement on crimes against humanity during Brazil’s military rule emphasizing the need for accountability and justice for victims and their families. As of that time, no Brazilian official had been charged for the human rights abuses committed during the military dictatorship.[1]
Attempts at reconciliation
[edit]In 2014, the National Truth Commission, a restorative justice body convened to study human rights abuses in Brazil, identified 377 state agents—about 200 of whom were still alive—as responsible for hundreds of cases of torture, assassinations, and secret disappearances during the military dictatorship.[2] However, the amnesty law passed by the dictatorship August 28, 1979 has shielded all those guilty of torture from facing justice.[2]
In June 2021, A Brazilian court handed down the first conviction of a state agent for human rights abuses, retired police officer Carlos Alberto Agusto, who was sentenced to 2 years and 11 months in prison for kidnapping Edgar de Aquino Duarte. Judge Silvio Cesar Arouck Gemaque concluded that kidnapping was an "ongoing crime," to which the amnesty law wouldn't apply.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Brazil: Prosecute Dictatorship-Era Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f "No Justice for Horrors of Brazil's Military Dictatorship 50 Years On". Human Rights Watch. 2018-12-13. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ Petras, James (1987). "The Anatomy of State Terror: Chile, El Salvador and Brazil". Science & Society. 51 (3): 314–338. ISSN 0036-8237. JSTOR 40402812.
- ^ "Comissão da Verdade aumenta lista de mortos para 434 nomes". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ "BNM - Digit@l". bnmdigital.mpf.mp.br. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ Pinheiro-Machado, Rosana (March 29, 2019). "Bolsonaro's push to commemorate Brazil's military rule is a celebration of torture". Washington Post.
- ^ "Gomes Lund et al. (Guerrilha do Araguaia) v. Brazil | IACHR". iachr.lls.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ Lichote, Leonardo (2020-09-14). "A ditadura brasileira contra Caetano Veloso: os arquivos completos da repressão". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-03-08.
- ^ "Desaparecidos políticos na Vala de Perus". Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ "First Conviction for Dictatorship Crimes in Brazil | Human Rights Watch". 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2024-12-02.