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Pichia

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Pichia
Pichia gentianae young cells
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Pichiaceae
Genus: Pichia
Hansen, 1904
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Azymohansenula E.K.Novák & Zsolt
  • Hyphopichia Mycoderma
  • Desmazières, 1827 Mycokluyveria
  • Ciferri & Redaelli, 1947 Petasospora
  • Boidin & Abadie, 1955 Zygohansenula
  • J.Lodder, 1932 Zygowillia
  • (Klöcker) Kudrjanzev, 1960 Zymopichia
  • E.K.Novák & Zsolt, 1961

Pichia (Hansenula and Hyphopichia are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.

The genus name of Pichia is in honour of Pico Pichi (1862–1933), who was an Italian botanist and Professor of natural history and plant pathology at a viticulture school in the town of Conegliano in the Province of Treviso.[2]

The genus was circumscribed by Emil Christian Hansen in Centralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abt., 12 on pages 533–538 in 1904.

Lactose is neither fermented nor assimilated by these species. The behaviour with regard to other carbohydrates is dependent on the different species. Nitrate is always assimilated.[citation needed]

More than 100 species of this genus are known. GBIF lists 155.[1] A number of Pichia species have been reassigned to other genera, see below. As a result, Species Fungorum accepts only 32 species (see below for list).[3]

Taxonomy

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A number of species have been moved to other genera. These include moves to Wickerhamomyces (W. canadensis, W. ciferri, W. lynferdii, W. salvicola and W. subpelliculosa),[4] to Starmera, to Cyberlindnera, to Ogataea and many others.

Occurrence

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Some Pichia (in the broad, pre-split sense) interfere with the fermentation process for alcohol production. In winemaking, some species of Pichia can create potential faults in wines.[5] Most are found in decaying plants; some live in close symbiosis with insects, which live on decaying plants.

Some Pichia (sensu lato) representatives can be found in raw milk and cheese, such as P. anomala (now named Wickerhamomyces anomalus). W. anomalus has been shown to combat the undesirable mold Aspergillus flavus, which contaminates food sources such as tree nuts and corn, and produces aflatoxins. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service found that when pistachio trees were treated with W. anomalus, the growth of A. flavus was inhibited up to 97%. In addition to inhibiting A. flavus, the yeast may also help protect other agricultural crops from unwanted molds that affect the crop's taste, texture, yield, and safety.[6] In smeared-surface ripened cheese, the most important species is P. membranifaciens that also occurs on cream cheese. The formation of a so-called pellicle is typical.

Another former member of the genus, P. pastoris (now Komagataella phaffii),[7] is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as an expression system. P. angusta (now called Ogataea polymorpha), is a model organism for studying the functions of peroxisomes and their underlying molecular biology.

Some Pichia species (e.g. P. ohmeri, now Kodamaea ohmeri)[8] have recently been clinically proven to be pathogens, better known as so-called opportunistic pathogens[9] in immunocompromised humans.

Species

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As accepted by Species Fungorum;[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Pichia E.C.Hansen, 1904". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  2. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Pichia – Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  4. ^ Sérgio Luiz Alves Júnior, Helen Treichel, Thiago Olitta Basso and Boris Ugarte Stambuk (Editors) Yeasts: From Nature to Bioprocesses (2022), p. 170, at Google Books
  5. ^ Fugelsang, Kenneth C.; Edwards, Charles G., eds. (2010). "Yeasts". Wine Microbiology (Second ed.). Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 3-28. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33349-6_1. ISBN 978-0-387-33349-6.
  6. ^ Wood, Marcia (27 January 2010). "Helpful Yeast Battles Food-Contaminating Aflatoxin". Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  7. ^ Heistinger, Lina; Gasser, Brigitte; Mattanovich, Diethard (1 July 2020). "Microbe Profile: Komagataella phaffii: a methanol devouring biotech yeast formerly known as Pichia pastoris". Microbiology. 166 (7): 614–616. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000958. ISSN 1350-0872. PMID 32720891.
  8. ^ Zhou, M; Li, Y; Kudinha, T; Xu, Y; Liu, Z (2021). "Kodamaea ohmeri as an Emerging Human Pathogen: A Review and Update". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 736582. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.736582. PMC 8461310. PMID 34566940.
  9. ^ Pichia Species Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Doctor Fungus, url accessed 27 February 2014
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