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Bohai Sea

Coordinates: 38°42′N 119°54′E / 38.7°N 119.9°E / 38.7; 119.9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gulf of Pe-chi-li)
Not to be confused with Bohai Bay.
For other uses, see Bohai (disambiguation).

Bohai Sea
Chinese渤海
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBó Hǎi
Wade–GilesPo2 hai3
IPA[pwǒ.xàɪ]
Wu
Romanization[Poh平 hae平] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 9) (help)
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationBuht hói
JyutpingBut6 hoi2
Southern Min
Tâi-lôPhu̍t hái

The Bohai Sea (Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: Bó Hǎi; lit. 'Bo Sea') is a gulf/inland sea approximately 77,000 km2 (30,000 sq mi) in area on the east coast of Mainland China.[1] It is the northwestern and innermost extension of the Yellow Sea, to which it connects via the Bohai Strait. It has a mean depth of approximately 18 meters (59 ft), with a maximum depth of about 80 meters (260 ft) located in the northern part of the Bohai Strait.[2]

The Bohai Sea is enclosed by three provinces and one direct-administered municipality from three different regions of China—Liaoning Province (of Northeast China), Hebei Province and Tianjin Municipality (of North China), and Shandong Province (of East China). It is the center of the Bohai Economic Rim, and its proximity to the Chinese capital of Beijing and the municipality of Tianjin makes it one of the busiest seaways in the world. The entrance to the Bohai Sea is considered a part of the territorial sea of the People's Republic of China due to the presence of the Miaodao islands.[3][4] China declared the Bohai sea to be part of its inland waters in 1958.[5]

History

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During the Pleistocene, the Bohai Sea experienced numerous glacioeustatic transgressions and regressions, as evidenced by sediment cores sampled from the seafloor showing fluvial floodplain conditions during intervals of low sea level.[2]

Until the early 20th century, Bo Hai was often called the Gulf of Zhili (Chinese: 直隸海灣; pinyin: Zhílì Hǎiwān) or Gulf of Beizhili (北直隸海灣; Běizhílì Hǎiwān). The romanization systems widely used in the West at the time rendered these names as variations of "Jili", "Chihli", "Pechihli", or "Pe-Chihli".[6][7] Zhili and North Zhili were historic provinces in an area surrounding Beijing that approximately corresponds to what is now Hebei Province.

Geography

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There are three major bays inside the Bohai Gulf: Laizhou Bay to the south, Bohai Bay to the west, and Liaodong Bay to the north. The provincial-level administrative divisions that have a coastline to the Bohai Sea are, from the south going clockwise: Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin (Tientsin), Hebei again, and Liaoning. Some of the major rivers draining into the gulf include the Yellow River, Xiaoqing River, Hai River, Luan River, Dai River, Daling River, Xiaoling River, Liao River and Daliao River. There are a few important oil reserves in the vicinity of the gulf, including the Shengli Field. Important islands or island groups in the gulf include the Changshan Archipelago, Juehua Island (觉华岛; 覺華島), Bijia Mountain, Changxing Island, Xizhong Island, the East/West Mayi Islands (蚂蚁岛), Zhu Island (猪岛; 豬島) and She Island (蛇岛; 蛇島).

Bohai Strait

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The opening of the Bohai Sea is bounded by the Changshan Archipelago between Dalian's Lüshunkou District on the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, and the Cape of Penglai on the northernmost protrusion of Shandong Peninsula. Due to its proximity to the capital city Beijing and the population of its surrounding provinces exceeding 210 million, the exit of the Bohai Gulf to the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Strait (渤海海峡; 渤海海峽), has become one of busiest sea routes in recent times. Due to the Changshan Island Chain traversing the southern half of the strait, the strait is subdivided into several channels:

(from north to south, the most commonly used ones in bold)

  • Laotieshan Channel (老铁山水道), also known as the Lau-ti-shan Channel, is the widest and deepest
  • Daqin Channel (大钦水道)
  • Xiaoqin Channel (小钦水道)
  • North Tuoji Channel (北砣矶水道)
  • South Tuoji Channel (南砣矶水道)
  • Changshan Channel (长山水道), is the most direct route to Tianjin
  • Dengzhou Channel (登州水道), also known as the Miaodao Channel (庙岛水道) or Miaodao Strait (庙岛海峡), is the nearest to the shore but also the shallowest

Major ports

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China MSA's Seaways Plan for the Bohai Sea. Planned routes follow closely the seaways currently in use

There are five major ports along the Bohai Sea rim, with throughputs over 100 million tons, though the port of Tangshan is further subdivided into Jingtang and Caofeidian:

Caofeidian and Jingtang are usually treated as one port for statistical purposes. The ports of Dalian and Yantai are also traditionally considered part of the Bohai rim, even though strictly speaking they lie outside the limits of the sea. The Port of Longkou reached 70 million tons of cargo in 2013, and is expected to reach the 100 million ton landmark in the near future.[8]

Major cities along the Bohai Sea coast

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Rocky shore in Dalian, Liaoning

Hydrocarbon resources

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The Bohai Bay contains significant oil and gas reserves,[9] which provide much of China's offshore production. The main field in the region, named Shengli, has been exploited since the 1960s. It still produces about half a million barrels a day, but is declining.[10] Production is dominated by Chinese majors (China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) was mostly created for this region), but foreign companies, including ConocoPhillips[11] and Roc Oil Company,[12] are present. The Gudao Field, located in the Zhanhua sedimentary basin, was discovered in 1968, based on gravity, magnetic and seismic surveys conducted between 1963 and 1964.[13] The reservoir includes the Guantao (Miocene) and Minghuazhen (Pliocene) geologic formations within the dome-like anticline.[13] The Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field was discovered in 1987, and produces from Oligocene fluvial-deltaic and lacustrine sandstones.[14] Oil spills have been reported frequently in this region: three spills occurred in a two-month timeframe in 2011.[15] In 2024, CNOOC discovered a 100 million ton oilfield in Bohai Sea.[16]

Tunnel crossing

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Main article: Bohai Strait tunnel

In February 2011, China announced that it would build a road and rail tunnel across the Bohai Strait to connect the Liaodong and Shandong peninsulas. When completed, the tunnel would be 106 kilometers (66 mi) long, making it twice as long as the channel tunnel connecting England and France.[17] In July 2013, a modified plan was announced, involving a 123-kilometer (76 mi)-long tunnel between Dalian, Liaoning and Yantai, Shandong.[18] The tunnel was first proposed by officials in Yantai in 1992, but a clear plan remained elusive. In 2019, construction had still not started, and the proposed cost had reached 300 billion yuan ($43 billion USD).[19]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ 中华人民共和国版图 (in Chinese)
  2. ^ a b Yao, Zhengquan; Shi, Xuefa; Liu, Yanguang; Kandasamy, Selvaraj; Qiao, Shuqing; Li, Xiaoyan; Bai, Yazhi; Zhu, Aimei (15 July 2020). "Sea-level and climate signatures recorded in orbitally-forced continental margin deposits over the last 1 Myr: New perspectives from the Bohai Sea". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 550: 109736. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109736. S2CID 216519749. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  3. ^ "四大海域，为什么只有渤海属于内海，领海内允许他国船只航行吗？_腾讯新闻". new.qq.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Marine Regions". www.marineregions.org. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  5. ^ "Gard Alert: Bohai Sea, China – fines for discharge of pollutants". www.gard.no. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  6. ^ "Civilization on the North China Plain".
  7. ^ "State of Yan". Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  8. ^ "丹东港吞吐量突破1亿吨 正式跻身大港俱乐部-中新网".
  9. ^ Sun, Long; Zhang, Jinliang; Li, Yang; Yan, Xue; Zhang, Xuecai (20 September 2022). "Paleosalinity and lake level fluctuations of the 3rd Member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Chezhen Sag, Bohai Bay Basin". Frontiers of Earth Science. 16 (4): 949–962. doi:10.1007/s11707-022-0979-0. S2CID 252424192. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  10. ^ China. Background. US Energy Information Administration
  11. ^ Asia Pacific & Middle East. ConocoPhillips
  12. ^ Roc Oil begins Bohai Bay oil production Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Bairdmaritime. 14 May 2009
  13. ^ a b Sizhong, C., and Ping, W., 1980, Geology of Gudao Oil Field and Surrounding Areas, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, Pp. 471–486
  14. ^ Gustavson, J.B., and Gang, X.S., 1992, The Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field, Bohai Gulf, Offshore China, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330
  15. ^ China: Third Oil Spill in Bohai Sea in Less than Two Months. Offshore Energy Today (12 July 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2011.
  16. ^ "China's CNOOC discovers 100m ton oilfield in Bohai Sea". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  17. ^ Asahi Shimbun, "China To Build Undersea Tunnel Crossing Bohai Strait", 18 February 2011.
  18. ^ "'China plans world's longest sea tunnel at $42 billion -report". Reuters. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  19. ^ "China Mulls Next Super Project: The Longest Undersea Tunnel - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
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38°42′N 119°54′E / 38.7°N 119.9°E / 38.7; 119.9

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