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Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or of gender transition, temporarily or permanently, through social, legal, and/or medical means.[1] The term is distinct from the concept of 'regret', and the decision may be based on a shift in gender identity, or other reasons, such as health concerns, social or economic pressure, discrimination, stigma,[2] political beliefs,[3] or religious beliefs.[4]

Some studies use the term retransition rather than detransition.[5] Retransition is also commonly used to describe the resumption of transition or transgender identity following a detransition.[6]

The estimated prevalence of detransition varies depending on definitions and methodology, with estimates ranging from 1% to 8%.[7] Different methodological limitations afflict studies reporting low and high incidence, with some scholars arguing that detransition may be underestimated.[8] Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[9] politically controversial,[10] and inconsistent in the way they characterize the phenomenon.[11] Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.[12]

Some former detransitioners regret detransitioning and choose to retransition later.[5][not in body] Some organizations with ties to conversion therapy have used detransition narratives to push transphobic rhetoric and legislation.[13]

Background and terminology

Gender transition, often shortened to just transition, is the process of a transgender person changing their gender expression and/or sex characteristics to accord with their internal sense of gender identity.[14] Methods of transition vary from person to person, but the process commonly involves social changes (such as clothing, personal name, and pronouns), legal changes (such as changes in legal name and legal gender), and medical/physical changes (such as hormone replacement therapy and gender-affirming surgery).

Detransition (sometimes called retransition) is the process of halting or reverting a transgender identification or gender transition.[15] Like transition, detransition is a process rather than a single event, and methods of detransitioning vary and can involve social, legal, and physical changes to one's gender expression, social identity, identity documents.[16] Desistance is a general term for any cessation,[17] and it is commonly applied specifically to the cessation of transgender identity or gender dysphoria.[18] Those who undertake detransition are known as detransitioners.[19] Detransition is sometimes associated with transition regret, but regret and detransition do not always coincide.[20]

The term detransition is controversial within the transgender community. According to Turban et al., this is because, as with the word transition, it carries an "incorrect implication that gender identity is contingent upon gender affirmation processes". The term has also been conflated with transition regret, and thereby become associated with movements that aim to restrict the access of transgender people to transition-related healthcare.[21]

Occurrence

Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[9] of disputed quality and politically controversial.[10][8] Frequency estimates for detransition and desistance vary greatly, with notable differences in terminology and methodology.[22] Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries.[23]

A 2019 poster presentation examined the records of 3398 patients who attended a UK gender identity clinic between August 2016 and August 2017. Davies and colleagues searched for assessment reports with keywords related to regret or detransition. They identified 16 individuals (0.47%) who expressed regret or had detransitioned. Of those 16, 3 (0.09%) had detransitioned permanently.[1] 10 (0.29%) had detransitioned temporarily, to later retransition.[1] A 2019 clinical assessment found that 9.4% of patients with adolescent-emerging gender dysphoria either ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions or no longer felt that their gender identity was incongruent with their assigned sex at birth within an eighteen-month period.[24] A 2021 study examining the case notes of 175 adults discharged from a UK gender identity clinic between September 2017 and August 2018 found that 12 (6.9%) met the researchers' criteria for detransitioning—that is, they returned to living as their assigned gender. Six individuals were found to have experiences that "overlap" with detransitioners, but were not counted as such for this study due to displaying "gender identity confusion" during treatment.[25]

According to Michael Irwig, the prevalence of detransition may be underestimated. One study of 100 detransitioners found that only 24% of them had informed their doctor that they had detransitioned.[8]

Those who undergo gender-affirming surgery have very low rates of detransition or transition regret. A 2005 Dutch study included 162 adults who received sex reassignment surgery, 126 of whom participated in follow-up assessments one to four years after surgery. Two individuals expressed regret at follow-up, only one of whom said that they would not transition again if given the opportunity. The remaining 124 out of 126 (98%) expressed no regrets about transitioning.[26] A 2021 meta-analysis of 27 studies concluded that "there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after [gender-affirmation surgery]".[27] In a January 2023 study of 1989 individuals who had undergone sex reassignment surgery, 6 individuals (0.3%) requested a reversal surgery or detransitioned.[28]

Studies of transition regret or detransition in different populations have found different (average or median) elapsed times before these occurred: a 2018 study found 10 years and 10 months on average to regret (but not necessarily detransition) from start of hormonal therapy,[29] and a 2014 study of those who had surgery found a median lag of 8 years before requesting a reversal of legal gender status.[22] A 2021 UK study found evidence that supports detransitioning occurring on average 4–8 years after transitioning.[25]

Informed consent and affirmation of self-diagnosis (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition.[30]

Criticisms have been made regarding the "persistence-desistance" dichotomy as ignoring reasons why a person's gender identity may desist outside of simply being cisgender in the first place. For example, an assertion of a cisgender identity may be treated with validity and as an invalidation of a previously stated transgender identity; however, an assertion of a transgender identity may only be treated with the same validity if it is held throughout one's life. An individual may repress or realize their identity at any point in their life for a variety of reasons; some individuals' gender identities are fluid and/or may change throughout their lifetime, and some individuals whose identities are non-binary are effectively excluded due to a study's assumption of a gender binary.[31][32]

Reasons

Reasons for detransitioning vary, and may include health-related concerns, finding that transition did not alleviate gender dysphoria, a negative social environment, and financial concerns.[2]

The National Center for Transgender Equality conducted a survey which collected responses from individuals who identified as transgender at the time of the survey.[33] The results published in the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group reported transitioning again and were living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth at the time of the survey.[34] About 36% reported having detransitioned due to pressure from parents, 33% because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, 29% due to difficulty getting a job, 26% pressure from family members, 18% pressure from a spouse, and 17% due to pressure from an employer.[2]

In a 2021 study of 2,242 individuals recruited via community outreach organizations who detransitioned and who continue to identify as transgender or gender diverse, the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."[35] Motives for detransitioning commonly include financial barriers to transition, social rejection in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, and discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition. Additional motives include concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.[36] Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.[37] Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.[38]

A qualitative study comparing child desisters to persisters (those with persisting gender dysphoria) found that while persisters related their dysphoria primarily to a mismatch between their bodies and their identity, desisters' dysphoria was more likely to be, at least retroactively, related to a desire to fulfill the other gender role.[39]

Forced medical detransition

Some state legislatures in the United States have enacted or sought to enact laws which would force transgender people who were unable to flee to medically detransition by criminalizing or restricting their access to care.[40][41][42][43][44][45]

Arkansas was the first US state to ban transgender healthcare for minors, which had increased to 26 by August 2024. States have also sought to ban such care for those under 26, restrict access for all ages, or limit public and private insurance coverage of it. In 2024, over 112 bills in 40 states proposed bans on trans healthcare for minors. A study by the Williams Institute found that approximately 114,000 transgender minors lived in states which banned transgender healthcare, and approximately 240,000 transgender minors lived in states that banned it or proposed banning it in 2024.[40]

In May 2024, leaked documents from the NHS suggested said that transgender youth who received gender-affirming care from unregulated or overseas advisors could be forced to choose between medical detransition or being subject to safeguarding referrals and investigations. The documents called for the approximately 6,000 youth on the waiting list for NHS gender-affirming care to be interviewed and advised per the recommendations of the Cass Review not to receive gender-affirming care obtained via routes without "appropriate care", and if they were found to disregard the advice in a way the provider considers to put them "at increased risk", then to make safeguarding referalls.[46][47]

Transgender prisoners are often forcibly detransitioned in many state and federal prisons within the US.[48][49][50] Transgender prisoners have been subject to the same in the UK.[51]

On March 12, 2023, a Saudi trans woman named Eden Knight died by suicide after being forcefully detransitioned. Knight wrote in a suicide note that her parents had hired an American private intelligence firm and a Saudi lawyer to relocate and forcibly socially and medically detransition her. After becoming dependent on the lawyer for food and shelter and fearing he would report her to U.S. immigration authorities, Knight wrote that she returned to her parents in Saudi Arabia. She secretly continued feminizing hormone replacement therapy, but after being found out twice she died by suicide.[52][53][54][55]

Clinical pathway

In August 2024, following recommendations in the Cass Review, NHS England announced plans for the first NHS service to support patients wishing to detransition. They said: "There is no defined clinical pathway in the NHS for individuals who are considering detransition. NHS England will establish a programme of work to explore the issues around a detransition pathway by October 2024."[56]

Cultural and political impact

Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of moral panic in mainstream media and right-wing politics.[57] Detransition has attracted interest from both social conservatives on the political right and radical feminists on the political left. Activists on the right have been accused of using detransitioners' stories to further their work against trans rights.[58] On the left, some radical feminists see detransitioners' experiences as further proof of patriarchal enforcement of gender roles and medicalized erasure of gays and lesbians.[59] Other feminists have expressed disagreement with this opinion, referring to those who hold these beliefs as trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERF).[60] This attention has elicited in detransitioners mixed feelings of both exploitation and support.[59][61]

In 2017, the Mazzoni Center's Philadelphia Trans Health Conference, which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.[62] The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."[63]

In 2017, Bath Spa University revoked permission for James Caspian, a Jungian psychotherapist who works with transgender people and is a trustee of the Beaumont Trust, to research regret of gender-reassignment procedures and pursuit of detransition.[64] Caspian alleged the reason for the university's refusal was that it was "a potentially politically incorrect piece of research, [which] carries a risk to the university. Attacks on social media may not be confined to the researcher, but may involve the university. The posting of unpleasant material on blogs or social media may be detrimental to the reputation of the university."[65] The university stated that Caspian's proposal "was not refused because of the subject matter, but rather because of his proposed methodological approach. The university was not satisfied this approach would guarantee the anonymity of his participants or the confidentiality of the data."[66] In May 2017, he took the matter to the High Court, which concluded his application for a judicial review was "totally without merit".[66] The outcome was also considered by the Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education, who determined the university's conclusion was reasonable.[66] Caspian appealed to the High Court for judicial review again in 2019; the judge ruled against him, saying, "I entirely accept that there are important issues of freedom of expression. I just do not accept that, on the facts of this particular case, there is an arguable case made out," and adding that the application was too late.[67] Caspian claimed that he was "refused permission for a Judicial Review on points of procedure" and that the judge "was clearly sympathetic to the case but felt that his hands were tied by legal procedure;"[66] in 2021, he appealed to the European Court of Human Rights.[68]

Many ex-gay and Christian Right affiliated organizations also promote programs aiming to discourage transition, promote reversal or desistence of transition, and to change individuals' gender identities. A key characteristic of these organizations are the construction of "transgenderism" as a sin against God or the natural order. In the 1970s, Exodus International platformed Perry Desmond, an "ex-transsexual" who evangelized throughout the US and supported Anita Bryant's Save Our Children campaign. Another prominent characteristic is ex-transgender testimonials, which depict "the transgender lifestyle" as destructive as opposed to contemplation of God and encourage other transgender people to join them. These organizations portray "gender ideology" and "transgender ideology" as a social contagion threatening to the natural order.[69]

Ky Schevers, an "ex-detransitioner" whose detransition was prominently profiled by Katie Herzog[70] and The Outline,[71] spoke about her experiences in a community of radical feminist detransitioned women, drawing parallels to the ex-gay movement and conversion therapy.[61] Parallels drawn include suppressing rather than addressing or removing the underlying dysphoria, stating that not only their gender dysphoria but everyone's dysphoria was a result of internalized sexism and trauma, and language from the twelve-step program being used to describe the desire to transition.[61]

Schevers noted that during the Bell v Tavistock ruling, her lawyer had connections to the right-wing and anti-LGBT-rights organization the Alliance Defending Freedom, which she described as pushing most of the anti-trans bills in the United States. Schevers later created Health Liberation Now! alongside Lee Leveille, who'd also previously been involved in detransition communities that were transphobic, to "give voice to folks who have complicated experiences with transition or detransition, retransition and shifting senses of self that goes beyond a lot of the TERFy areas that people are inevitably getting funnelled into". The group has reported on conversion therapy practices and maintains resources to help identify relationships between clinical conversion therapists and astroturfed campaigns led by anti-trans groups.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Davies, Skye; McIntyre, Stephen; Rypma, Craig (April 2019). Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic (PDF). 3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion. EPATH. p. 118. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Boslaugh, Sarah (August 3, 2018). Transgender Health Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-4408-5888-8. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  3. ^ Robinson, Max. Detransition: Beyond Before And After. Spinifex Press. p. 1-50.
  4. ^ Pray Away (Documentary). Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Alfonseca, Kiara (November 23, 2022). "Former 'detransitioner' fights anti-transgender movement she once backed". ABC News.
  6. ^ MacKinnon, Kinnon Ross; Expósito-Campos, Pablo; Gould, W. Ariel (June 14, 2023). "Detransition needs further understanding, not controversy". BMJ. 381: e073584. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073584. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 10265220. PMID 37315956.
  7. ^ Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021, "Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.".
  8. ^ a b c Irwig, Michael S (September 28, 2022). "Detransition Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People—An Increasing and Increasingly Complex Phenomenon". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 107 (10): e4261 – e4262. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac356. ISSN 0021-972X. PMC 9516050. PMID 35678284.
  9. ^ a b *"There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
    • "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
  10. ^ a b "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
  11. ^ Expósito-Campos, Pablo (January 10, 2021). "A Typology of Gender Detransition and Its Implications for Healthcare Providers". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 47 (3): 270–280. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1869126. hdl:10810/51393. PMID 33427094. S2CID 231575978. The absence of systematic research around detransition has given rise to inconsistencies in its conceptual use and application, adding to the unclarity and confusion.
  12. ^ Shute 2017; BBC 2017; Borreli 2017; Stein 2009; Veissière 2018
  13. ^ a b Falk, Misha (August 4, 2022). "Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives". Xtra. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  14. ^ Fenway Health 2010; Human Rights Campaign n.d.
  15. ^
  16. ^ Clark-Flory 2015; Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Tobia 2018
  17. ^ Merriam-Webster n.d.; Collins n.d.
  18. ^ Steensma et al. 2013; Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis 2008
  19. ^ Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Singal 2018
  20. ^
    • "Not everyone who detransitions regrets transitioning in the first place, and, like transitioning, the process of deciding to detransition is a very individual and personal choice." Yarbrough 2018, p. 130. See also Graham 2017; Herzog 2017a.
  21. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (June 1, 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
  22. ^ a b Detransition estimates:
    • "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
    • "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." Dhejne et al. 2014
  23. ^ "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." Clark-Flory 2015
  24. ^ Churcher Clarke & Spiliadis 2019
  25. ^ a b Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021
  26. ^ Smith, Yolanda L. S.; Goozen, Stephanie H. M. Van; Kuiper, Abraham J.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (January 2005). "Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals". Psychological Medicine. 35 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002776 (inactive November 1, 2024). ISSN 1469-8978. PMID 15842032. S2CID 6032916. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  27. ^ Bustos, Valeria P.; Bustos, Samyd S.; Mascaro, Andres; Del Corral, Gabriel; Forte, Antonio J.; Ciudad, Pedro; Kim, Esther A.; Langstein, Howard N.; Manrique, Oscar J. (March 19, 2021). "Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 9 (3): e3477. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 8099405. PMID 33968550.
  28. ^ Jedrzejewski, Breanna Y.; Marsiglio, Mary; Guerriero, Jess; Penkin, Amy; OHSU Transgender Health Program "Regret and Request for Reversal" workgroup; Berli, Jens (January 24, 2023). "Regret after Gender Affirming Surgery – A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Multifaceted Patient Experience". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 152 (1): 206–214. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000010243. PMID 36727823. S2CID 256501398.
  29. ^ Wiepjes, Chantal M.; Nota, Nienke M.; de Blok, Christel J. M.; Klaver, Maartje; de Vries, Annelou L. C.; Wensing-Kruger, S. Annelijn; de Jongh, Renate T.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Steensma, Thomas D.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; Gooren, Louis J. G. (April 2018). "The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 15 (4): 582–590. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 29463477. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021. In addition, in our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with HT in the past 10 years.
  30. ^ Graham 2017; Yoo 2018
  31. ^ Temple Newhook, Julia; Pyne, Jake; Winters, Kelley; Feder, Stephen; Holmes, Cindy; Tosh, Jemma; Sinnott, Mari-Lynne; Jamieson, Ally; Pickett, Sarah (April 3, 2018). "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children". International Journal of Transgenderism. 19 (2): 212–224. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390. ISSN 1553-2739. S2CID 150338824. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021. Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not iden- tify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis.
  32. ^ Steensma, Thomas (2018). "A critical commentary on "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistence" theories about transgender and gender non-conforming children"". International Journal of Transgenderism. 19 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1468292. S2CID 150062632.
  33. ^ "The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey" (PDF). December 17, 2016.
  34. ^ Boslaugh 2018, p. 43; James et al. 2016, pp. 111, 292–294
  35. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (May 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8306. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108. "Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.
  36. ^ * "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis 1998. See also Bowen 2007; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018; Herzog 2017a; McFadden 2017; Sarner 2017; Turban et al. 2018a.
  37. ^ Americo 2018; Kanner 2018
  38. ^ Witten 2015
  39. ^ Steensma, Thomas D.; Biemond, Roeline; De Boer, Fijgje; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (2011). "Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: A qualitative follow-up study". Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 16 (4): 499–516. doi:10.1177/1359104510378303. PMID 21216800. S2CID 1789558.
  40. ^ a b "Attacks on Gender-Affirming and Transgender Health Care". American College of Physicians. August 6, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  41. ^ Norton, Tom (February 28, 2023). "Fact Check: Has Tennessee passed bill to make trans youth "detransition"?". NewsWeek. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  42. ^ Greig, James (April 3, 2023). "The real-life cost of America's war on trans healthcare". Dazed Digital. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  43. ^ Norton, Tom (June 1, 2022). "How Chase Strangio Became the Face of the Legal Battle for Trans Rights". Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  44. ^ Smith, Serena (April 8, 2022). "Alabama will now force trans youth to detransition". Dazed Digital. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  45. ^ Levin, Bess (January 5, 2023). "Oklahoma Bill Would Ban Gender-Affirming Care for People Under 26, Could Force Some to Detransition". Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  46. ^ Perry, Sophie (May 6, 2024). "Trans children could be 'forced to detransition' under leaked NHS England plans". PinkNews. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  47. ^ Wareham, Jamie (May 4, 2024). "NHS England to tell some transgender children to medically detransition or face safeguarding referrals". Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  48. ^ "Prisoners, Doctors, and the Battle Over Trans Medical Care". Wired.
  49. ^ Sontag, Deborah (September 24, 2015). "Ashley Diamond, Transgender inmate, Is Out of Prison But Far From Free". NYT.
  50. ^ "A Missouri bill to ban gender-affirming care for kids expanded to include adults in prison". NPR (local).
  51. ^ Owen, Greg (November 13, 2023). "Trans inmate forced to detransition as prison doctors try to inject her with testosterone". Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  52. ^ Crimmins, Tricia (March 14, 2023). "Eden Knight, Trans Twitter presence, says she was forced to detransition in viral suicide note". The Daily Dot. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  53. ^ Grieg, James (March 14, 2023). "A young trans woman has committed suicide after a forced detransition". Dazed. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  54. ^ Dodds, Io (March 14, 2023). "Saudi Arabian trans woman feared dead after family 'forced her to detransition'". The Independent. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  55. ^ Zoledziowski, Anya; Marchman, Tim (March 16, 2023). "A Young Saudi Trans Woman Is Believed Dead After Being Lured From the US and Forced to Detransition". Vice. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  56. ^ Searles, Michael (August 7, 2024). "NHS to launch first service for trans patients wanting to return to birth gender". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  57. ^ Slothouber, Van (2020). "(De)trans visibility: Moral panic in mainstream media reports on de/Retransition". European Journal of English Studies. 24: 89–99. doi:10.1080/13825577.2020.1730052. S2CID 219079388.
  58. ^ Ford 2018; Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007; Tobia 2018
  59. ^ a b Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007
  60. ^ Parker, Charlie. "JK Rowling compares trans treatment to gay conversion therapy". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  61. ^ a b c Urquhart, Evan (February 1, 2021). "An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  62. ^ Rodriguez 2017; Herzog 2017b
  63. ^ Mazzoni Center 2017
  64. ^ Caspian
  65. ^ BBC 2017; Weale 2017; Hurst 2017
  66. ^ a b c d Petherick, Sam (February 20, 2019). "Ex-Bath Spa student James Caspian fails in court fight against university". Somerset Live. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  67. ^ Johnson, Jamie (February 19, 2019). "Proposal to research 'trans regret' rejected by university for fear of backlash, claims psychotherapist". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  68. ^ Swerling, Gabriella (February 5, 2021). "Psychotherapist blocked from studying 'trans regret' takes case to the European Court". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  69. ^ Robinson, Christine M.; Spivey, Sue E. (June 19, 2019). "Ungodly Genders: Deconstructing Ex-Gay Movement Discourses of "Transgenderism" in the US". Social Sciences. 8 (6): 191. doi:10.3390/socsci8060191. ISSN 2076-0760.
  70. ^ "This has ignited a contentious debate both in and outside the trans community, with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship, and damaging the fight for trans rights. It's such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity. (All the names of detransitioners have been changed.) Others refused to speak on the record, afraid of the potential fallout." Herzog 2017a
  71. ^ Monroe, Rachel (December 4, 2016). "Detransitioning: a story about discovery". The Outline. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.

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