Fasham, M. J. R.; Ducklow, H. W.; McKelvie, S. M. (1990). "A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer". Journal of Marine Research 48: 591–639.
The diagram shows 7 ecosystem components: P, phytoplankton; Z, zooplankton; B, bacteria; D, detritus; Nn, nitrate; Nr, ammonium; Nd, dissolved organic nitrogen. The connecting arrows indicate flows of material between these components driven by processes such as primary production, grazing and remineralisation. Closed-headed arrows indicate flows of material that remain within the model ecosystem; open-headed arrows indicate flows of material out of the modelled domain, for instance below the ocean's upper mixed layer.
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{{Information |Description={{en|1=A diagram showing the open ocean plankton ecosystem model developed by Michael Fasham and coauthors in: Fasham, M. J. R.; Ducklow, H. W.; McKelvie, S. M. (1990). "A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceani