English: Stages of immunofluorescence for the detection of antinuclear antibodies. HEp-2 cells are permiablised (1) and then incubated with a person's blood serum (2). If the serum contains antibodies, they will bind to antigens within the HEp-2 cell nucleus. These antibodies can be visualised by subsequent incubation with anti-human antibodies conjugated to a fluorescent molecule (3).
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