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Summary

Battle Scene with Boats on the Ganges, 1565

from the Akbarnama

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Artist

Tulsi (the elder) (artist),

Jagjivan (artist)
Title

Battle Scene with Boats on the Ganges, 1565

from the Akbarnama
Description

This painting by the Mughal court artists Tulsi the Elder and Jagjivan from the Akbarnama (Book of Akbar) depicts Shuja’at Khan pursuing Asaf Khan on the River Ganges in north-east India. Asaf Khan was vizier to the Mughal emperor Akbar (r.1556–1605). He was also a highly effective military leader but, for reasons that are obscure in the text of the Akbarnama, kept treasure that the Mughal forces had seized during a successful campaign in 1565. He tried to flee with his supporters across the Ganges, where Akbar’s forces, led by the general Shuja’at Khan, caught up with him. A fierce confrontation followed, depicted in this illustration, but Asaf Khan escaped. In 1567, he sent messengers to the court asking for forgiveness, which was granted.

The Akbarnama was commissioned by Akbar as the official chronicle of his reign. It was written in Persian by his court historian and biographer, Abu’l Fazl, between 1590 and 1596, and the V&A’s partial copy of the manuscript is thought to have been illustrated between about 1592 and 1595. This is thought to be the earliest illustrated version of the text, and drew upon the expertise of some of the best royal artists of the time. Many of these are listed by Abu’l Fazl in the third volume of the text, the A’in-i Akbari, and some of these names appear in the V&A illustrations, written in red ink beneath the pictures, showing that this was a royal copy made for Akbar himself. After his death, the manuscript remained in the library of his son Jahangir, from whom it was inherited by Shah Jahan.
Date between 1590 and 1595
date QS:P571,+1590-00-00T00:00:00Z/8,P1319,+1590-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1595-00-00T00:00:00Z/9
Medium Opaque watercolour and gold on paper
Dimensions Height: 32 cm, Width: 19.4 cm
institution QS:P195,Q213322
Accession number
IS.2:47-1896
Credit line The V&A purchased the manuscript in 1896 from Frances Clarke, the widow of Major General John Clarke, who bought it in India while serving as Commissioner of Oudh between 1858 and 1862.
Inscriptions

Tarh Tulsi Kalan Amal Jagjivan composition by Tulsi the Elder

work [=painting] by Jagjivan
Notes Outline composed by Tulsi the elder, colours and details painted by Jagjivan.
References

The Akbarnama was commissioned by the emperor Akbar as the official chronicle of his reign. It was written by his court historian and biographer Abu'l Fazl between 1590 and 1596 and is thought to have been illustrated between c. 1592 and 1594 by at least forty-nine different artists from Akbar's studio. After Akbar's death in 1605, the manuscript remained in the library of his son, Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) and later Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658). The Victoria and Albert Museum purchased it in 1896 from the widow of Major General Clarke, an official who had been the Commissioner in Oudh province between 1858 and 1862.

Historical significance: It is thought to be the first illustrated copy of the Akbarnama. It drew upon the expertise of some of the best royal painters of the time, many of whom receive special mention by Abu'l Fazl in the A'in-i-Akbari. The inscriptions in red ink on the bottom of the paintings name the artists.
Source/Photographer
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Licensing

Public domain
This work is in the public domain in India because its term of copyright has expired.

The Indian Copyright Act applies in India to works first published in India. According to the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, as amended up to Act No. 27 of 2012 (Chapter V, Section 25):

  • Anonymous works, photographs, cinematographic works, sound recordings, government works, and works of corporate authorship or of international organizations enter the public domain 60 years after the date on which they were first published, counted from the beginning of the following calendar year (i.e. as of 2024, works published prior to 1 January 1964 are considered public domain).
  • Posthumous works (other than those above) enter the public domain after 60 years from publication date, counted from the beginning of the following calendar year.
  • Any kind of work other than the above enters the public domain 60 years after the author's death (or in the case of a multi-author work, the death of the last surviving author), counted from the beginning of the following calendar year.
  • Text of laws, judicial opinions, and other government reports are free from copyright.
The Indian Copyright Act, 1957 is not retroactive, so any work in which copyright did not subsist when it commenced did not have its copyright restored, and is in the public domain per the Copyright Act 1911.
You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States.
 Note that this work might not be in the public domain in countries that do not apply the rule of the shorter term and have copyright terms longer than life of the author plus 60 years. In particular, Mexico is 100 years, Jamaica is 95 years, Colombia is 80 years, Guatemala and Samoa are 75 years, and Switzerland and the United States are 70 years.

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current11:04, 11 January 2024Thumbnail for version as of 11:04, 11 January 20241,600 × 2,400 (1.26 MB)User-duckCropped background using CropTool with lossless mode.
20:07, 15 March 2018Thumbnail for version as of 20:07, 15 March 20181,665 × 2,500 (1.29 MB)User-duckReverted to version as of 07:24, 19 December 2011 (UTC) Matches other images
05:58, 18 April 2012Thumbnail for version as of 05:58, 18 April 20121,287 × 2,126 (2.38 MB)Sridhar1000...............
04:52, 24 March 2012Thumbnail for version as of 04:52, 24 March 20121,287 × 2,126 (2.38 MB)Fatbuufor better view
07:24, 19 December 2011Thumbnail for version as of 07:24, 19 December 20111,665 × 2,500 (1.29 MB)Sridhar1000real version from museum
09:18, 3 November 2011Thumbnail for version as of 09:18, 3 November 2011399 × 600 (134 KB)Sridhar1000

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