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Peruvians of European descent

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European Peruvians
Peruanos europeos
Total population
1,366,931 (2017 census)[1]
5.89% of the Peruvian population
Regions with significant populations
Principally in La Libertad, Cajamarca, Piura, Lima, Lambayeque, Oxapampa and Arequipa .
Languages
Spanish • Other European languages
Religion
Predominantly Christian (Roman Catholic, followed by Protestantism and Orthodox)
minorities Judaism, Atheist and Agnostic

European Peruvians, also known as White Peruvians, are Peruvians who have total or predominantly European ancestry (formerly called Criollos or Castizos in the viceregal era). Traditionally, this group had been more dominant in the political, commercial, and diplomatic sectors of Peruvian society. According to the most recent 2017 census where ethnic self-identification was used, it makes up about 5.9% of the total population aged 12 years and above of Peru.[2]

History

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European immigration to Peru began with the Spanish colonization of the Americas and continued during the Republic of Peru in the 19th century with the immigration of people from other countries of Europe (especially, Spain, Italy,[3] Portugal,[4][5] France,[6] England and Germany, among others).[7]

Spanish

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Main article: Spanish immigration to Peru

Spanish settlement of Peru began in the early 1530s (continuing until 1821 as a viceroyalty of Spain) and continues to the present day. Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru, San Miguel de Piura in July 1532.[8]: 27 [9] According to historian Napoleón Cieza Burga, the conquistador Diego de Almagro founded the second Spanish settlement of Trujillo in November 1534 and one of the first cities in the Americas founded by the Spanish conquistadors.[10]: 125  calling it "Villa Trujillo de Nueva Castilla" (Trujillo of New Castile) after Trujillo, the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro.[11]

Spanish cultural influence is the most notable of all European cultural groups in Peruvian culture. Spanish heritage has left an indelible mark in the country and signs of this cultural exchange can be found everywhere, from the official language, the dominant Roman Catholic religion, bullfighting, musical genres to the local culinary styles.[12]

Italians

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Main article: Italian Peruvians

Among Peruvians of European descent, Italians were the second largest group of immigrants to settle in the country.[13] Italian immigration in Peru began in the colonial era, during the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.[14] However, the peak of Italian immigrants occurred after Peruvian independence, between 1840 and 1880, with the guano export boom.[15]

British

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Main article: British Peruvians

One cultural influence is Inca Kola, a soft drink that was created in Peru in 1935 by an English immigrant Joseph Robinson Lindley. In 1911, in Rímac, one of Lima's oldest and most traditional neighborhoods, an English family began a small bottling company under their family name, Lindley. In 1928, the company was formally chartered in Peru as Corporación José R. Lindley S.A., whereupon Joseph R. Lindley became its first General Manager.[16][17][18][19] Today it is still a family business with the great-grandson Johnny Lindley Suarez being the current president.[20]

Geographical distribution

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The 66th President of Peru Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, of Polish-Jewish and Swiss-French descent, responded blanco (white) for the 2017 census' question on habits and ancestors.[21]

According to the 2017 census 5.9% or 1.3 million (1,336,931) people 12 years of age and above self-identified as white.[2] There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. This was the first time a question for ethnic origins had been asked. The regions with the highest proportion of self-identified whites were in La Libertad Region (10.5%), Tumbes Region and Lambayeque Region (9.0% each), Piura Region (8.1%), Callao (7.7%), Cajamarca Region (7.5%), Lima Province (7.2%), Lima Region (6.0%), Ica Region and Ancash Region (5.8% each), and Arequipa Region (4.9%).[2][22]

María Julia Mantilla (Miss World 2004) from La Libertad, a region with the highest proportion who self-identify as white.
Population by region, 2017[2]
Region Population %
La Libertad 144,606 10.5%
Tumbes 15,383 9.0%
Lambayeque 83,908 9.0%
Piura 114,682 8.1%
Callao 61,576 7.7%
Cajamarca 76,953 7.5%
Lima Lima Province 507,039 7.2%
Lima 43,074 6.0%
Ica 38,119 5.8%
Ancash 49,175 5.8%
Arequipa Arequipa 55,093 4.9%
Amazonas 12,470 4.4%
Huánuco 24,130 4.4%
San Martín 24,516 4.0%
Moquegua 5,703 4.0%
Pasco 7,448 3.8%
Junín 34,700 3.6%
Madre de Dios 3,444 3.3%
Tacna 8,678 3.2%
Ucayali 8,283 2.3%
Ayacucho 9,516 2.0%
Huancavelica 5,222 2.0%
Loreto 11,884 1.9%
Cusco 12,458 1.3%
Apurímac 3,034 1.0%
Puno 5,837 0.6%
Peru Republic of Peru 1,336,931 5.9%

Origins

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The following European ethnic backgrounds form the majority of white Peruvians: Spanish, Italian, German (includes Poles due to the partitions of Poland), French, British, Croatian, and Irish. Peru is also home to some 2,600 Jews, whose ancestors came (mainly) from Germany, Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova and Russia, among others.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Inmigración italiana al Perú". www.espejodelperu.com.pe. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  4. ^ Barreto, Gleydi Sullón (2016). "La presencia femenina entre los inmigrantes portugueses en Lima en el siglo XVII". Revista Complutense de Historia de América (in Spanish). 42: 267–292. doi:10.5209/RCHA.53719. ISSN 1988-270X.
  5. ^ "Embajada del Peru en la Republica Portuguesa - Historia". www.embaixadaperu.pt. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  6. ^ Riviale, Pascal (2007-05-08). "Los franceses en el Perú en el siglo XIX: retrato de una emigración discreta". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines (in Spanish). 36 (1): 109–121. doi:10.4000/bifea.4627. ISSN 0303-7495.
  7. ^ Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. "Historia de la conquista del Perú y de Pizarro / Henri Lebrun; traducida ...por J.R." Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  8. ^ Hemming, J., 1970, The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., ISBN 0151225605
  9. ^ Box, Ben (2004). The South American Handbook (80 ed.). Footprint Travel Guides. p. 1132. ISBN 978-1-903471-70-8.
  10. ^ Prescott, W. H. (2011). The History of the Conquest of Peru. Digireads.com. ISBN 978-1-420-94114-2.
  11. ^ "Napoleón Cieza Burga: Fundación de Trujillo no fue el 5 de marzo". La Industria. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  12. ^ History of How the Spaniards Arrived in Peru: Relasçion de como los ... - By Titu Cusi Yupanqui, Catherine J. Julien
  13. ^ Pera, Mario (2011-12-31). "Fare l'America or Learn to Live in it? Italian Immigration in Peru". Diasporas. Circulations, migrations, histoire (19): 62–71. doi:10.4000/diasporas.1809. ISSN 1637-5823.
  14. ^ Patrucco, Sandro (2005). "Italianos en la Lima Borbónica, su presencia e inserción en la Sociedad Virreinal (1700-1800)". Tesis Pucp, Universidad Católica del Peru (in Spanish).
  15. ^ "ANDAR PER MARI: STORIA DI MIGRANTI IN PERÙ" (in Italian). Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  16. ^ "Empresas Transnacionales en el Perú: Breve Reseña Histórica" [Transnational Companies in Peru: Brief Historical Review] (in Spanish). PLADES. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  17. ^ EMPRESAS TRANSNACIONALES EN EL PERÚ: Nestlé Peru S.A. (in Spanish)
  18. ^ "Directorio de las principales empresas y entidades del Perú: Corporacion Jose R. Lindley .S.A." [Directory of the main companies and entities of Peru: Corporation Jose R. Lindley .S.A.] (in Spanish). CreditosPeru.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  19. ^ "Corporación José R. Lindley S.A." Inca Kola.
  20. ^ "Corporación José R. Lindley S.A." (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  21. ^ "PPK sobre origen étnico: Ustedes me ven la cara, soy blanco". americatv.com. 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  22. ^ Carlos Miranda Loayza; Daniel Abuhadba Rodrigues (2007). "Inmigración Europea al Perú" [European immigration to Peru]. espejodelperu.com.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  23. ^ "Peru". Jewish Virtual Library.
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