Rhetorical question
A rhetorical question is a question asked for a purpose other than to obtain information.[1] In many cases it may be intended to start a discourse, as a means of displaying or emphasizing the speaker's or author's opinion on a topic.
A simple example is the question "Can't you do anything right?" This question is intended not to ask about the listener's ability but rather to insinuate the listener's lack of ability.
Forms
[edit]Negative assertions
[edit]A rhetorical question may be intended as a challenge. The question is often difficult or impossible to answer. In the example, "What have the Romans ever done for us?" (Monty Python's Life of Brian) the question functions as a negative assertion. It is intended to mean "The Romans have never done anything for us!" When Shakespeare's Mark Antony exclaims, "Here was a Caesar! When comes such another?" it functions as an assertion that Caesar possesses such rare qualities they may never be seen again. (Julius Caesar, Act 3, scene 2, 257)
Negative assertions may function as positives in sarcastic contexts. For example, in response to being informed that smoking can increase the possibility of developing lung cancer, someone could respond with the question, "Who knew?" The question functions as an assertion that the truth of the statement should have been utterly obvious.
Metaphors
[edit]Rhetorical questions are often used as a metaphor for a question already asked. Examples may be found in the song "Maria" from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, The Sound of Music, in which "How do you solve a problem like Maria?" is repeatedly answered with other questions: "How do you catch a cloud and pin it down?", "How do you keep a wave upon the sand?" and "How do you hold a moonbeam in your hand?" These responses assert that a problem like Maria cannot be solved.
Vernacular
[edit]In the vernacular, this form of rhetorical question is called "rhetorical affirmation". The certainty or obviousness of the answer to a question is expressed by asking another, often humorous, question for which the answer is equally obvious. Popular examples include "Do bears shit in the woods?", "Is the sky blue?" and "Is the Pope Catholic?"[2][3][4]
Hypophora
[edit]The hypophora is a hyponym of a rhetorical question, characterized by the speaker posing a question for which is immediately answered by the speaker themself. Examples: “Do you always watch for the longest day of the year and then miss it? I always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it." - The Great Gatsby. This can moreover be a manifestation of an epiphrase, as Daisy had personally asserted her own opinion on her question.
Punctuation
[edit]Depending on the context, a rhetorical question may be punctuated by a question mark (?), full stop (.), or exclamation mark (!),[5] but some sources argue that it is required to use a question mark for any question, rhetorical or not.[6]
In the 1580s, English printer Henry Denham invented a "rhetorical question mark" (⸮) for use at the end of a rhetorical question; however, it fell out of use in the 17th century. It was the reverse of an ordinary question mark, so that instead of the main opening pointing back into the sentence, it opened away from it.[7]
Quotes
[edit]"The effectiveness of rhetorical questions in argument comes from their dramatic quality. They suggest dialogue, especially when the speaker both asks and answers them himself, as if he were playing two parts on the stage. They are not always impassioned; they may be mildly ironical or merely argumentative: but they are always to some extent dramatic, and, if used to excess, they tend to give one’s style a theatrical air." -- J.H. Gardiner[8]
"Rhetorical questioning is…a fairly conscious technique adopted by a speaker for deliberate ends, and it is used infrequently, proportional to the length of the dialogue, oration, or conversation." -- Boyd H. Davis[9]
See also
[edit]- Aporia
- Hypothetical question
- Suggestive question
- Complex question
- Presupposition
- Double-barreled question
- Loaded question
- Implicature
- Performative contradiction
- Betteridge's law of headlines
Notes
[edit]- ^ Gideon O. Burton, Brigham Young University. "Rhetorical questions!". specialized language definitions. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ Powell, Chris; Paton, George E. C. (1988). Humour in society: resistance and control. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 0-333-44070-6.
- ^ Moon, Rosamund (1998). Fixed expressions and idioms in English: a corpus-based approach (Oxford studies in lexicography and lexicology). Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 0-19-823614-X.
- ^ Fergusson, Rosalind; Partridge, Eric (1994). Shorter dictionary of catch phrases. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 0-415-10051-8.
- ^ http://www.whitesmoke.com/punctuation-question-mark.html#rhe Whitesmoke
- ^ "The Question Mark". grammar.ccc.commnet.edu. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 142. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
- ^ Gardiner, J (1907). Manual of Composition and Rhetoric. Ginn & Company. OCLC 1926080.
- ^ Davis, Boyd (1997). Electronic Discourse: Linguistics Individuals in Virtual Space. Albany: State University of New York Press. OCLC 42636887.