Endocrine disease
| Endocrine diseases | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Endocrinopathy |
 | |
| Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.
Types of disease
[edit]Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:[1]
- Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
- Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
- Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands
Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.[2]
List of diseases
[edit]Glucose homeostasis disorders
[edit]Thyroid disorders
[edit]- Goitre
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothyroid myopathies[5]
- Thyroiditis
- Thyroid cancer
- Thyroid hormone resistance
Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease
[edit]- Parathyroid gland disorders
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism
- Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperparathyroid myopathy[6]
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroid myopathy[6]
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Osteoporosis
- Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia
Pituitary gland disorders
[edit]Posterior pituitary
[edit]Anterior pituitary
[edit]Adrenal gland disorders
[edit]- Addison's disease
- Adrenal crisis
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Adrenal tumour
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Hypercortisolism (Cushing's disease)
- Hypoaldosteronism
- Hyperaldosteronism
Sex hormone disorders
[edit]- Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders
- Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)
- Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders
- Acquired disorders
- Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause)
- Testicular failure
- Disorders of Puberty
- Menstrual function or fertility disorders
Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere
[edit]
See also separate organs
[edit]- Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes
- Incidentaloma - an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands
Endocrine emergencies
[edit]In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.[7]
Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).[8][9] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.[10][11][12]
See also
[edit]- List of MeSH codes (C19)
- List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
- Diabetes self-management
References
[edit]- ^ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
- ^ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
- ^ D'Souza, Donna M.; Al-Sajee, Dhuha; Hawke, Thomas J. (2013-12-20). "Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 379. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00379. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 3868943. PMID 24391596.
- ^ Sharma, Vikas; Borah, Papori; Basumatary, Lakshya J.; Das, Marami; Goswami, Munindra; Kayal, Ashok K. (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
- ^ Fariduddin, Maria M.; Bansal, Nidhi (2023), "Hypothyroid Myopathy", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137798, retrieved 2023-08-25
- ^ a b c d Rodolico, Carmelo; Bonanno, Carmen; Pugliese, Alessia; Nicocia, Giulia; Benvenga, Salvatore; Toscano, Antonio (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies. 39 (3): 130–135. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. ISSN 2532-1900. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
- ^ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474. PMC 1743094. PMID 15356351.
- ^ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.
- ^ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.
- ^ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of Surgery. 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.
- ^ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.
- ^ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.
External links
[edit]- Endocrine+system+diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases
