Elaphe schrenckii

Elaphe schrenckii
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Elaphe
Species:	E. schrenckii
Binomial name
	Elaphe schrenckii; (Strauch, 1873)
Synonyms
	List Elaphis Schrenckii ; Strauch, 1873 ; Coluber schrenckii ; — Boulenger, 1894: 48 ; Coluber virgatus ; Boettger, 1898: 51 ; (fide Stejneger, 1907) ; Elaphe schrenckii ; — Stejneger, 1907: 313 Elaphe schrenckii schrenckii ; — Pope, 1935 ; Elaphe schrenckii ; — Schulz, 1996: 235 ; Elaphe schrenckii ; — Utiger et al., 2002 ; Elaphe schrenki [sic] ; — Burbrink & Lawson, 2007 ; (in error) ; Elaphe shrenki [sic] ; Burbrink & Lawson, 2007 ; (in error) ; Elaphe schrenckii ; — Wallach et al., 2014 ;

Elaphe schrenckii is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is indigenous to Northeast Asia.

Common names

Common names for E. schrenckii include Amur rat snake, Manchurian black racer, Manchurian black water snake, Russian rat snake, Schrenck's rat snake, and Siberian rat snake.

Taxonomy

Elaphe schrenckii, formerly E. schrenckii schrenckii, is similar to the Korean rat snake E. anomala, which was once thought to be a subspecies of E. schrenckii and was classified as E. schrenckii anomala. However, under the current taxonomic arrangement of Elaphe they are no longer considered as members of the same species. The Korean Ratsnake is currently classified as E. anomala while the Amur Ratsnake remains as E. schrenckii.

Etymology

The specific name, schrenckii, is in honor of zoologist Leopold von Schrenck.^[3]

Conservation

The species E. schrenckii is on the China Species Red List with a classification of "Vulnerable VU".^[4]^: 530 It is an officially protected species in Russia^{[citation needed]} and South Korea.^[1]^[5] Globally it is considered to be of "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.^[1]

Geographic range

Endemic to Northeast Asia, E. schrenckii is found in China, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. It occurs in Russia and China, to the east to Chabarowsk in the Amur region, west to the Chingan mountains, and north to Manchuria (Northeastern China). The common name, Russian rat snake, is misleading as only a small portion of the geographic range of E. schrenckii is in Russia.^[6] It has been reported from Chinese provinces of Jilin, Heilongjian, and the Quingyuan area of Liaoning. (Ji Daming e.a., 1985).^[7]

In the Netherlands the species occurs as an introduced exotic around Groningen airport near Eelde, where it was first seen in the mid nineteen nineties. Reportedly, pet snakes were released into the wild by someone who did not expect that they would survive the winter. However, the snakes which were hardier than expected bred, and the species is now gradually increasing its range.^[8]

Habitat

As one common name, Manchurian black water snake, suggests, this species inhabits fairly moist biotopes such as forest clearings, scrub, farmland, hiding amongst cavities in trees, piles of stone or wood, and when threatened can flee up a tree or into the water. E. schrencki has been noted up to 6 m (20 ft) high in trees. This species occurs up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) altitude and can live in cooler areas than many other snakes.^[9]

Description

E. schrenckii can reach a total length (including tail) of 1.4–1.8 m (4.6–5.9 ft). It is among the largest and most robust of all the rat snake species. It varies greatly in colouration, from creme saddles to dark brown saddles. Many captive bred specimens have been line bred to produce clean yellow saddles. The northern, darker, is the most common variety. This species has 200-236 ventral scales, 55-78 subcaudal scales, and 21-23 rows of dorsal scales.^{[citation needed]}

Behavior

E. schrenckii feeds primarily on small mammals, birds, and bird eggs. It is often found in wetlands, but also found in a wide variety of mainly moist environments such as scrub land, farmland, river banks, swamp land, gardens, stones, log piles, forests, and up in trees. The Manchurian black water snake is an excellent swimmer (hence one common name) and is a very good climber, as it is semi-arboreal. This snake is believed to be mostly crepuscular (active only at dawn and dusk).

Reproduction

Adult females of E. schrenckii lay from 6 to 30 eggs in June or July. They may retain their eggs for a time, as they may deposit them in a well-advanced state. Eggs usually hatch within 40 days.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Zhou, Z.; Ji, X.; Borkin, L.; Orlov, N.L.; Golynsky, E.; Rustamov, A, Nuridjanov, D.; Munkhbayar, K.; Borzee, A. (2021). "Elaphe schrenckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192165A2049795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T192165A2049795.en. Retrieved 16 May 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Elaphe schrenckii ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Elaphe schrenckii, p. 238).
^ Jiang, Z.; Jiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, E. (2016). "Red List of China's Vertebrates". Biodiversity Science. 24 (5): 500–551. doi:10.17520/biods.2016076.
^ Lee, J.-H.; Park, D. (2011). "Spatial Ecology of Translocated and Resident Amur Ratsnakes (Elaphe schrenckii) in Two Mountain Valleys of South Korea". Asian Herpetological Research. 2 (4): 223–229. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00223. S2CID 87357376. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
^ Nikolski AM (1916). Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries, Reptiles, Vol. II. Israel Progr. for Sc. Translations, Jerusalem.
^ Ji Daming et al. (1985). "Studies on Elaphe schrenki of China". Acta Herpetologica Sinica 4 (3): 239-246.
^ "Russische rattenslang gedijt goed in Eelde" RTV Noord, 20 February 2016. (in Dutch).
^ Petzold HG (1976). "Elaphe schrenki, Amurnatter ". AT-Terrarienlex 23 (2): 7. (in German).

External links

[iucn-1] Zhou, Z.; Ji, X.; Borkin, L.; Orlov, N.L.; Golynsky, E.; Rustamov, A, Nuridjanov, D.; Munkhbayar, K.; Borzee, A. (2021). "Elaphe schrenckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192165A2049795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T192165A2049795.en. Retrieved 16 May 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] "Elaphe schrenckii ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

[3] Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Elaphe schrenckii, p. 238).

[Jiang2016-4] Jiang, Z.; Jiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, E. (2016). "Red List of China's Vertebrates". Biodiversity Science. 24 (5): 500–551. doi:10.17520/biods.2016076.

[5] Lee, J.-H.; Park, D. (2011). "Spatial Ecology of Translocated and Resident Amur Ratsnakes (Elaphe schrenckii) in Two Mountain Valleys of South Korea". Asian Herpetological Research. 2 (4): 223–229. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00223. S2CID 87357376. Retrieved 7 June 2023.

[nikolski1916-6] Nikolski AM (1916). Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries, Reptiles, Vol. II. Israel Progr. for Sc. Translations, Jerusalem.

[daming1985-7] Ji Daming et al. (1985). "Studies on Elaphe schrenki of China". Acta Herpetologica Sinica 4 (3): 239-246.

[Eelde-8] "Russische rattenslang gedijt goed in Eelde" RTV Noord, 20 February 2016. (in Dutch).

[petzold1976-9] Petzold HG (1976). "Elaphe schrenki, Amurnatter ". AT-Terrarienlex 23 (2): 7. (in German).

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