Edmund Beecher Wilson

Edmund Beecher Wilson
Wilson between about 1885 and 1891, at Bryn Mawr College
Born	(1856 -10-19)October 19, 1856 Geneva, Illinois, U.S.
Died	March 3, 1939(1939-03-03) (aged 82) New York City, New York, U.S.
Education	Yale University Johns Hopkins University
Known for	XY sex-determination system
Spouse	Anne Maynard Kidder
Awards	Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (1925) Linnean Medal (1928) John J. Carty Award (1936)
Scientific career
Fields	zoology, genetics, embryology, cytology
Institutions	Williams College MIT Bryn Mawr College Columbia University
Notable students	Walter Sutton

Image from his textbook The Cell in Development and Inheritance, second edition, 1900

Edmund Beecher Wilson (October 19, 1856 – March 3, 1939) was a pioneering American zoologist and geneticist. He wrote one of the most influential textbooks in modern biology, The Cell. He discovered the chromosomal XY sex-determination system in 1905. Nettie Stevens independently made the same discovery the same year and published shortly thereafter.

Career

Wilson was born in Geneva, Illinois, the son of Isaac G. Wilson, a judge, and his wife, Carioline Clark.

He graduated from Yale University in biology in 1878. He earned his Ph.D. in biology at Johns Hopkins in 1881.

He was a lecturer at Williams College in 1883–84 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884–85. He served as professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College from 1885 to 1891.

In 1888, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

He spent the balance of his career at Columbia University where he was successively adjunct professor of biology (1891–94), professor of invertebrate zoology (1894–1897), and professor of zoology (from 1897).

Wilson is credited as America's first cell biologist. In 1898 he used the similarity in embryos to describe phylogenetic relationships. By observing spiral cleavage in molluscs, flatworms and annelids he concluded that the same organs came from the same group of cells and concluded that all these organisms must have a common ancestor. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1902.

In 1907, he described, for the first time, the additional or supernumerary chromosomes, now called B-chromosomes. The same year he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Wilson published many papers on embryology, and served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1913.

For his volume, The Cell in Development and Inheritance, Wilson was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1925. The American Society for Cell Biology annually awards the E. B. Wilson Medal in his honor.

Sutton and Boveri

In 1902 and 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units: "I may finally call attention to the probability that the association of paternal and maternal chromosomes in pairs and their subsequent separation during the reducing division ... may constitute the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity". Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher and Boveri's friend, called this the "Sutton-Boveri Theory".

Between 1902 and 1904 Theodor Heinrich Boveri (1862–1915), a German biologist, made several contributions to chromosome theory in a series of papers, finally stating in 1904 that he had seen the link between chromosomes and Mendel's results in 1902 (although this is not documented in his publications). He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".

Works

• An Introduction to General Biology (1886), with W. T. Sedgwick; 2nd edition, 1895
• The Embryology of the Earthworm (1889)
• Amphioxus, and the Mosaic Theory of Development (1893)
• Atlas of Fertilization and Karyokinesis (1895)
• The Cell in Development and Inheritance (1896; second edition, 1915; third edition, 1925)
• The Physical Basis of Life (1923)
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Bibliography

• Al-Awqati, Q. 2002. Edmund Beecher Wilson: America's First Cell Biologist. Living Legacies, Columbia University.
• Gilbert, S. F. 2003. Edmund Beecher Wilson and Frank R. Lillie and the relationship between evolution and development, Developmental Biology, Seventh edition, Sinauer
• Kingsland, S. E. (2007). "Maintaining continuity through a scientific revolution: A rereading of E. B. Wilson and T. H. Morgan on sex determination and Mendelism". Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences. 98 (3): 468–488. doi:10.1086/521153. PMID 17970422. S2CID 21010988.
• Dröscher, A. (2002). "Edmund B. Wilson's the cell and cell theory between 1896 and 1925". History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 24 (3–4): 357–389. doi:10.1080/03919710210001714473. PMID 15045830.
• Baxter, A. L. (1977). "E. B. Wilson's "destruction" of the germ-layer theory". Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences. 68 (243): 363–374. doi:10.1086/351813. PMID 336580. S2CID 6775858.
• Baxter, A. L. (1976). "Edmund B. Wilson as a preformationist: Some reasons for his acceptance of the chromosome theory". Journal of the History of Biology. 9 (1): 29–57. doi:10.1007/BF00129172. PMID 11615633.
• Wilson, Edmund B. (1907). "The supernumerary chromosomes of Hemiptera". Science. 26 (677): 870–71. doi:10.1126/science.26.677.870-a. S2CID 84858460.

External links

• Works by Edmund Beecher Wilson at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Edmund Beecher Wilson at the Internet Archive