Draft:Siege of Nishapur (1755)
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| Siege of Nishapur (1755) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55) | |||||||||
 Map of Khorasan in 1775 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Durrani Empire |
Qara Bayat Amirdom | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Ahmad Shah Durrani |
Abbas Qoli Khan | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | City plundered | ||||||||
The Siege of Nishapur is a siege laid by Ahmad Shah Abdali onto the capital of Qara Bayat Amirdom in spring of 1755.
Background
[edit]Ahmad Shah began his campaign in May 1754. Afghan forces departed from Herat and made for Tun. Ahmad Shah dispatched Sardar Jahan Khan and Nasir Khan of Kalat, with them beginning their own campaign of devastating the countryside.[3] Following this, they marched against the governor of Tabas, Ali Murad Khan, who also assembled his own army and met the Afghans in battle, with Singh describing the battle that took place as one of the most bloody battles in Persian history.[4] Ammunition failed to gain any clear advantage for both sides, forcing both armies to draw swords and began clashing. The battle remained indecisive until Ali Murad Khan was killed, and the remaining Persian army was routed.[4]
With their opposition defeated, Tabas and Tun were conquered in between of June and July 1754 by the Afghans.[4] The Afghan armies continued their march unto Mashhad, arriving before the city on 23 July.[1] A long siege protracted until the Afsharids finally submitted to Ahmad Shah on 1 December 1754. On the 4th, Ahmad Shah's name was read in the sermon, acknowledging his sovereignty and paramountcy over the Afsharids.[1]
With their victory, the domains Torshiz, Bakharz, Jam, Khaf, and Turbat-e Haidari were annexed from the Afsharids into the Durranis.[5][3] Following this, Ahmad Shah then began his march on Nishapur in the following spring of 1755, while Shah Pasand Khan set out to march to Mazandaran against the Qajars.[3][6]
Siege
[edit]On 17 June 1755, the Afghan armies arrived at Nishapur, and immediately, Abbas Qoli Khan submitted without opposition and sought to be pardoned for giving resistance during Ahmad Shah's first campaign in Khorasan.[3] Not long after, however, Nishapur raised in rebellion due to news that Shah Pasand Khan had possibly been defeated by the Qajars.
As a result, the gates of the city were closed on Ahmad Shah's troops.[6][3] This began a one-week siege.[7] During the siege, Ahmad Shah lacked important siege equipment, and as a result, every mounted soldier carried many kilograms of gunmetals.[8] As the siege began, Armenian cannon makers melted down the metal the soldiers carried, and forged a large cannon. The first shot of the cannon blasted through the city walls, and even caused havoc in the city through houses and bazaars.[8]
Aftermath
[edit]The weapon forced the submission of the cities elders, and they opened the gates despite Abbas Qoli Khan's opposition.[9] The city was then subsequently plundered, with the populace of the city spared if they went to mosques and didn't take anything with them. Men went to houses and then began tearing down the defenses of the city, with a large part of the city being entirely razed.[10][11]
Reference
[edit]- ^ a b c d Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 110.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 188. ISBN 9781789140101.
- ^ a b c d e Singh 1959, p. 95-96.
- ^ a b c Singh 1959, p. 96.
- ^ Singh, Ganḍā (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-4021-7278-6. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ a b Singh 1959, p. 89.
- ^ Singh 1959, p. 110-111.
- ^ a b Lee 2019, p. 133.
- ^ Lee 2019, p. 133-134.
- ^ Lee 2019, p. 134.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 111.