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Yayoi people

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Yayoi people attires

The Yayoi people (弥生人, Yayoi jin) were an ancient people that immigrated[1] to the Japanese archipelago during the Yayoi period (300 BC–300 AD) and are characterized through Yayoi material culture.[2][3][4][5] Some argue for an earlier start of the Yayoi period, between 1000 and 800 BC, but this date is controversial.[1] The people of the Yayoi culture are regarded as the spreaders of agriculture and the Japonic languages throughout the whole archipelago, and were characterized by both local Jōmon hunter-gatherer and mainland Asian migrant ancestry.[6]

Origin

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The terms Yayoi and Wajin can be used interchangeably, though "Wajin" (倭人) refers to the people of Wa and "Wajin" (和人) is another name for the modern Yamato people.[7]

The definition of the Yayoi people is complex: The term Yayoi people describes both farmers and hunter-gatherers exclusively living in the Japanese archipelago, and their agricultural transition. The Yayoi people refers specifically to the mixed descendants of Jomon hunter-gatherers with mainland Asian migrants, which adopted (rice) agriculture and other continental material culture.[8]

There are several hypotheses about the geographic origin of the mainland Asian migrants:

According to Alexander Vovin, the Yayoi were present on the central and southern parts of Korea before they were displaced and assimilated by arriving proto-Koreans.[18][19] A similar view was raised by Whitman (2012), further noting that the Yayoi are not closely related to the proto-Koreanic speakers and that Koreanic arrived later from Manchuria to Korea at around 300 BC and coexisted with the Japonic-speakers. Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families.[20]

Jared Diamond, the author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, suggested that the Yayoi period in Japan was initiated by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula. Citing research findings, he stated that Yayoi Japan likely received millions of immigrants from Korea. These immigrants, during the Yayoi transition, are believed to have overwhelmed the genetic contribution of the Jomon people, whose population was estimated to be around 75,000 at that time.[21]

Genetics

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Recent genetic studies on the Yayoi people suggest that they were closely related to populations from the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia.

A 2024 study conducted by a joint research group from the University of Tokyo analyzed the genome of a Yayoi individual and found that it was most similar to Korean populations among non-Japanese groups.[22]

The genetic analysis of a Yayoi individual confirmed that the Yayoi people had Korean-related ancestry.[23]

The study also used admixture modeling to support a two-way admixture model, concluding that the majority of immigrants to the Japanese Archipelago during the Yayoi and Kofun periods came from the Korean Peninsula.[24]

These findings highlight the significant role of migration from Northeast Asia, particularly from the Korean Peninsula, in shaping the genetic makeup of ancient Japanese populations.

Earlier studies indicated that Yayoi individuals displayed a mixture of local Jōmon hunter-gatherer ancestry and Northeast Asian ancestry, primarily associated with early agricultural populations. Two samples of "Northwestern Yayoi" from the Shimomotoyama site in Kyushu displayed a genetic composition dominated by Jōmon ancestry but with significant East Asian admixture.[25]

Subsequent studies on modern Japanese populations showed that the Yayoi genetic component constitutes the majority ancestry of present-day Japanese people, with varying levels of Jōmon ancestry depending on the region.[26]

Further analysis of four Yayoi individuals suggested that the immigrant Yayoi population had already mixed with the indigenous Jōmon people. This has led researchers to propose a more complex model for the formation of the Japanese population, emphasizing continuity with the Jōmon and cultural assimilation of continental Asian immigrants rather than outright replacement.[27][28]

A 2022 study indicates that Yayoi populations had approximately 60% Jōmon ancestry, which decreased to 13%-15% in modern Japanese due to genetic contributions from agricultural populations related to northern China during the Kofun period. These northern populations were associated with farming communities from the Yellow River and West Liao River basins, which also influenced genetic admixture in Korea.[29]

The modern Japanese cluster is said to be the most similar with the Korean one; in a haplotype-based study, the Japanese cluster was found to share 87–94% of its genetic components with the Korean cluster, compared with a Han Chinese result of only 0–8%, a distinct contrast. Moreover, the genetic affinity to the Korean cluster was particularly strong among a cluster hailing from Shimane specifically and Honshu more broadly, but relatively less pronounced, albeit still overwhelming, in the Kyushu clusters. In any case, however, the study clarifies that "the estimate of ancestry profile cannot provide the definitive history of original migration, unless it will be further verified against historical evidence.[30]

Physical appearance

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Early Yayoi immigrants had wholly large and flat features, large facial height, round orbits and large teeth.[31]

Sea people

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Some historians call the Yayoi people The Sea people (海人族, Kaijinzoku, Amazoku, 海神族, Watatsumizoku) postulating that they migrated to Japan via the sea possibly from elsewhere, especially through the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.

Language

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Main article: Classification of the Japonic languages

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ a b Shinya Shōda (2007). "A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy". Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology. 1. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.
  2. ^ "Yayoi Period (300 BCE – 250 AD) | Japan Module".
  3. ^ "Timelines: JAPAN | Asia for Educators | Columbia University".
  4. ^ "Pitt Rivers Museum Body Arts | Bronze mirror".
  5. ^ Keally, Charles T. (2006-06-03). "Yayoi Culture". Japanese Archaeology. Charles T. Keally. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  6. ^ Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. (2020). "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e13. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.7. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427481. PMID 37588377. S2CID 218926428.
  7. ^ David Blake Willis & Stephen Murphy-Shigematsu: Transcultural Japan: At the Borderlands of Race, Gender and Identity, Archived 2017-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, p. 272: ‘“Wajin,” which is written with Chinese characters that can also be read “Yamato no hito” (Yamato person)’.
  8. ^ Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. (2020). "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e13. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.7. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427481. PMID 37588377. S2CID 218926428. The term Yayoi has four uses, which can create much confusion. First, it is the designation of the period beginning with the introduction of rice agriculture around 1000 BC until the advent of the Mounded Tomb Culture in the third century AD. Yayoi is a period designation exclusive to Japan; it includes both farmers and hunter–gatherers and entails the agricultural transition in a time-transgressive and regionally disparate process. Second, 'Yayoi people' may refer to anyone living in the Japanese Islands in the Yayoi period, or third, Yayoi may refer specifically to admixed people (Mumun + Jōmon in varying in proportions and across great distances). Fourth, Yayoi may indicate acculturation: the adoption of (rice) agriculture (and other continental material culture) by Jōmon-lineage people in the Yayoi period. All of these conflicting aspects of Yayoi must be kept in mind and clearly defined in any discussion.
  9. ^ Diamond, Jared. "In Search of Japanese Roots". Discover Magazine.
  10. ^ Watanabe, Yusuke; Naka, Izumi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Sawai, Hiromi; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun (17 June 2019). "Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8556W. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6572846. PMID 31209235.
  11. ^ ロシア極東新石器時代研究の新展開 Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
  12. ^ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』(勉誠出版　2009年)(in Japanese)
  13. ^ 徳永勝士 (2003)「HLA と人類の移動」『Science of humanity Bensei 』(42), 4-9, 東京：勉誠出版 (in Japanese)
  14. ^ 岡正雄『異人その他 日本民族=文化の源流と日本国家の形成』 言叢社 1979 (in Japanese)
  15. ^ "Javanese influence on Japanese". Languages of The World. 2011-05-09. Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  16. ^ 鳥越憲三郎『原弥生人の渡来 』(角川書店,1982)、『倭族から日本人へ』(弘文堂 ,1985)、『古代朝鮮と倭族』(中公新書,1992)、『倭族トラジャ』(若林弘子との共著、大修館書店,1995)、『弥生文化の源流考』(若林弘子との共著、大修館書店,1998)、『古代中国と倭族』(中公新書,2000)、『中国正史倭人・倭国伝全釈』(中央公論新社,2004)
  17. ^ 諏訪春雄編『倭族と古代日本』(雄山閣出版、1993)また諏訪春雄通信100
  18. ^ Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia". Studia Orientalia (108): 281–304. there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
  19. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.
  20. ^ Whitman, John (2011-12-01). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3): 149–58. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0. ISSN 1939-8433.
  21. ^ Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  22. ^ "Genomic findings shed light on ancient Japanese population origins". News-Medical. 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  23. ^ "The analysis of admixture modeling for Yayoi individuals". Nature. 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  24. ^ "Majority of immigrants to the Japanese Archipelago came from the Korean Peninsula". University of Tokyo. 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  25. ^ Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A. (2020). "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e13. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.7.
  26. ^ Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215.
  27. ^ "Analysis of the relationship between Jomon and immigrant Yayoi people using whole genome sequencing data". KAKEN. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  28. ^ Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki (2019). "Genetic characteristics of Yayoi people in Northwestern Kyushu". Anthropological Science (Japanese Series). 127 (1): 25–43. doi:10.1537/asj.1904231.
  29. ^ Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2022-08-08). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844–R847. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044.
  30. ^ Takeuchi F, Katsuya T, Kimura R, Nabika T, Isomura M, Ohkubo T, Tabara Y, Yamamoto K, Yokota M, Liu X, Saw WY, Mamatyusupu D, Yang W, Xu S, Teo YY, Kato N (2017). "The fine-scale genetic structure and evolution of the Japanese population". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0185487. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285487T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185487. PMC 5665431. PMID 29091727.
  31. ^ Miyazato, Eri; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Fukase, Hitoshi; et al. (2014). "Comparative analysis of facial morphology between Okinawa Islanders and mainland Japanese using three-dimensional images". American Journal of Human Biology – via Wiley Online Library.
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