Jump to content

Saadé Family

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Draft:Saadé Family)

The Saadé family is a prominent Greek Orthodox family from the Syrian coastal city of Latakia.[1] They notably own two vineyards, Domaine de Bargylus in Syria and Château Marsyas in Lebanon, and have kept their production ongoing despite the chronic instability facing the Middle East.

The Saadé palace in Latakia
The Saadé palace in Latakia

History and origins

[edit]

The ancient harbor city of Latakia was known in antiquity as Laodicea in Syria or Laodicea ad mare (on the sea). It was founded by the Seleucid king Seleucus I Nicator, who named it after his mother and daughter.

The Saadé family belongs to the Orthodox patriarchate of Antioch, which together with the patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria and Jerusalem constitute one of the four seats of the Christian East.

This family of wealthy merchants, industrialists and major Syrian landowners[2] has had many prominent representatives, among which Elias Saadé, Mikhaïl Saadé and Gabriel Saadé (1854-1939) as well as the latter's sons Wadih Saadé (1883-1968), Edouard Saadé (1885-1952) and Rodolphe Saadé (1900-1958).[3] Their cousin Angèle Ibrahim married the brother of former prime minister of Syria Fares al-Khoury, grandfather of the Syrian poet and writer Colette Khoury.

According to some sources, the Saadé family famously treated with respect and acted fairly towards peasants working on its lands, unlike many other feudal landowners.[2] They owned extensive properties throughout the country, held not only by male but also by female members of the family, which indicated their progressive spirit for the time.[4]

In 1840, Elias Saadé undertook an in-depth reform of olive tree culture and production methods in the Syrian coastal area.[5] He married Angelina Elias, the daughter of the English consul Moussa Elias, whose son Yacoub Elias was consul of the German Empire.[6] Her nephew was the traveler and writer Edouard Elias Bacha.[7][8]

His son Mikhaïl Saadé, a prominent city dignitary, welcomed to his home during his visit to Latakia in 1879 the Ottoman governor of Syria Midhat Pasha who later became the Ottoman empire's Grand Vizir and prominent reformer.[9] It is ironic that many members of the Saadé family, among which Gabriel Saadé (1854-1939) and his sons Wadih and Edouard, were condemned to death by a military tribunal several decades later in 1914 for their alleged political activities against the empire.[10] The death sentences will nevertheless not be carried out.

His other son, Gabriel Saadé, was also a prominent landowner and trader. He married Marianna Ibrahim from the city of Antioch.[11] One of his family enterprises, Gabriel Saadé & fils, is mentioned as having opened one of the first cotton ginning stations in Syria in the 1920s by attaching it to its modern olive oil mill facility.[12]

In 1943, Gabriel's son Wadih Saadé was elected member of the Syrian parliament.[13] He previously held the position of vice-president of the council of the Alawite State established during the French mandate era. According to some sources, he also subscribed, along with his brother Edouard, to a fund supporting Iraqi rebels against British rule.[14]

Gabriel's other son Edouard Saadé upheld his thesis in 1905 at the International institute of Agriculture of Beauvais along with his cousin Toufick Saadé.[15][16][17] In 1912, Toufick and his brother Habib Saadé acquired an agricultural property in the village of Meneou, in the Larnaca district in Cyprus, in which he planted 13,000 trees, the majority of which were carobs and olive trees. It was reported in the 1916 edition of the Commonwealth Shipping Committee publication that the “[tobacco] industry received considerable impetus this year from the preparation of Latakia blend from Messrs Saadé of Larnaca…”. The 1922 edition of the Cyprus Agricultural Journal states that “Mr Habib Saadé of Latakia, the owner of the Meneou farm, has paid a short visit to Cyprus. It is understood that he is going to commence planting tobacco at his farm and cure it in the same way that it is done in Latakia…”.[18][19][20][21]

Toufick’s nephew, Chafic Saadé, worked with one of the oldest British tobacco brokers Clagett, Brachi & Co for the sale of his yearly production. Edouard Saadé – or his son Emile – is mentioned among the administrators and shareholders of the Société des Asphaltes et Pétroles de Lattaquié, a French company based in Paris.[22]

The listing of Syria's main merchants in the 1907 edition of Kelly's Directory of merchants, manufacturers and shippers, mentions four members of the Saadé family among the eight leading merchants of the city of Latakia.[23]

His youngest grandson Rodolphe Saadé (1900-1958) was a prominent merchant, industrialist and landowner[24] who travelled frequently to Europe and the United States.

Sharing his vision for his country, he declared to the American geologist Raymond E.Crist (who mentions it in his book published in 1962 “Land for the fellahin: land tenure and land use in the Near-East”) during his visit to Syria: “our wealth is in agriculture and our industries should be based on it”.[25] He will also prove his pioneering spirit in recruiting Italian engineers and propose to the then-Syrian president Husni al-Za'im the construction of a modern port in Latakia.[26] He was honorary consul of the Netherlands in Latakia until his death in 1958.[27]

It is worth noting that the Saadé family also owned the “Régie des Tabacs et Tombacs” in Latakia which held the commercial monopoly of the highly-praised tobacco produced in the area.[28][11]

The Saadé family was also instrumental in the creation of the mountain resort of Slenfeh in the alawite mountain who was a particularly praised destination for the Latakia and Aleppo upper-classes.[29]

Rodolphe married Odette Nauphal, daughter of Lebanese member of parliament under the French mandate Abdallah Nauphal,[30] scion of a family originating from the ancient Arab Christian kingdom of the Ghassanids[31] who served for over three centuries in the Ottoman administration.[32] The latter is the nephew of Baron Selim de Nauphal (1828-1902) who was state councilor and professor at the institute of oriental languages of the ministry of foreign affairs of Tsarist Russia.[33][34][35][36][37] His paternal grandfather Abdallah Bek Nauphal (1796-1879) (He was granted the title of “Bek” in 1855) took part in the government of Ibrahim Bacha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, during the latter conquest of Syria. He wrote a history of these events which was published much later under the title “ مذكرات تاريخية” (transl.”Historical notes”) attributed to unknown author.[6][38][39][40][41] He later held the position of first advisor to the Mutassarif of Mount-Lebanon Daoud Bacha and subsequently as Qaïmmaqam of the Kura district.[6] The latter nephew Nicolas Bek Nauphal (1817-1895) was elected member of the Ottoman parliament in Istanbul in 1876.[42] He became famous for ridiculing the Ottoman capital during one of the parliamentary session by declaring “We come from the provinces and have been voting since the beginning of the Tanzimat. Istanbul has only started this year in taking part in the process”.[43] His maternal grandfather Christophe Catzeflis, scion of a family of Greek descent who allegedly descended from the Palaiologos of Constantinople,[44] was consul of various European powers among which Austria-Hungary, Denmark and Sweden-Norway. Among other guests, he welcomed French poet and statesman Alphonse de Lamartine during his visit in the East.[45][6] The beauty of his wife “Lady Jane” was praised by many travelers and diplomats among which Frederick Arthur Neale who went so as to translate in English one of the poems dedicated to her in his “Eight years in Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor from 1842 to 1850” published in 1851.[46] Abdallah Nauphal's namesake and grandson is CEO of Insight Investments.[47]

Johnny Saadé, the son of Rodolphe, refocused the family activities in the winemaking and tourism fields. He lives with his wife in Beirut. The latter is the daughter of Louis Ziadé (1890-1968), who graduated from the Lille law faculty[48] and was elected 7 times in a row president of the Aleppo Bar association in Syria where he lived for 25 years before returning to Lebanon to become member of the Lebanese parliament.[49][50] He was, at some point, among the favorite candidates to the presidency of the Republic of Lebanon under French mandate.[51] He resided at the Ziadé Palace in Zokak el-Blatt.[52] He was the first cousin of the then Maronite archbishop of Beirut Ignatius Ziadé. His paternal grandmother was the daughter of Youssef Allam, one of the leading silk traders of Mount-Lebanon in the 19th century and whose activities extended to Egypt and the Syrian hinterland.[53][54] He married Mathilde Bekhyt, daughter of Georges Bekhyt, a rich cotton merchant on the Alexandria exchange in Egypt.[55] Her uncle was the lawyer Paul Nujaym -whose father Faris Nujaym was «cited in one pre-1914 source as the Dean of Mount-Lebanon's doctors»[56]-, also known under his pen name Paul Jouplain, who held a doctorate from the Paris faculty of law and was one of the main exponents of the idea of a Greater Lebanon.[57][58] He published in 1908 “La question du Liban” which quickly became the definitive book on the subject especially during the Paris peace conference in 1919. Her first cousin, Marie Bekhyt married the Lebanese painter Georges Daoud Corm.[59] Their son is Lebanese economist and historian Georges Corm.

Among other members of the Saadé family, special mention can be made of Gabriel W.Saadé, a prominent Syrian historian who made great contributions to our knowledge of the ancient city of Ugarit.[60][61][62][63][64][65] [66][67][68][69] He wrote on various cultural and historical subjects.[70] He also founded the archeological museum of Latakia.[71] In the 1940s, he cofounded the Orthodox Youth Movement in Lebanon and Syria which was instrumental in the cultural and educational renaissance within the Patriarchate of Antioch.[72] He was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1989.[73] His niece, Leila Badre, is the famous archaeologist and director of the Museum of the American University of Beirut.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]

Claire Saadé, the mother of the famous Egyptian-born actor Omar Sharif, is also mentioned as a member of this prominent family.[84]

Several members of the Saadé family were active within the Orthodox community of Latakia and made various donations to the Patriarchate of Antioch in the last two centuries. For instance, Elias Saadé rebuilt in 1845 the episcopal church of St Nicholas as rendered by a commemorative plaque.[85] The leadership of the orthodox community of Latakia was exclusively held for the last two centuries by a member of the Saadé family. Their position was reflected in the special section allocated to the family in the various city churches.[86][5][14]

The vineyards

[edit]

The creation of both vineyards took place in 1997 when Johnny Saadé and his two sons Karim and Sandro founded Domaine de Bargylus in Syria and Château Marsyas[87] in the Beqaa valley in Lebanon. Soil as well as climatic studies were undertaken and the first vines are planted in 2003.[88]

The first vintages seem to be 2006 for Bargylus and 2007 for Château Marsyas.

The Saadé family has apparently put in place very strict quality protocols for both their vineyards.[89][90][91]

Karim Saadé and Sandro Saadé have kept the production going for Bargylus despite the raging war in Syria. They are managing their estate from Beirut having been unable to visit it since the beginning of the conflict.[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101]

The Explosion which took place in Beirut on August 4, 2020 destroyed their administrative offices and heavily injured Johnny Saadé and his son Sandro.[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118]

The wines produces by the family estates are regularly graded by international wine critics.[113][116][119]

The family mansion of Ottoman-Venetian style has been severely damaged during the February 6th earthquake which struck Syria and Turkey.[120][121] It is currently being renovated.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Contenson, Henri de; Al-Maqdissi, Michel (1998). "Nécrologie : Gabriel Saadé (29 novembre 1922-15 mai 1997)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 75 (1): 295–296.
  2. ^ a b الله, حنا، عبد (2009). الفلاحون يروون تاريخهم في سورية القرن العشرين: دراسة تجمع بين التاريخ المروي والتاريخ المكتوب (in Arabic). نون4 للنشر والطباعة والتوزيع،.
  3. ^ Ḥakīm, Yūsuf (1980). سورية والعهد العثماني (in Arabic). دار النهار للنشر،.
  4. ^ سليمان, قساّم ، يحيى (2007). موسوعة سورية: البنية و البناة (in Arabic). يحيى سليمان قسام،.
  5. ^ a b اللاذقي, إلياس صالح (2013-01-01). آثار الحقب في لاذقية العرب: كتاب مخطوط (in Arabic). Al Manhal. ISBN 9796500116389.
  6. ^ a b c d نوفل, عبد الله حبيب (1929). كتاب تراجم علماء طرابلس و ادبائها (in Arabic). مطبعة الحضارة.
  7. ^ الجبوري, كامل سلمان جاسم (2003-01-01). معجم الأدباء 1-7 من العصر الجاهلي حتى سنة 2002م ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-3694-7.
  8. ^ Elias, Edward Elias (1910). كتاب مشاهد الممالك: وفيه وصف اوروبا ووليات اميركا المتحدة وتونس والجزائر والبلقان )اي رومانيا والسرب والبلغار( واليونان وسورية وجبل لبنان (in Arabic). مطبعة المقطم،.
  9. ^ اللاذقي, إلياس صالح (2013-01-01). آثار الحقب في لاذقية العرب: كتاب مخطوط (in Arabic). Al Manhal. ISBN 9796500116389.
  10. ^ هاشم, عثمان، (1996). تاريخ اللاذقية ٧٣٦/م - ٦٤٩١/م (in Arabic). وزارة الثقافة في الجمهورية العربية السورية،.
  11. ^ a b سجيع, قرقماز، (1996). مع جبرائيل سعادة: دراسة في حياته وأعماله (in Arabic). دار المنارة للدراسات والترجمة والنشر،.
  12. ^ Long Whitaker, James. "The union of Demeter with Zeus. Agriculture and politics in modern Syria" (PDF). University of Durham.
  13. ^ فارس, ساسين، (2006). سليم تقلا من بناء الدولة الى معارك الاستقلال، 1895-1945 (in Arabic). دار النهار،. ISBN 978-9953-74-049-2.
  14. ^ a b Destani, Bejtullah D. (2006). Minorities in the Middle East: 1941-1949. Archive Editions. ISBN 978-1-84097-180-4.
  15. ^ imprimés, Bibliothèque nationale (France) Département des (1906). Bulletin mensuel des récentes publications françaises (in French). H. Champion.
  16. ^ Saadé, Edouard (1905). Agriculture a lattaq (in French).
  17. ^ Saâde, Toufick (1905). Essai sur l'agriculture a l'Attaquié [i.e., Lattaguié] Syrie (in French). Impr. A. Dumontier.
  18. ^ The Cyprus Agricultural Journal. Cyprus Agricultural Journal. 1922.
  19. ^ Committee, Commonwealth Shipping (1916). Report. H.M. Stationery Office.
  20. ^ The Cyprus Agricultural Journal. Cyprus Agricultural Journal. 1912.
  21. ^ Great Britain and the East ... 1917.
  22. ^ "SOCIETE INDUSTRIELLE DES ASPHALTES ET PÉTROLES DE LATTAQUIÉ (SYRIE) | Issuers | DFIH". dfih.fr. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  23. ^ Kelly's Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers. Kelly's Directories Limited. 1907.
  24. ^ Ṣaqqāl, Fatḥ Allāh; الله،, صقال، فتح (1952). من ذكريات حكومة الزعيم حسني الزعيم: خواطر وآراء (in Arabic). دار المعارف،.
  25. ^ Crist, Raymond E. (1962). Land for the Fellahin: Land Tenure and Land Use in the Near East. Robert Schalkenbach Foundation.
  26. ^ Ṣaqqāl, Fatḥ Allāh; الله،, صقال، فتح (1952). من ذكريات حكومة الزعيم حسني الزعيم: خواطر وآراء (in Arabic). دار المعارف،.
  27. ^ Blattner, Elwyn James (1958). Who's who in U.A.R and the Near East.
  28. ^ Revue universelle: bibliothèque de l'homme du monde et de l'homme politique (in French). Louis Hauman et Co.
  29. ^ "صلنفة .. لوحةُ من صُنع الطبيعة وجوهرة مدينة اللاذقية الثمينة". حمص نيوز (in Arabic). 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  30. ^ سعاده, فارس (1994). موسوعة الحياة النيابية في لبنان: خفايا ومواقف (in Arabic). ف. سعاده،.
  31. ^ Mīqātī, Muḥammad Nūr al-Dīn ʻĀrif (1978). طرابلس في النصف الأول من القرن العشرين: أوضاعها الاجتماعية والعلمية والاقتصادية والسياسية (in Arabic). د.ن.]،.
  32. ^ Refik, Mehmet (1916). ‏ولاية بيروت /: al-Qism al-Shamālī: Ṭarābulus al-Shām wa-al-Lādhiqīyah (in Arabic). ‏مطبعة الاقبال،‏.
  33. ^ Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1909). Parliamentary Papers: 1909-1982. H.M. Stationery Office.
  34. ^ Wood, Leonard Gustauvus Harrison (2016). Islamic Legal Revival: Reception of European Law and Transformations in Islamic Legal Thought in Egypt, 1875-1952. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878601-6.
  35. ^ Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1909). Sessional papers. Inventory control record 1.
  36. ^ Synthesis: A World-periodical for Ideas and Problems which Affect the Destiny of Man ... Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Adrien-Maisonneuve. 1936.
  37. ^ La revue phénicienne (in French). Editions Dar An-Nahar. 1919. ISBN 9782842890025.
  38. ^ مجلة مجمع اللغة العربية (in Arabic). مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق. 1926.
  39. ^ هلا, سليمان، (2001). أثر الحملة المصرية على بلاد الشام، ١٣٨١-٠٤٨١: ولاية طرابلس نموذجا (in Arabic). المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب،.
  40. ^ Rustum, Asad (1956). Bashīr bayna al-sultān wa al-ʻAzīz, 1804-1841 (in Arabic). al-Jāmiʻah al-lubnāniyah.
  41. ^ Mudhakkarat tarikhiyyah an hamlat Ibrahim Basha ala Surya (in Arabic). 1989.
  42. ^ بديع, يعقوب، اميل (2006). موسوعة الدباء لبنان وشعراعه (in Arabic). دار نوبليس،.
  43. ^ Hanssen, Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean History Jens; Hanssen, Jens (2005). Fin de Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928163-3.
  44. ^ Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales (in French). Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 1961.
  45. ^ Lamartine, Alphonse de (1835). Oeuvres (in French).
  46. ^ Neale, Frederick Arthur (1851). Eight Years in Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor from 1842 to 1850. Colburn.
  47. ^ "Abdallah Nauphal - Chief Executive Officer at Insight Investment". THE ORG. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  48. ^ The Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory. Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory, Incorporated. 1948.
  49. ^ Who's who in Lebanon (in French). Les Editions Publitec. 1965.
  50. ^ Who's who in Lebanon (in French). Les Editions Publitec. 1967.
  51. ^ عادل, اسماعيل، (2007). الفتن الطائفية وحروبها في لبنان: أسبابها، وأسرارها (in Arabic). دار النشر للسياسة والتاريخ،.
  52. ^ "Sérail vs Zokak el-Blatt : contrastes d'une ville déconcertante". L'Orient-Le Jour. 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  53. ^ ناصر, جميل، (1997). النساخ الموارنة ومنسوخاتهم (in Arabic). [s.n.]،.
  54. ^ "موسوعة قرى ومدن لبنان - طوني مفرج - مکتبة مدرسة الفقاهة". ar.lib.eshia.ir (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  55. ^ The Egyptian Cotton Gazette: Journal of the Alexandria Cotton Exporters Association. 1951.
  56. ^ Buheiry, Marwan R. (1981). Intellectual Life in the Arab East, 1890-1939. Center for Arab and Middle East Studies, American University of Beirut. ISBN 978-0-8156-6086-6.
  57. ^ Jouplain, M. (1908). La question du Liban: étude d'histoire diplomatique & de droit international ... (in French). A. Rousseau.
  58. ^ Khoury, Gérard D. (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945: une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala. ISBN 978-9953-74-011-9.
  59. ^ "Georges Daoud Corm". www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  60. ^ Yon, Marguerite; Calvet, Yves (2008). "En hommage à Gabriel Saadé". MOM Éditions. 47 (1): 9.
  61. ^ Saadé, Gabriel (1964). Histoire de Lattaquie: Ramitha, problèmes des origines Gabriel Saadé (in French). Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Musées.
  62. ^ Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie (in Arabic). Direction générale des antiquités de Syrie. 1956.
  63. ^ Saadé, Gabriel (1964). Ramitha, problèmes des origines (in French). Direction générale des antiquités et des musées.
  64. ^ Saadé, Gabriel (1990). "Note sur les tells archéologiques du royaume ougaritien". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 67 (1): 195–199. doi:10.3406/syria.1990.7140.
  65. ^ Saadé, Gabriel; Starcky, Jean; Will, Ernest (1985). "Nouvelles archéologiques". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 62 (3): 343–353. doi:10.3406/syria.1985.6904.
  66. ^ Saadé, Gabriel (2011). Ougarit et son royaume: des origines à sa destruction (in French). Institut français du Proche-Orient. ISBN 978-2-35159-180-2.
  67. ^ Saadé, Gabriel (1979). Ougarit: métropole cananéenne (in French). Imprimerie Catholique.
  68. ^ Sagazan, Benoit De (2011-07-18). "Un incontournable sur Ougarit". Monde de la Bible (in French). Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  69. ^ Saadé, Gabriel (1954). Ras-Shamra, ruines d'Ugarit: guide (in French). P. Geuthner.
  70. ^ صخر, محمد الشارخ-. "الأرشيف: جبرائيل سعادة". أرشيف الشارخ للمجلات الأدبية والثقافية العربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  71. ^ Seale, Patrick; McConville, Maureen (1989). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06667-0.
  72. ^ Davidenkoff, Anita (2002). La Russie en devenir: mélanges en l'honneur de Nikita Struve (in French). Institut d'études slaves. ISBN 978-2-7204-0361-3.
  73. ^ Contenson, Henri de; Al-Maqdissi, Michel (1998). "Nécrologie : Gabriel Saadé (29 novembre 1922-15 mai 1997)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 75 (1): 295–296.
  74. ^ Badre, Leila (1996). "Les découvertes archéologiques du centre-ville de Beyrouth (information)". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 140 (1): 87–97. doi:10.3406/crai.1996.15564.
  75. ^ Tell Kazel, Syria: Excavations of the AUB Museum, 1985-1987 : Preliminary Reports. Faculty of Arts and Science, American University of Beirut. 1990.
  76. ^ Badre, Leila (1980). Les figurines anthropomorphes en terre cuite à l'âge du Bronze en Syrie (in French). Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner. ISBN 978-2-7053-0271-9.
  77. ^ Badre, Leila (2013). "Tell Kazel – Sumur et le royaume d'Amourrou". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 157 (2): 737–757. doi:10.3406/crai.2013.95240.
  78. ^ Badre, Leila (1982). "Tell el-Ghassil : Tomb 1". MOM Éditions. 12 (1): 123–132.
  79. ^ Badre, Leila (1999). "Figurines en plomb de 'Ain el-Djoudj (les)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 76 (1): 181–196. doi:10.3406/syria.1999.7608.
  80. ^ Badre, Leila; Gubel, Eric; Capet, Emmanuelle; Panayot, N. (1994). "Tell Kazel (Syrie). Rapport préliminaire sur les 4e-8e campagnes de fouilles (1988-1992)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 71 (3): 259–346. doi:10.3406/syria.1994.7396.
  81. ^ Badre, Leila (1991). "Le sondage stratigraphique de Shabwa. 1976-1981". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 68 (1): 229–314. doi:10.3406/syria.1991.7218.
  82. ^ Badre, Leila; Bordreuil, Pierre; Vitale, Raoul; 'Ajjan, Loy; Mudarres, Jinan (1976). "Notes ougaritiques. I. Keret". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 53 (1): 95–125. doi:10.3406/syria.1976.6578.
  83. ^ Badre, Leila (1969). "M. T. Barrelet, Figurines et Reliefs en Terre Cuite de la Mésopotamie Antique". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 46 (3): 366–368.
  84. ^ "الحياة - عمر الشريف لم يكن يهودياً ولا زحلاوياً". 2017-09-08. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  85. ^ "كنيسة مار نيقولاوس (اللاذقية)". أرابيكا (in Arabic). 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  86. ^ Parole de l'Orient (in French). Université Saint-Esprit. 2004.
  87. ^ "Au Liban, les raisins de l'espoir". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  88. ^ "'Very old world' wine makes a comeback in Lebanon and Syria - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  89. ^ "Marsyas, l'avenir du Liban". Les Echos (in French). 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  90. ^ "The Lebanese way, The Menu 572 - Radio". Monocle. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  91. ^ "«C'est une forme de revanche» : entre Syrie et Liban, l'épopée viticole des frères Saadé". avis-vin.lefigaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  92. ^ Panther, Lewis (2015-10-10). "The amazing journey of the most dangerous wine in the world". mirror. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  93. ^ "How one family is keeping winemaking alive in Syria". South China Morning Post. 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  94. ^ "Fractious vintage: 'The most dangerous wine the world'". www.irishtimes.com. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  95. ^ Robinson, Jancis (22 September 2017). "News from the Middle East | Financial Times". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  96. ^ "Middle Eastern wine update | JancisRobinson.com". www.jancisrobinson.com. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  97. ^ "Making wine in a war zone: Syria's 'dream' vineyard". BBC News. 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  98. ^ "Vinexpo Bordeaux : Produire son vin en Syrie, une bataille au quotidien". La Revue du vin de France (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  99. ^ "Syrian vineyard making the world's most dangerous wine". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  100. ^ "Syrian Vintner Carries On in a Time of War". The World from PRX. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  101. ^ "The Lebanese way, The Menu 572 - Radio". Monocle. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  102. ^ "Les Saadé, touchés mais pas coulés". La Revue du vin de France (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  103. ^ "Les frères Saadé, vignerons malgré tout". avis-vin.lefigaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  104. ^ "Inside The World's Most Dangerous Wine | A Magazine Singapore". read-a.com. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  105. ^ Huyghe, Cathy. "The Beirut Explosion, Twelve Weeks Later: A Closer Look At Its Continued Impact On Lebanon's Wine Industry". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  106. ^ "After the Beirut Blast: 'We will continue to make wine in these difficult times'". 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  107. ^ "Video: Beirut explosion filmed from Ch. Marsyas' offices". 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  108. ^ Samuel, Henry (2021-01-01). "Makers of 'world's most dangerous wine' spend Christmas picking up the pieces from Beirut blast". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  109. ^ "Q&A: Karim Johnny Saadé, Bargylus and Château Marsyas - Harpers Wine & Spirit Trade News". harpers.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  110. ^ Dupont, Jacques (2021-02-27). "Vin : l'étonnante histoire de la famille Saadé". Le Point (in French). Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  111. ^ "Wine Talk: Looking east in the Levant". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  112. ^ "L'histoire du Château Bargylus, tout dernier producteur de vin en Syrie". Europe 1 (in French). 4 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  113. ^ a b "Bargylus Rouge 2014 Syria | JancisRobinson.com". www.jancisrobinson.com. 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  114. ^ Greinacher, Nicolas (2022-03-30). "Diese Weine entstehen unter Lebensgefahr". Blick (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  115. ^ Murray Brown, Rose (24 January 2023). "Wines under £20 to pair with haggis for Burns night". The Scotsman Food and Drink. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  116. ^ a b Anson, Jane (27 December 2022). "Top Bordeaux blends from outside Bordeaux" (PDF). Club Œnologique. pp. 74–79. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  117. ^ Maurer, Caro (2023-03-16). "Mein Wein: Bargylus aus Syrien: Französische Eleganz, orientalischer Ausdruck". General-Anzeiger Bonn (in German). Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  118. ^ "La personnalité du mois : du Liban à la Syrie, la résilience des Saadé". La Revue du vin de France (in French). 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  119. ^ Jefford, Andrew (2023-07-21). "Andrew Jefford: 'What can you do? You just keep moving forward'". Decanter. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  120. ^ Schmitt, Patrick (2023-02-23). "How war, rampant inflation and earthquakes won't stop a Syrian wine estate". The Drinks Business. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  121. ^ Iverson, Jeffrey T. (2023-03-31). "Courage in a Bottle". Jeffrey T Iverson .com. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saadé_Family&oldid=1261283321"